Definition of terms

Allowance * permitted amount of something that is allowed, especially according to regulations.

Average selected time * the arithmetical average of all actual times except the abnormal times taken by the workman to compute a task or an element of a task.

Avoidable delay * any delay of operator for which he/she is responsible and over which he/she has control. * it refers to delay which the operator may avoid if desired.

Condensation * The change of a gas or vapor to a liquid, either by cooling or by being subjected to increased pressure.

Critical path method (CPM) * an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities.

Decomposition * The separation of a substance into simpler substances or basic elements. Can be brought about by exposure to heat, light, or chemical or biological activity. * The process of breaking down organic material into smaller molecules that are available for use by the organisms of an ecosystem.

Delay * any cause of postponement, interruption, interval, pause or wait until later before doing something.

Delay allowance * a time increment including a time standard to allow contingencies and minor delays beyond the control of the workman.

Density * is a physical property of matter and is a measure of mass per unit of volume of a material or substance, as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. * Defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of objects with a constant volume.

Dioxin * Any of several toxic hydrocarbons that occur as impurities in petroleum-derived herbicides, disinfectants,and other products. * A group of pollutants created as by-products in many industrial processes.

Efficiency * the ability to do things without waste of time and energy

Elapsed time * the actual time taken by a workman to complete a task, an operation, or an element of an operation. * the total time interval from the beginning to the end of the study.

Element time * the term used to indicate either actual, observed, selected, normal or standard to perform an element of operation

Flash point * is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material.

Flow diagram * a sketch where lines are drawn to show the path of travel. * a process chart symbols are inserted in the lines to indicate what is taking place, then, brief notations are included to amplify the symbols.

Furans * Any of a group of colorless, volatile, organic compounds containing a ring of four carbon atoms andone oxygen atom. * Obtained from wood oils and used in the synthesis of many organic compounds.

Laminated plastic * A plastic material consisting of superimposed layers of a synthetic resin-impregnated or resin-coated filler which have been bonded together (usually by means of heat and pressure) to form a single piece.

Kinematic viscosity * measures the resistance of the liquid to flow in the presence of gravity. This measure is obtained by taking the liquid’s dynamic viscosity and dividing it by the liquid’s density. The higher the viscosity of the liquid, the less easily it will flow under the force of gravity and the higher its kinematic viscosity will be.

Machine idle time * idleness of the machine while man is at work.

Man-machine chart * A planning industrial graphically defining resources activity (robots, operators etc.) at repetitive tasks. It is typically used to plan the activity of resources in large and medium series.

Plan layout * embraces the physically allowances of the plant. * arrangement, either installed or in plant, which includes the spaces needed for material movement, storage, indirect labourers, and all other supporting activities, services, as well as for operating equipment and personnel.

Procedure manual * provides instructions and directions for the day-to-day operation of a business venture to ensure consistency and quality in product and services.

Process * a planned series of actions or operations which advances a materials or procedure from one stage of completion to another.

Process chart * a graphical representation of the sequence of all operation, transportation, inspection, delays, and storage occurring during the process of procedure, and include information desirable for analysis such as time required and distance moved. * graphical presentation of events which occur during a series of actions or operations so that they can be easily visualized and analyzed.

*types of process chart:
a. material type- presents the process in terms of the event which occurs in the material.
b. Man type- presents the process in terms of activities of the man.

Selected items * time value chosen by the time study observer from those obtained for an element of time studied operation as being representative of the time used by the workman when he/she performed the element correctly.

Standard time * represents the time required by the qualified operator working at a normal performance level to perform the element.

Sulfur * a yellow chemical element that has a strong, unpleasant odor when it is burned. * a nonmetallic element that occurs either free or combined especially in sulfides and sulfates, is a constituent of proteins, exists in several allotropic forms including yellow orthorhombic crystals, resembles oxygen chemically but is less active and more acidic, and is used especially in the chemical and paper industries, in rubber vulcanization, and in medicine for treating skin diseases

Oil tanker * refers to vessels that are specially designed to transport large quantities of oil * any tank for containing or storing oil such as a very large oil storage container at a refinery; a large oil storage area on an oil tanker; or a smaller container for the storage of heating oil at a property

Time study * a tool precision measurement

Time study observation sheet * a form of systematic detailed recording of element, time values, pace and effort rating estimate, delays and irregular occurrence during a time study.

Unavoidable delay allowance * a delay beyond the control of the operator.
Possible cause: a. A failure or interruption in the process b. Arrangement of the operation that prevents one part of the body from working while body members are working begins when hands stop its activity ends when activity is resumed.

Work station * section of a production where the workman performs his assigned tasks including the space required of his auxiliary equipment for the material being worked on.