...CAUSES OF BUSINESS CYCLES Internal Factors: 1. Consumption : When consumer spending increases, businesses will increase production- causing them to hire more workers and purchase more materials and capital goods. When consumer spending decreases, the opposite will occur. 2. Business investment : The purchasing of capital goods increases the number of jobs in the economy because people have to make those goods. If investments increases, the economy will grow, if investment decreases, the economy will contract. 3. Government activity : The government can influence the business cycle through fiscal policy (its tax and spend policies) and monetary policy (its control of the money supply, largely through the federal reserve). External factors 1. Inventions and innovation : Major changes in technology can influence the business cycle. Usually technological changes move the economy in a positive direction, but this is not always so. 2. Wars and political events : The impact of such events on the economy are very fact specific- in other words, difficult to generalize about. Phases of business cycle Expansion/Growth : During this phase of the business cycle, consumer and business spending rise. Unemployment will drop during this phase, which will further aid consumer spending. - During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic activities. When demand starts rising, production increases and this causes an increase in investment...
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...The Water Cycle BY Anissa Chambers Student ID: L23254780 Presented to Dr. Travis Bradshaw In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Elements of Earth Science PHSC 210 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA July 15, 2013 The Water Cycle or the hydrologic cycle is an amazing system that God has put in place to maintain the of the earth’s most important resource, water. There is nothing on earth that does not require water to survive in some way or fashion and without it there would be no life on earth. You will find water “in the oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, air, soil, and living tissue,” and all of these “reservoirs” makes up the Earth’s hydrosphere. As you study this natural system you cannot help but see the hand of a powerful and creative God. The hydrologic cycle is a process that is constantly recycling the Earth’s water supply. This cycle consist of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and then infiltration. The water cycle is powered by solar energy, or controlled by the sun. The sun produces heat which causes the water from the oceans, lakes, rivers etc. to warm and evaporate. This evaporation is when water is heated to the point that it turns into a water vapor. The water vapor rises and cools which is called condensation, and as more and more water vapors cool it forms clouds. As the water droplets that are forming the clouds become larger and larger until the atmosphere cannot hold them up any longer and the fall to the ground as...
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...In general the economy tends to experience different trends. These trends can be grouped as the business/trade cycle and may contain a boom, recession, depression and recovery. A business/trade cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movements in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and other macroeconomic variables. Samuelson and Nordhaus (1998), defined it as ‘a swing in total national input, income and employment, usually lasting for a period of 2 to 10 years, marked by widespread expansion or contraction in most sectors of the economy’. These fluctuations in economic activity usually have implications on employment, consumption, business confidence, investment and output. The Keynesian Approach, this theory shows how the collaboration of multiplier and accelerator can lead to regular cycles in aggregate demand. The Keynesians believe that economic activity is generally unstable and is subject to inconsistent shocks, usually causing the economic fluctuations and are attributed to the changes in autonomous expenditures especially investment. The Keynesian approach is pretty simple; higher investment will lead to a larger rise in income and output in the short run. This means that consumers will spend some of their income on consumption goods. This will give rise to further increase in expenditure. Ceteris paribus an initial rise in autonomous investment produces a more than proportionate rise in income. The rise...
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...The Hydrologic Cycle Cindy Hamilton EVS1001-12 Everest University Seventy-five of our planet’s surfaces are water. Water makes up most of the volume of plants and animals. It is in the air as rain, steam, fog and snow. Only three percent of the earth’s water is available to us as fresh water. Fortunately, water is a renewable resource. It is recycled. It moves in perpetual motion from land to air then back to land. That’s the whole idea behind the hydrologic cycle. Evaporation, transpiration, respiration or combustion, water continues to recycle itself. The water cycle makes life possible for all creatures and plants. During evaporation, the sun evaporates water from seas and land masses and converts it to a vapor, or gas, which ascends into the atmosphere. Water vapor can condense as fog or mist, but most often it collects to form clouds. When clouds become saturated with water vapor, precipitation occurs. Water falls to the earth as a raindrop, snow and even hail, depending on the climate, season, and topography. Not all of the precipitation will reach the earth. Some will evaporate between the sky and the land and reenter the water cycle. Water that reaches the earth either runs across a land surface, falls into a body of water, or infiltrates soil to collect underground. Infiltration is the process where water is filtered through nonporous rock and soil to collect in aquifers and underground streams. Through wells and through irrigation, the water can be pumped...
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...Definition The term ‘cycle’ means the recurrent variations in time series that usually last longer than a year and regular, neither in amplitude nor in length. The term ‘business cycle’ refers to economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years. These fluctuations occur around a long-term growth trend, and typically involve shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid economic growth (expansion or boom), and periods of relative stagnation or decline (contraction or recession).These fluctuations are often measured using the growth rate of real gross domestic product. According to A. F. Burns & W. C. Mitchell Business cycles are a type of fluctuation found in the aggregate economic activity of nations that organize their work mainly in business enterprises: a cycle consists of expansions occurring at about the same time in many economic activities, followed by similarly general recessions, contractions, and revivals which merge into the expansion phase of the next cycle; in duration, business cycles vary from more than one year to ten or twelve years; they are not divisible into shorter cycles of similar characteristics with amplitudes approximating their own. According to A. F. Burns Business cycles are not merely fluctuations in aggregate economic activity. The critical feature that distinguishes them from the commercial convulsions of earlier centuries or from the seasonal and other short term variations of our own age is...
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...1. Summarize the stages of the cell cycle, including the steps of Interphase. G1 phase - growth and synthesis. Gap phase 1 begins at the completion of mitosis and cytokinesis and lasts until the beginning of S phase. This phase is generally the longest of the four cell cycle phases and is quite variable in length. During this phase, the cell chooses either to replicate its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or to exit the cell cycle and enter a quiescent state (the G0 phase). S phase Replication of the chromosomes is restricted to one specific portion of interphase, called S phase (DNA synthesis phase), which typically lasts about 6 h. In mammalian cells, the start of S phase—the actual initiation of DNA synthesis—takes place several hours after the cell has committed to carrying out DNA synthesis. During S phase, each chromosome replicates exactly once to form a pair of physically linked sister chromatids. In animal cells, a pair of centrioles is also duplicated during S phase. G2 phase - Preparation for division The portion of interphase that follows S phase is called gap phase 2. Some cells can exit the cell cycle from G2 phase, just as they can from G1 phase. M phase M phase includes the overlapping processes of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis usually begins during anaphase and ends at a point after the completion of mitosis. At the end of cytokinesis...
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...products supplied the consumer experiences product shortages and increase prices for those products that are produced. Government regulations can occur in the form of banning production as in limiting the numbers of or preventing production as in eliminating the incandescing light bulb and requiring the production and purchase of florescent lights; interference is also noted within national boundary’s such as with oil production, taxing production as in the coal industry which supplies electrical power and overregulation of production such as is used with environmental protections (EPA) or hinder commerce as with the Commerce department. Given some of these influences a nation’s economy tends to flow through various stages of a business cycle: Prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery. Economists believe that the last economic depression experienced in the United States and throughout the world occurred in the 1930s. Though the current international developments’, such as increases in sovereign debt and inability to repay loans as with Greece, Spain and Italy...
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...The meaning of life (cycle) What is an asset lifespan? What do we mean when we say “life cycle”, and “whole life planning”? John Woodhouse, Chair of the Experts Panel for the IAM, has been addressing these issues in his role as representative for the UK on the ISO PC251 development of asset management standards (ISO 55000 family). Here, he outlines the issues and some of the options being considered. recognition of need through to disposal and any residual risks or liability period thereafter (“from lust to dust” – see figure 1). This proved a good catalyst towards “long-termism” and better consideration of asset requirements in the first place. And it certainly has helped to break down barriers between engineering design and projects, procurement, operations or asset usage, maintenance or asset care, and renewals or decommissioning. But what is optimal “life cycle asset management” for the assets that pass from one organisation to another – for example, buying and selling (see Figure 2 on page 10). Or, indeed, for which responsibility might be split, either functionally (such as construction T here is plenty of lively debate underway about the appropriate terminology and scope for such things as asset life cycles, whole lives and life cycle activities. At the simplest level, the principles are clear: for a discrete component – with a creation stage and a period of usage, leading to ultimate disposal – we have no problem with the concept of a life cycle. It becomes more complicated...
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...In this report I will discuss the environmental effects of the disposable water bottle life cycle. In order to understand the water bottle life cycle, it would benefit you if you knew a little about the environment. So I will explain the normal functioning of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle to start things off. Water plays many different roles on the Earth. Some is at the poles in ice caps, and some is in the snow and glaciers at the tops of high mountains. Some is in lakes and streams, and some is underground. Some is vapor in the atmosphere. But most of the water on Earth is in the oceans. Water is always on the move! The Sun’s energy causes water to evaporate from oceans and lakes into the atmosphere (Saundry). Plants and animals...
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...THE CELL CYCLE WORKSHEET Name: Catherine Dauw Date: 3 Novmeber 2015 Per: A A) The diagram below shows six cells in various phases of the cell cycle. Note the cells are not arranged in the order in which the cell cycle occurs. Use the diagram to answer questions 1-11. M Phase 1. Cells A & F show an early and a late stage of the same phase of the cell cycle. What phase is it? C 2. Which cell is in metaphase? A 3. Which cell is in the first phase of M phase (mitosis)? D (interphase), A (prophase), F (prophase), C (metaphase), E (anaphase), and B (telephase) 4. List the diagrams in order from first to last in the cell cycle. 5. In cell A, what structure is labeled X? spindle fibers 6. Are the cells depicted...
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...2.1 Phases of The Cell Cycle 2.1.1 Interphase Originally this phase of the cell cycle was called the "resting stage", since light microscopy could not detect any activities taking place within the cells. Today, however, it is known as a stage of considerable activity at the molecular and sub-cellular level and is usually subdivided into: * G1 - ("Gap One") - this is a period of molecular synthesis where a newly formed cell turns on a variety of genes on its DNA to make proteins, which in turn churn the metabolism of the cell, produce and breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, etc., and transform energy from food into ATP. The cell grows and enlarges. * S - ("synthesis") - during this phase the chromatin (DNA and proteins) becomes synthetically active. Using elaborate teams of enzymes, the DNA molecules of each chromosome are copied by semiconservative DNA synthesis. This phase cannot be clearly seen or distinguished under the light microscope, even with DNA stains, as the material is too diffuse. However, the making of new DNA molecules can be monitored by following the incorporation of radioactive isotopes into the newly forming DNA molecules. * G2 - ("Gap Two") - another period, of variable length, in which cells prepare for division. Many different proteins are synthesized, especially those that will act as spindle fibers (protein "ropes"). Stocks of energy are accumulated and many organelles, such as mitochondria, also grow and divide, increasing in number.• Interphase...
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...Research Publication Date: 5 August 2005 ID Number: G00130115 Gartner's Hype Cycle Special Report for 2005 Jackie Fenn, Alexander Linden This year, we celebrate the 10th anniversary of Gartner's Hype Cycles. More than 1,600 information technologies and trends across 68 markets, regions and industries are evaluated in the most comprehensive assessment of technology maturity in the IT industry. © 2005 Gartner, Inc. and/or its Affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of this publication in any form without prior written permission is forbidden. The information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Gartner disclaims all warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such information. Although Gartner's research may discuss legal issues related to the information technology business, Gartner does not provide legal advice or services and its research should not be construed or used as such. Gartner shall have no liability for errors, omissions or inadequacies in the information contained herein or for interpretations thereof. The opinions expressed herein are subject to change without notice. ANALYSIS Gartner's Hype Cycles highlight the relative maturity of technologies across a wide range of IT domains, targeting different IT roles and responsibilities. Each Hype Cycle provides a snapshot of the position of technologies relative to a market, region or industry, identifying which technologies are hyped, which are suffering...
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...THE CAUSES OF AMERICAN BUSINESS CYCLES: AN ESSAY IN ECONOMIC HISTORIOGRAPHY Peter Temin* This paper surveys American business cycles over the past century. Its task is to identify the causes of these cycles; other papers in this collection address the nature of policy responses to these causes. This paper can be seen as a test to discriminate between two views of the American economy. The first is expressed in a characteristically vivid statement by Dornbusch, who proclaimed recently: “None of the U.S. expansions of the past 40 years died in bed of old age; every one was murdered by the Federal Reserve” (Dornbusch 1997). This stark view can be contrasted with its opposite in the recent literature: “[N]one of the popular candidates for observable shocks robustly accounts for the bulk of business-cycle fluctuations in output” (Cochrane 1994, p. 358). I expand the time period to consider the past century, but it is easy to distinguish the past 40 years, that is, the period since World War II. A survey of business cycle causes over an entire century runs into several problems, of which three seem noteworthy. First, it is not at all clear what “cause” means in this context. Second, the Great Depression was such a large cycle that it cannot be seen as just another data point. Third, the survey relies on the existing literature on business cycles, which is why I have entitled it an essay in economic historiography. The paper proceeds by discussing each of these problems in turn, then...
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...Vicious cycle of poverty: What can be done about it? Philosopher George Farquhar once said, “There’s no scandal like rags, nor any crime so shameful as poverty.” Oftentimes, scandals fade away with the passage of time, but not poverty. Poverty devastates its victims, and oftentimes it transmits its destruction onto their children in a vicious cycle, continuing its effect through generations. Being trapped in poverty is like getting sucked in a dark hole, where one can hardly see the bottom. With the light at the end of the tunnel so bleak for so many poor Ethiopians, I often ask myself what can be done to stop the cycle. I come from a country, Ethiopia, where poverty is rampant, and the country still suffers from preventable diseases and unnecessary deaths. Ironically, it’s not due to the lack of natural resources that the country is in such a shocking mess – this is the country which is still referred to as “the water tower of Africa” and which once used to go by the name “the breadbasket of Africa”. The country is naturally rich but physically poor. How can a country be both rich and poor at the same time? This happens when there is lack of accountability and good governance of natural and monetary resources. There are no easy steps that one can follow to tackle and break the vicious cycle of poverty. But looking closely into the lives of many school-age children in Ethiopia in my student life, I have come to understand that one of the many causes of such a cyclic poverty...
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...Intelligence Cycle by D.Fritz Abstract The essay provides an overview of Intelligence cycle model and how they work together interdependently to create intelligence. This essay also gives an overview of how the intelligence community operates and how it interacts with the policy makers. [Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines] Why do intelligence exist? According to Mark M. Lowenthal, “intelligence exist because governments seek to hide some information from other governments”(p.1). Eventually, governments also want to find out information other governments are hiding. The role of intelligence is to provide these information to our government, specifically, the policy makers. To accomplish this mission involves tasking, collecting, processing, exploiting, disseminating and storing intelligence, also referred as the intelligence cycle. Tasking is the first stage of the intelligence cycle. During this stage, one needs to know what are the specific requirements of the intelligence and how it can be satisfied. On the top of the “intelligence chain” the director of national intelligence (DNI) would have to determine what intelligence the intelligence community would need to pursue and the priority of the intelligence based mainly on the preferences of the policy makers. Once determined, the information is passed all the way down the chain to the analysts to prioritize the collection requirements. Collection is divided into four categories: HUMINT, SIGINT,...
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