...Daphnia are small planktonic crustaceans that belong to the Phyllopoda (sometimes called Branchiopoda), which are characterized by flattened leaf-like legs used to produce a water current for the filtering apparatus. Within the branchiopods, Daphnia belong to the Cladocera, whose bodies are enclosed by an uncalcified shell known as the carapace. It has a double wall, between which hemolymph flows and which is part of the body cavity. The carapace is largely made of chitin, a polysaccharide. Cladocera have up to 10 pairs of appendages, which are (from front to back): antennules, antennae (the second antennae, used for swimming); maxillae; and mandibles; followed by 5 (as in Daphnia) or 6 limbs on the trunk. The limbs form an apparatus for...
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...Daphnia shows a lot of similarities to higher crustaceans in their entire morphology, nervous system (Chen et .al 2005). The first antennae are considered to be the main chemoreceptor organ of Daphnia which are sexually dimorphic, long and having an additional flagellum in males but remaining close to the body in females. For example: in Daphnia magna, the first antennae of males are approximately 400 microns long while in females they are about 100 microns long. In Daphnia pulex the antennule length is250um in male and in females remains close to the body but setae length being similar to males being 30 microns long. Daphnia magna have more pronounced first antennules in females and in males the flagellum is heavily ciliated. Understanding...
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...Daphnia magna is a transparent water flea species found in rocky pools along the Atlantic Ocean. The Daphnia’s body is encased in a clear structure called carapace (Elenbaas, 2013). The exoskeleton, carapace, provides protection for the Daphnia magna, “The portion of the hard exoskeleton, or shell, that covers all or part of the body of many crustaceans…” (“Definition, n.d.). As John Clare says, “Generally the life span increases as temperature decreases, due to lowered metabolic activity” (2002). Daphnia magna are able to sustain life approximately 16 days longer at 20 Celsius when compared to a life cycle at 25 Celsius (Clare, 2002). The heart can be easily seen under a light microscope due to the transparency of the skin (Handy, 2012). A...
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...Introduction The Daphnia magna, more commonly known as the water flea, is a tiny freshwater crustacean. Its clear exoskeleton and jointed appendages point to its classification as an arthropod. This is further evidenced by the location of its heart—the dorsal region. The Daphnia magna’s importance in the aquatic food chain can be attributed to its essential place in the diet of young and adult fish (Elbert, 2005). The Daphnia magna belongs to Class Branchiopoda, which are free-floating crustaceans that. It is also, more specifically, a member of Genus Daphnia (Ebert, 2005). Branchiopods always have flattened, partially leaf-like, legs. As a branchiopod, the Daphnia magna belongs to the Order Cladocera, which is protected by a calcified...
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...Literature Citation When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for the following two reasons: (1) to avoid plagiarism (which is against the student code of conduct and is grounds for failing the course) and (2) to assign proper authority to a statement (this adds weight to your paper). You may use any style of literature citation as long as the proper authorities are cited in the text and full references are provided at the end of your paper. Here is an example of a style that is common in the biological literature. In-Text Citations Whether you are directly quoting or paraphrasing, your reference is cited in the text, before the end of the statement. The in-text citation consists of the author(s) last name(s) and the year of publication. For example, Drosophila magnaquinaria, fruit flies that are only found on skunk cabbage, prefer other hosts for feeding, egg-laying, and larval development than they do skunk cabbage (Courtney and Kibota, 1990). If there are more than two authors, then you may list the first author’s name followed by et al. For example, Mutational studies of Daphnia, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis, and Escherichia all provide estimates for the genomic deleterious mutation rate (Lynch et al., 1999). If you don’t know the name of the author (if the information comes from a website, for example), then you may list the website title or URL in place of the author’s name). Example Literature Cited Section The Literature Cited Section provides complete...
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...NATURE|Vol 461|1 October 2009 Vol 461|1 October 2009 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS JOURNAL CLUB Bruce R. Conklin Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California A geneticist wonders why we need to sleep. Scientists can have a love–hate relationship with sleep. We know that it is vital for our health, but not the reasons why. We celebrate dreams that provide inspiration, but often dismiss sleep as a chore. Yet deep sleep can provide insight into vexing problems. In 1920, pharmacologist Otto Loewi famously had a recurring dream that suggested how he could demonstrate neurotransmission in the lab. The key experimental details escaped him until he captured the dream in a bedside notebook. Later that day, he performed his Nobel-prizewinning experiments with the aid of a few frog hearts and a water bath. Now, a team led by Ying-Hui Fu reports that a single mutation in a gene called DEC2 can cause people to sleep for only about six hours per night instead of the usual eight (Y. He et al. Science 325, 866–870; 2009). This mutation seems to be exceedingly rare, with only two carriers found so far. Only by introducing this mutation into transgenic mice and fruitflies could the researchers show compelling evidence of the mutation’s effect. These two additional waking hours each day are quite remarkable when you consider that, over 80 years, this would add up to more than 8 years of extra productivity! Why are extreme short sleepers so rare? Surely evolutionary pressures...
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...Journal of Global Biosciences ISSN 2320-1355 Volume 4, Number 2, 2015, pp. 1448-1455 Website: www.mutagens.co.in E-mail: submit@mutagens.co.in researchsubmission@hotmail.com Research Paper HUMAN URINE AS A FERTILIZER- A COMPARATIVE STUDY USING SOLANUM LYCOPERISCUM AND CAPSICUM SP. Rajani, V1., Alaka, R. S2., and Sajitha Rajan S.3 1, 2 P G Department of Environmental Sciences, 3Department of Botany All Saints’ College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Abstract Fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is added to soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Urea fertilizer production has developed during the last decades so that urea is one of the most important industrial nitrogen fertilizers and new urea–ammonia fertilizer plants have been built recently, for instance in India. Human urine is a natural resource, which is available in all human societies even in the poorest ones which can be used as a natural fertilizer. Urine contain rich plant nutrients, since the human kidney is the main excretory organ and thus urine contains most of the nutrients present in human food which have not been utilized for new cell growth or energy consumption. In the present study two plant materials were selected- Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum sp. In this study, soil analysis as well as estimation of protein, ascorbic acid, proline and Ascorbate Peroxidase...
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...midge larvae was measured by manually counting and the concentration of oxygen at the two sites was measured using an oxygen probe. Results indicated that in open areas the number of midge larvae was vastly larger than that of vegetated areas; they had also confirmed that the area of open water had a lower O2 concentration as compared to the vegetated area. These results are fitting to the scientific background of Chaoborus, as they are known to inhabit water with less concentration of oxygen1. Further analysis of these results were conducted using a Mann-Whitney U-Test which proved there was a significant difference in the number of phantom midge larvae in the two areas for which the reason was the different concentrations of oxygen. RESEARCH & RATIONALE This aim of this investigation is to measure the effect Oxygen Concentration of fresh pond water, an abiotic factor, has on the number of Chaoborus (Phantom Midge Larvae) present by studying their abundance in areas of the pond which are surrounded by vegetation and comparing it to the results acquired from an area of open water. D2- diagram showing a phantom midge larvae head D2- diagram showing a phantom midge larvae head D1- diagram showing phantom midge larvae D1- diagram showing phantom midge larvae The name Phantom Midge Larvae is derived from the transparent characteristic of the midge2. This feature allows the...
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...Aquaponics—Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture A Publication of ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org By Steve Diver NCAT Agriculture Specialist Published 2006 Updated by Lee Rinehart, NCAT Agriculture Specialist © 2010 NCAT Aquaponics is a bio-integrated system that links recirculating aquaculture with hydroponic vegetable, flower, and/or herb production. Recent advances by researchers and growers alike have turned aquaponics into a working model of sustainable food production. This publication provides an introduction to aquaponics with brief profiles of working units around the country. An extensive list of resources points the reader to print and Web-based educational materials for further technical assistance. Introduction Contents Introduction ..................... 1 Aquaponics: Key Elements and Considerations ............... 2 Aquaponic Systems ...... 3 Organic Aquaculture .................. 11 Evaluating an Aquaponic Enterprise ........................ 12 References ...................... 13 Resources ....................... 13 Appendix I: Bibliography on Aquaponics ............. 20 Appendix II: Dissertations ................. 25 A quaponics, also known as the integration of hydroponics with aquaculture, is gaining increased attention as a bio-integrated food production system. Aquaponics serves as a model of sustainable food production by fol low ing certain principles: • The waste products...
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...application must be successful and effectiveness high. As some oil would come ashore, discussion remains on what effectiveness is required to significantly reduce the shoreline impact. A major issue is the actual effectiveness during spills so that these values can be used in estimates for the future. The second motivation for using dispersants is to reduce the impact on birds and mammals on the water surface. The benefits of using dispersants to reduce impacts on wildlife still remain unknown. The third motivation for using dispersants is to promote the biodegradation of oil in the water column. The effect of dispersants on biodegradation is still a matter of dispute. Some papers state that dispersants inhibit biodegradation others indicate that dispersants have little effect on biodegradation. The most recent papers, however, confirm that inhibition is a matter of the surfactant in the dispersant itself and the factors of environmental conditions. It is clear, on the basis of current literature that the surfactants in some of the current dispersant formulations can inhibit biodegradation. No...
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...Asbestos and Asbestos Health Effects What is asbestos? Asbestos is the name given to a number of naturally occurring fibrous minerals with high tensile strength, the ability to be woven, and resistance to heat and most chemicals. Because of these properties, asbestos fibers have been used in a wide range of manufactured goods, including roofing shingles, ceiling and floor tiles, paper and cement products, textiles, coatings, and friction products such as automobile clutch, brake and transmission parts. The current federal definition of asbestos is the asbestiform varieties of: chrysotile (serpentine); crocidolite (riebeckite); amosite (cummingtonite/grunerite); anthophyllite; tremolite; and actinolite. What are the health effects of asbestos exposure? Exposure to airborne friable asbestos may result in a potential health risk because persons breathing the air may breathe in asbestos fibers. Continued exposure can increase the amount of fibers that remain in the lung. Fibers embedded in lung tissue over time may cause serious lung diseases including: asbestosis, lung cancer, or mesothelioma. Smoking increases the risk of developing illness from asbestos exposure. Three of the major health effects associated with asbestos exposure include: • Asbestosis – Asbestosis is a serious, progressive, long-term non-cancer disease of the lungs. It is caused by inhaling asbestos fibers that irritate lung tissues and cause the tissues to scar. The scarring makes it hard for oxygen...
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...Fagan © Earth Open Source www.earthopensource.org 2nd Floor 145–157, St John Street, London EC1V 4PY, United Kingdom Contact email: claire.robinson@earthopensource.org June 2012 Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this paper, or otherwise published by EOS, are those of the authors and do not represent the official policy, position, or views of other organizations, universities, companies, or corporations that the authors may be affiliated with. GMO Myths and Truths 2 About the authors Michael Antoniou, PhD is reader in molecular genetics and head, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King’s Cols: lege London School of Medicine, London, UK. He has 28 years’ experience in the use of genetic engineering technology investigating gene organisation and control, with over 40 peer reviewed publications of original work, and holds inventor status on a number of gene expression biotechnology patents. Dr Antoniou has a large network of collaborators in industry and academia who are making use of his discoveries in gene control mechanisms for the production of research, diagnostic and therapeutic products and safe and efficacious human somatic gene therapy for inherited and acquired genetic disorders. Claire Robinson, MPhil, is research director at Earth Open Source. She has a background in investigative reporting and the communication of topics relating to public health, science and policy, and the environment. She is an editor at GMWatch (www.gmwatch.org), a public...
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...Engineering, is hereby recommended for oral examination. Approved by the Tribunal on Oral Examination with a grade of _________. Engr. Ma. Haidee A. Mabborang Member Engr. Monico U. Tenedor Member Engr. Marianne DC. Calica Member Engr. Caesar P. Llapitan Chairman Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering. Engr. Ernesto D. Marallag Dean, College of Engineering ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We, the authors, convey our gratefulness and appreciation to the people who have given valuable assistance in the completion of this study. To Engr. Policarpio Mabborang, Jr. for providing a perceptive and logical evaluation of our research, for his corrections and suggestions in the improvement of the study, and for his patience towards us; To Engr. Caesar Llapitan, Engr. Marianne Calica, Engr. Monico Tenedor, and Engr. Ma. Haidee Mabborang, who served as our panelists in the defense, pointed out mistakes and gave good suggestions in revising our thesis; To Engr. Gina Consigna, head of the Feed Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, Ma’am Editha Taguba, and Ma’am Lawrence Gaspar who permitted us to conduct our experiments in their laboratory; To Ma’am Gladys Zamora, laboratory technician of the DOST-CAS laboratory, for lending us the laboratory equipment for our thesis study; To Engr. Jerome Tumaru, production manager of CARSUMCO, for assisting us in our experiments...
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...Maria Vasilenko 223901 Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Master of Science Thesis Examiners: Professor Matti Karp Professor Raghida Lepistö Examiner and topic approved in The Science and Bioengineering Department Council meeting on 7.11.2012 Abstract TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master‟s Degree Programme in Science and Bioengineering Vasilenko Maria: Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Seminar paper, 97 pages November 2012 Major: Biotechnology Examiners: Matti Karp, Raghida Lepisto Keywords: environmental pollution, heavy metals, biosensors, slurries The quality of bioslurries that are used in industrial production and agriculture need to be watched very closely to avoid spreading of contaminants on area and poisoning of humans and animals. Because heavy metals are very stable and toxic in many chemical compositions, their amount should be estimated very thoroughly. A new approach that involved biosensors was tested in this study. Because the slurries are complex non-unified matrices which composed of two phases – solid and liquid, the cell behavior can varies a lot from the one that explained in water and so the estimation of ion concentration can be not reliable. It was shown that the cell actually behave different in the slurries. Normally the dissolved compounds suppress the biosensor activity and, in the same time, the ions in the...
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