...Bridget Acosta Anatomy and Physiology RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS * INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that exerts its greatest impact on those joints of the body that are lined with synovium, a specialized tissue responsible for maintaining the nutrition and lubrication of the joint. The distribution of joints affected (synovial joints) is characteristic. It typically affects the small joints of the hands and the feet, and usually both sides equally in a symmetrical distribution, though any synovial joint can be affected. In patients with established and aggressive disease, most joints will be affected over time. Joint inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain within the joint. In addition to affecting the joints, rheumatoid arthritis may occasionally affect the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood, or nerves. * SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS The initial trigger for RA is unknown. There is evidence to suggest abnormalities in components of the immune system that lead to the body developing abnormal immune and inflammatory reactions, particularly in joints. These changes may precede the symptomatic onset of RA by many years. Whatever sets the pathology in motion results in a large increase in blood flow to the joint (giving heat and sometimes redness), proliferation of the synovial membrane with an increase in synovial fluid (swelling), and pain (due to stretching of pain receptors in the soft tissues around, and the bone...
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...The American family is in a state of decline as research shows. In the year 1950, the birth rate of unmarried women was 14 .1 per thousand. This increased to 43 .8 per thousand in the year 1990. This is a three hundred and ten percent increase. In the year 1950, illegitimate babies were approximately 150, 000 while in the year 1990 they were 1, 150, 000. This was a high rise. Research in United States indicates that between the years 1950 and 1990 there was a tremendous increase in the number of unmarried teenagers aged 15-19 years. This increase was from 12 .6 percent to 42 .5 percent in the year 1990 (Biblarz, 1993 In the last decade there has been a sixty percent increase in number of births out of wedlock. Research shows that divorce rate has also increased tremendously over the last decade. This is greatly attributed to the United States marriage rate. This has steadily grown for the last twenty five years. Today the break ups in the married couples has increased and there are normally no official records to show for this even when children are involved. The divorce rate in United States accelerated during the 1960’s and peaked in the year 1981 In the year 1970, four percent of the entire adult population had gone through a divorce. In the year 1992 this rate had increased to eleven percent. This was a tremendous increase within a span of twenty two years only. This was approximately a 226 percent increase. Today approximately 50 of the marriages in United States...
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...has left many citizens unemployed and destitute. Anger and concern over layoffs, wage unproductivity, declining benefits, and the movement of jobs overseas has left citizens with harsh and undesirable views of the actions and motivations of Corporate America. With the unemployment rate on a downward slope, American citizens have become distressed which has resulted in emotional, social, and, economic hardships. Even though the unemployment rate in the decline many families are still in distress because of the social and economic problems caused widespread company layoffs. Can Corporate America offer our families a better way of life ? The unemployment rate has been on a slow decline over the past few months which indicate a slow improvement in the job market. Even though the decline is a positive indication, many companies are not hiring at an alarming rate. Based on Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) the number of unemployed persons decreased by 556,000 to 14.5 million in December, and the unemployment rate dropped to 9.4 percent. Over the years, these measures were down from 15.2 million and 9.9 percent, respectively. As the economy continues to slowly recover many Americans are still trying to balance their financial and social lifestyles. The jobs situation appears to have shown considerable progress over past few months, with the unemployment benefits claims decreasing. Many companies seem to be opening up and creating new positions to assist society and create a positive...
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...Family as a Social Institution SOC101 By Joshua Simpson If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother, and the teacher. (Abdul Kalam) For this paper I will be explaining how the American family is a social institution and the struggles that come along with it. I will be focusing on the American family and its traditions and also how divorce impacts the family and community. The American family can limit social contact but I can also flourish through the family. The modern American family as a social institution can be taken in many different ways. In some the typical American family known as nuclear (mother, father, and kids) is declining. The other type of family is extended or encompassing other relatives. These families are also called traditional families because these families are what Americans have come accustomed to. Thus because families are growing and allowing extended family in. another reason why they are declining because families are becoming one parent and the children or spit parents and the children live with extended family. Many people do not agree with this conclusion because there have not been any studies to show this but from observation and a look around your own community I sure you can find one of these untraditional families. There are many factors that contribute to families breaking up and becoming...
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...During the seventeenth and eighteenth century a mass migration occurred throughout Europe and Africa. These settlers came to America in search of wealth, power, and to flee the various problems of Europe. Over half of the settlers were under twenty five, male, and poor. Over half of the immigrants were indentured servants and slaves. Some of the servants volunteered and some were forces or kidnapped into migrating. These indentured slaves played a major role in the development of American colonies. The indentured slaves wanted to move to America and the masters needed labor. This became a path for families to finance their trip to America is search for a better life. Indentured Servants Beginning and Decline...
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...one of the risk factors is old age (majority of those with the disease or age 65 or older), 5 percent of the individuals affected by the disease have early onset (in their 40’s or 50’s). There are currently 5.4 million Americans living with this disease. Alzheimer’s is a disease that will increase in intensity over the years (Alzheimer’s, 2012). In the early stages an individual will experience mild memory loss. In the late stages of the disease a person will be unresponsive to their environment. There are seven stages of Alzheimer’s. In stage one the person does not demonstrate any symptoms. In stage two the person experiences a mild decline in their cognitive function which they or others may attribute to normal age-related behaviors. Symptoms may feel like mere memory lapses. In stage three, also known as early-stage Alzheimer’s others will begin to notice difficulties. The individual would have trouble remembering names, forgetting things they just read, misplacing valuable objects, and increased trouble planning things. The person will also experience some changes in personality and experience a loss of social skills (U.S., 2012). In stage four and five the individual would move from a moderate cognitive decline to a moderately severe decline (Alzheimer’s, 2012). The person would become moody and withdrawn. The individual would need help with daily...
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...work at home, and since family sizes were larger and there was no gas, electricity, home appliances, telephone, running water or indoor plumbing, housework much harder. Therefore, staying at home and taking care of the family and the home was a full-time job for women. Sometimes, women would earn money at home by taking in boarders. Sons were sent to school until they were twelve or fourteen and then put to work, the age was later raised to 16 as the necessity for education grew. Daughters either worked part-time for wages or at home with their mothers. All children, male or female, were expected to turn over their wages to their parents. In the 1960s, the baby boom happened because men and women were so stable financially they did not see a problem with having many children in a short period of time. Men found it easy to get jobs straight out of highschool, were able to pay enough to support families and had job security. However, at this time, life was very different for African American citizens. For African American families, men were not the only ones considered to be “breadwinners,” as women were always expected to work outside of the home. This caused...
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...difficult for many Americans. In part due to the rising cost of health care and health care premiums and changes in the economy, health care is just not a luxury that many Americans have. The health and wellness of many Americans has declined over the last few decades as the availability of quality health insurance and health care has dwindled due to rising costs and other growing economic concerns. There are many social institutions that exist to provide individuals with services, subsidies, and other guidance in the always changing social culture that exists in the United States today. Many of these social institutions vary institution to institution in what services, subsidies, or other things that they have to offer society. A lot of this is dependent on geographic location, local and national economics, and contributions that help fund these valuable institutions. Some of these social institutions are in existence to provide welfare-based services such as food stamps or food closets, child welfare services or help with child care expenses, elderly assistance to help with housing, medical, and any other elderly needs, and other social services. There are some social institutions that may also offer education and life preparedness. This helps individuals learn to grow and safe-guard themselves from harm. The declining health and wellness of the Americans has proven not only to be economically driven, but also driven by many other sociological factors such as family...
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...working enough to prevent entry into poverty is strength of the economy and quality of wages. Introduction The scale and conditions of poverty make it one of the most pressing social issues facing the nation. According to the 2007 Population Report prepared by the US Census Bureau, over 36 million people in the United States are living in poverty and 54 million are at severe risk of falling into poverty.1 “The annual rate of entry into poverty for the total population of the United States has been estimated at roughly three percent per year”.2 Poverty will touch the majority of Americans at some point during adulthood. It is estimated that, on average, 60 percent of 20 year olds in America will experience poverty at some point during their adult years and about half of adults will experience poverty by the time they are age 65. Poverty is not static. It represents the status of families moving into and out of poverty at different points in time. Almost half of the spells of poverty are quite short: nearly 45 percent end within 1 year, 70 percent are over...
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...Assess the view that secularisation has been a feature only in modern European societies-33 marks The idea of secularisation implies that there has been disenchantment in social life, that sacred ideas are no longer of any relevance to people and practical matters are emptied of any spiritual significance. Secularisation according to Wilson is the process whereby ‘religious thinking, practice and institutions social significance,’ that people are more interested in leisurely pursuits and that society and religion has become more pluralistic as a result of globalisation. Exclusivists think that secularisation is definitely happening whilst inclusivists argue that it is not happening, rather that society is experiencing resacralisation, that there are other religions such as NRMS and New Age Spirituality which are equally valid. Woodhead and Heelas suggest that there are two versions of secularisation. Firstly the disappearance thesis states that modernity is bringing about the death of religion. This thesis tends to use Church statistics as evidence. Crockett found that in 1851 40% Church attendance and in 2007 2% attended. In 2002 2/3 attended a religious service such as weddings no more than once a year. However there are problems concerning the use of Church statistics, regarding their reliability and validity. Statistics tell us very little about the social meaning of religion as Davie suggests many people can believe without belonging. Bellah also notes that religion is...
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...financial crisis when Europe couldn’t purchase goods from the United States. The United States also passed the Fordney-McCumber Act in 1922, which put high tariffs, or tax, on industrial products that were imports. This angered the other nations and they retaliated which led to a decline in world trade which was a major contributor to the Great Depression. A decline in world trade leads to a decline in Real GDP and this is bad for the economy. Overproduction in industry also played a pivotal role in the Great Depression. While factories were producing mass amounts of products, wages were not increasing at the same pace. Due to low wages and overproduction, workers could not afford to buy all of the factory output. The United States tried to sell the surplus of goods overseas, but the high tariffs and lack of money in Europe did not support this solution. An additional overproduction also occurred in the agriculture and farm industry. The average income for farm families was about a third of what average American families were making. Due to the low income on farms, the demand for farmland decreased by about 50 percent in 1930. These problems on farms had a large impact on Americans since about 30 percent of the US population still lived on farms. The “Dust Bowl” was a drought that occurred in 1930 in the Mississippi Valley. The drought was so drastic that many people couldn’t even pay their taxes or other...
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...was brought to the forefront during the 1950s and 1960s during a period when black families began moving into historically white neighborhoods. Homeowners’ associations, community groups, and other neighborhood-based organizations, which seem to be benign groups promoting positive social capital, are criticized by some scholars such as Thomas Sugrue as insidious organizations designed to impose racial order. He argues that racism and aggression, using the negative social capital of white homeowners’ organizations, is the cause of the urban crisis because it forced black homeowners...
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...has depicted what seems to be Uncle Sam resting safely in the luxuries of America, clearly not caring about any possible declines or threats to the nation (Doc O). In the cartoon one can tell that the country was blinded by its pride in the economy that they were not able to prepare themselves for any sort of economic decline, therefore worsening any small detail of future decline. Another case of careless spending by an overly prideful nation can be seen again as the nation’s stock prices went up due to insane amounts of competitive bidding. Harry J. Carman and Harold C. Syrett clearly wrote in A History of the American...
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...most likely to be familiar with Kubler-Ross's theory of dying. In 1969, she published a book titled On Death and Dying, which was based on interviews collected from 200 dying patients. In the book, Kubler-Ross discerned five stages that dying people experience. The five stages, which reflect different reactions to dying, are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Denial is the "No, not me!" stage where the person is in shock or denial and cannot believe that they are going to die. Denial is self-protective and gives the person time to adjust psychologically to the news that he or she is going to die. Anger is the "Why me?" stage and may involve, in addition to anger, resentment, rage, and envy at God, doctors, nurses, family members, or anyone who is not dying. Bargaining is the "Yes me, but. . ." stage and often involves bargaining with God and attempts to postpone the inevitable ("Yes, I am going to die, but if only I could live long enough to see my child graduate," etc.). Depression involves mourning for current and past losses (reactive depression) and anticipated losses (preparatory depression and grief). Finally, acceptance emerges. Acceptance is not a happy stage, but rather is characterized by an absence of feeling, a...
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...the Great Depression of the 1930s. It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of small and big banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In United States, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer confidence, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The bursting of the U.S. housing bubble, which peaked in 2006, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In the EU, the UK responded with austerity measures of spending cuts and tax increases. Causes of Financial Crises Subprime lending During a period of intense competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated...
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