...Psychological Research Deception Deception in Psychological Research Deception in itself is fraudulent behavior. When someone seldom tells and untruth it appears to be harmless to some, however the same act could be devastating to the next person. Deception can effect one or millions. Take the case of Bernard Madoff who took it upon himself to deceive his clients who trust him to manage their financial holding for them be investing and earning them money in return. Madoff’s level of deception affected and damaged many families. What frame or state of emotional or mental state was he in, what was the thing that initially triggered Madoff to initiate his scheming plan? Ethics Code The code of ethics as it relates to psychology pertains to the educational, scientific, and professionals and their activities in the field of psychology which include training, service to the public and communities, intervention, clinical research, counseling. Some other areas include development and conducting assessments, along with program design, organizational consulting, evaluation consulting. Code of Ethics in Psychology applies in these areas as well forensic activities and administrations. Other venues that is different from the private sector as it applies to the conduct or behavior of professionals in the field of psychology which spam in a large area like the postal service, telephone service, the internet and most electrical communication devices. Detecting Deception Detecting those...
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...Police deception questions essential legal and ethical questions with a variety of residents, especially considering the recent failures of justice. No matter how one looks at it, a lie is made to create deception. Many individuals, including police lie occasionally and persistently. There are times that police deceive innocent individuals, such as hostages, as well as placebo lies to comfort citizens. Lies are told to project fictional authority and to give the hope of getting evidence. Police have also told lies under oath in order to convict guilty individuals, protect innocence, and/or frame guilty individuals. There are times that lies can be justifiable, some are inexcusable. It’s rarely permissible to lie under oath (Ciske, 2009). However,...
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...DETECTING DECEPTION To summaries the first two articles topic area Deception may be suggested that both articles are concerned with the investigation of deception from the view point of the verbal and nonverbal reasoning. Their aim is to find predominantly nonverbal cues to when people are telling the truth and when people act in a deceptive manner. They both were found to more or less lack of stance validity Article three however; “Outsmarting the Liars” was chosen as it was more recent; it was corresponding well to the previous two articles topic, but in the same time was offering ultimate solution and entirely new approach to the topic. It was also offering different and new modern continuation of the topic and was moreover offering solutions that work and were based on real life outsets to an extent. Further it was a practical solution to the outstanding unresolved problems of the research on detecting deception. Another reason was that the authors were well known authorities in the research field of deception and they use the most recent research done in the field by others as well as their own. The Methodology used by the first two articles is using controlled experiment and collecting primary data. Both of them rely highly on previous research and are aiming to fill gaps in further research, to minimise limitations and to find solutions to limitation that cannot be overcome until that point. In comparison the three articles are conducted as experiments in which...
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...bpsjournals.co.uk The truth about lies: What works in detecting high-stakes deception? Stephen Porter* and Leanne ten Brinke University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada In this paper, we provide our view of the current understanding of high-stakes lies often occurring in forensic contexts. We underscore the importance of avoiding widespread pitfalls of deception detection and challenging prevailing assumptions concerning strategies for catching liars. The promise and limitations of each of non-verbal/body language, facial, verbal/linguistic, and physiological channels in detecting deception are discussed. In observing the absence of a single cue or behavioural channel that consistently reveals deception, a holistic approach with concurrent attention to multiple channels of a target’s behaviour (ideally videotaped for review) and changes from baseline behaviour is recommended whenever possible. Among the best-validated cues to be considered together include: illustrators, blink and pause rate, speech rate, vague descriptions, repeated details, contextual embedding, reproduction of conversations, and emotional ‘leakage’ in the face. While advocating a reliance on empirical evidence, we observe that few studies of high-stakes deception yet have been conducted. Further, some manifestations of lying are highly idiosyncratic and difficult to address in quantitative research, pointing to the need for keen observation skills, and psychological ...
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...Placebos and Nocebos With and Without Deception and their Effect on Cognitive Performance NAME University of Sydney Abstract Past research has produced conflicting conclusions about the effectiveness placebos with and without deception. It has been argued that, although placebos sometimes appear to be more effective with deceptive administration, it is not an ethical way to carry out research or provide treatment. This study aimed to determine whether a significant placebo effect could be achieved through deceptive as well as open administration. Cognitive performance was measured and results were collected for both positive and negative outcomes. The 512 participants were given different instructions and suggestions about the placebo (or nocebo) and then asked to sniff an odour while completing a visual search task. Results indicated that both placebos and nocebos require deception to have a significant effect. Groups with open administration did not show significant effects. It was also shown that odour did not have an effect on performance. Further research is needed to investigate different ways to introduce a placebo to patients, for example, alternative wording in instructions and suggestions. Placebos and Nocebos With and Without Deception and their Effect on Cognitive Performance Many researchers have been interested in determining the most effective and ethical way to administer a placebo. The placebo...
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.... Inform Consent Draft • Purpose of the research: Primary purpose of the study it to determine whether child abuse rates can be decreased through intervention programs with mothers being treated for substance abuse. It is conducted by the principle investigator Dr. Johns. • Procedures involved in the research: The criteria to use to determine the risk would be Parenting Stress Index and a test of knowledge of child development. Using the plan, after determination, those who are at risk would then be randomized to receive either to receive social work visits alone or the experimental intervention involving counseling, a brief education program on child development, and regular social work visits. After six months control group participants...
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...As previously mentioned, the point of this essay is to bring together multiple topics, under the umbrella of self-deception, in an attempt to construct a plausible understanding of this subject. Through the use of three subtopics – motivations, forms, and advantages/disadvantages – readers are able to grasp the concept of self-deception with clarity. Within the subtopic of motivation, I explain that there are two forms of motivation toward how and why people will engage in self-deception; there must be an intent and a desire to deceive oneself and more often than not this is done through combination rather than as separate processes. I also outlined the unique observation, brought forth by Nelkin (2002), that argues the possibility of bias...
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...ETHICAL BEHAVIOR CONSTRUCT: MEASUREMENT AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Branko BUČAR, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana Mateja DRNOVŠEK, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana Address all correspondence to: Branko Bučar University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Kardeljeva ploščad 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Email: branko.bucar@uni-lj.si ABSTRACT The primary concern of the article is to validate the scale of ethical behavior construct developed in previous research. We examined the internal consistency of the modified Newstrom and Ruch’s (1975) scale for the measurement of the ethical behavior construct. We based this study on the model by Akaah and Lund (1994) about the influence of personal and organizational values on ethical behavior in the entrepreneurial context. We concluded that the six-dimensional construct of ethical behavior cannot be supported in the same way as proposed by Akaah and Lund (1994) and proposed several modifications to the measurement scale. KONSTRUKT ETIČNEGA OBNAŠANJA: MERJENJE IN PRAKTIČNE POSLEDICE Glavni namen tega članka je preveriti meritveno lestvico konstrukta etičnega obnašanja, ki je bila razvita v prejšnjih študijah. Proučili smo notranjo konsistentnost spremenjene meritvene lestvice, ki sta jo originalno razvila Newstrom in Ruch (1975). Študijo smo zasnovali na Akaah in Lundovem (1994) modelu vplivov osebnih in organizacijskih vrednot na etično obnašanje, pri čemer smo model preučili v...
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...Psychology is known to be a complex field of study; the ethics for individual and social are undefined. Though ethical codes could stretch back through history of the Ancient Greek. There have been many up to date versions of ethical codes since then, such as being respected when taking part in psychological research conducted (McGaha & Korn, 1995). Within the departments of psychology there are various ethics committee, the aim of every department is to avoid participants experiencing distress and making sure participants welfare and dignity is kept. Ethics within psychology means the researcher’s key focus have to be to reduce any sort of discomfort or risks which are involved within the study. Also preventing the participants from experiencing any long-term undesirable consequences as well as having to notifying participants on all features of the study which could have an influence on their decision to take part (Hobbs, 1948). Throughout the psychological history many research studies have been conducted by various psychologists. There have been some which have been ethically critisied, with the lack of ethics taken into consideration. The most commonly discussed research study which has many ethical issues is known to be conducted by a behavioral psychologist Stanley Milgram (1963). Leading to many discussions Milgram (1963) purpose of his study was to investigate how far an individual would obey a figure of authority (Bernstein, 2011). Stanley Milgram (1963) introduced...
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...going to discuss ethical issues relating to research in the health and social care sectors. Ethical issues refers to moral situations that may be faced by a researcher whilst carrying out research or even whilst at work. They are normally put in a situation where they have to think about whether what they are doing is worth doing or not. There are many ethical issues that can occur whilst carrying out research. These are few of them: • If the research topic is a sensitive/controversial • Seeking Informed consent • Debriefing • Right to withdraw • Deception • Confidentiality • Protection from harm • Cultural/ language barriers • If the results cannot be generalised to the whole population or to the real world (population/ ecological validity)...
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...reoccurring action that everyone has as a means for self-preservation or simply as an easy way out of a tough situation. Psychologists believe it is a natural part of human behavior, which most likely started at age three or four. Many studies even confirm that very few people in the world can go through an entire day without lying even once. The negotiation process is like poker because while players are expected to play fair, there aren’t any guidelines to whether or not deception may be used to win a game by making others overestimate the value of one’s hand. As such, negotiators are...
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...The research confederate is a stranger, and they had a long session in getting to know each other to form the bond. However, the participant did not know anything about ways death affect closed relationship. On the principle of integrity, it stated that psychologist should not subterfuge or intentional misinterpretation fact, which is an act of deception (Cosby and Bates, 2015, P.48). The researcher used deception somewhat to get the information needed in conducting the research. The research did violate the guideline for Human Research because of the deception that was used to see the participant reaction with death. The participant was not informed any debriefing about...
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...Two ethical considerations that immediately come to mind from lecture are” The protection of research participants from harm/ Harm to participants outweighs the good of the research” and “Informed consent/ deception”. Protecting research participants from harm calls for ensuring their rights and mental/ physical health is not violated or adversely affected by the research. If conducting research on illegal drug use, a researcher, cannot tell participants, that their disclosure of drug use or illegal drug sales is completely confidential. Knowing the information provided can harm the respondent or subject the researcher to criminal prosecution, should he or she withholds information subpoenaed as part of a litigation. To protect respondents and, themselves the researcher may want to reconsider conducting research that exposes criminal activity. The researcher may also opt to continue unethically with the research because they feel the harm to respondents outweighs the data garnered from the research conducted This could lead to sanctions by the IRB, so to ethically continue with the research, respondents need to inform their responses may not be confidential....
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...Fry vs. State Brief Fact Summary. Mr. Frye (Appellant) was convicted of second-degree murder, after the lower court disallowed Appellant from introducing testimonial evidence relating to the results of a deception test Appellant had taken following the crime. Appellant appeals his conviction here. Synopsis of Rule of Law. When a test (such as a systolic blood pressure deception test) has not gained scientific recognition from psychological and physiological authorities, expert testimony regarding the results of such a test is inadmissible. Facts. Appellant was charged with and put on trial for murder. At his trial, Appellant attempted to call an expert witness to testify that Appellant had taken a systolic blood pressure deception test, and to further testify as to the results of the test. The expert testimony was held inadmissible by the lower court, Appellant was convicted of second-degree murder. Held. No; the test results Appellant attempted to introduce into evidence did not meet the requirement that such evidence be “sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs,” and therefore the test results were properly excluded by the lower court. Discussion. The court reasoned that although the deception test at issue here has a scientific basis, “[j]ust when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define . . . [and] the thing from which the deduction...
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...Case Assignment 1 1. Build the management-research question hierarchy. The management –research question occurs during stage 1 of the research process. The approach for this stage of the research process is to state the dilemma that prompts the research and then develop other questions by progressively breaking down the original question into more specific one (Cooper & Schindler, 2014, p. 77). Our case highlights a multistage communication study undertaken by the research department of Penton Media, a publisher of business trade magazines, to determine the long-term viability of a reader and advertiser service, the reader service card, a post-card-size device used by readers to request additional information from a particular advertiser. Leveraging the scenario described in the case assignment, we will build out the management-research question hierarchy (Cooper & Schindler, 2010). Discover Management Dilemma The process begins at the most general level with the management dilemma. This is usually a symptom of an actual problem (Cooper & Schindler, 2014, p. 77). In our case study, the actual problem or dilemma is a decline in use of Penton Media’s publication reader service cards, a post-card-size device used by readers to request additional information from a particular advertiser. This postcard –sized device features a series of numbers, with one number assigned to each ad appearing in the publication. Readers circle the advertiser’s number...
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