...WGU| Elasticity of Demand| Discussing the Main Points| | Carla McJunkin| 12/20/2013| | Part A Elasticity of demand is a measure of variables reaction to change given in certain other variables. It may describe the extent of which goods or services change with supply or demand as well as possible consumer income (Investopedia). There are several different categories of elasticity of demand. There are products that are defined as elastic, inelastic and unitary. In order to find the curves of supply and demand of elasticity the following equation is used: Elasticity = (% change in quantity demanded / % change in price) There are also a few rules I should mention that are to be followed when figuring the elasticity of demand; the threshold number is always one, there are no negative numbers (absolute values only) and categories of elasticity only. An elastic product is one that has a price of elasticity demand of more than one (1+). An inelastic product is defined when the elasticity of demand is less than one (-1). An inelastic product is a product where in spite of price changes, consumers continue to purchase. A unitary product occurs when the price elasticity of demand[->0] is one (1). Let us assume a demand is unitary (elastic), and that there is a sudden decrease in price of 5% and we can assume that the percentage of change in quantity will increase by 5%., by reason of getting to the unitary number of one. .In other words, the change in quantity...
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...File C5-207 July 2007 www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm Elasticity of Demand E lasticity of demand is an important variation on the concept of demand. Demand can be classified as elastic, inelastic or unitary. An elastic demand is one in which the change in quantity demanded due to a change in price is large. An inelastic demand is one in which the change in quantity demanded due to a change in price is small. The formula for computing elasticity of demand is: (Q1 – Q2) / (Q1 + Q2) (P1 – P2) / (P1 + P2) If the formula creates a number greater than 1, the demand is elastic. In other words, quantity changes faster than price. If the number is less than 1, demand is inelastic. In other words, quantity changes slower than price. If the number is equal to 1, elasticity of demand is unitary. In other words, quantity changes at the same rate as price. Close substitutes for a product affect the elasticity of demand. It another product can easily be substituted for your product, consumers will quickly switch to the other product if the price of your product rises or the price of the other product declines. For example, beef, pork and poultry are all meat products. The declining price of poultry in recent years has caused the consumption of poultry to increase, at the expense of beef and pork. So products with close substitutes tend to have elastic demand. Figure 1. Elastic demand Elastic Demand Elasticity of demand is illustrated in Figure 1. Note that a change in price...
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...PAPER FIRST SEM MBA MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS “Kinds Of Elasticity Of Demand” “Factors Influencing Elasticity Of Demand” GROUP 2 ROLL NO | NAME | 7 | PRAVEEN KUMAR K L | 8 | PRAVEEN R | 9 | PRITHVI LINGH HONNESH | 10 | PRITHVI P M | 11 | PRIYA DARSHINI B A | 12 | PRIYANKA JAHAGIRDAR | ------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT From the managerial point of view, the knowledge of nature of relationship between demand and its determinants alone is not sufficient. What is more important is the extent of relationship or the degree of responsiveness of demand to the changes in its determinants. The degree of responsiveness of demand to the change in its determinants is called elasticity of demand. The concept of elasticity of demand plays a crucial role in business-decisions regarding maneuvering of prices with a view to making larger profits. Almost most businessmen are intuitively aware of the elasticity of demand of the goods they make, however, the use of precise estimates of elasticity of demand will add precision to their business decisions. In this paper we will discuss * The various kinds of elasticity of demand * The nature of change and how it affects the decision taking. * How demand decisions in response to price changes vary for different types of goods? * Factors influencing the elasticity of demand INTRODUCTION Governments, business firms, supermarkets, consumers...
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...Elasticity of Demand Concepts and Measurement In economics, the demand elasticity refers to how sensitive the demand for a good is to changes in other economic variables. Demand elasticity is important because it helps firms model the potential change in demand due to changes in price of the good, the effect of changes in prices of other goods and many other important market factors. A firm grasp of demand elasticity helps to guide firms toward more optimal competitive behavior. Rate at which demand changes due to particular change of price of the commodity or price of other commodity or income of the consumer is called elasticity of demand. Elasticities greater than one are called "elastic," elasticities less than one are "inelastic", and elasticities equal to one are "unit elastic". Elasticities equal to infinity is called "perfectly elastic demand". Also elasticities equal to zero is called "perfectly inelastic demand". Demand elasticity is a measure of how much the quantity demanded will change if another factor changes. One example is the price elasticity of demand; this measures how the quantity demanded changes with price. This is important for setting prices so as to maximize profit. When price elasticity of demand is elastic, the firm should lower prices, since it will result in a big uptick in demand, increasing your total revenue. When price elasticity of demand is inelastic, the firm should increase prices because there will be only a...
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...Price elasticity of demand is the measurement of how responsive a good or service is demanded based on a percentage change in price. It is calculated by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded by the percentage change in the price of the good or service. There are many factors that the price elasticity of demand that are considered such as ranges, determinants and relationships with revenue. Price elasticity of demand has three ranges when determined. The first is elastic demand. Elastic demand occurs when the price elasticity demand is greater than one. It occurs when a change in price of one percent causes one percent change in quantity demanded. Another range of elasticity is unit elasticity of demand. It occurs when a change of one percent causes exactly one percent to change in quantity demanded. A third range is inelastic demand. It is the opposite of elastic demand. It occurs when a change of a price of one percent is less than one percent in the quantity demanded (Miller, 2013). There three main determinants of price elasticity of demand. One determinant is the existence, number, and quantity of substitutes. The closer the substitutes for a certain product or service exist as well as the amount, the greater the price of the elasticity demanded will be. The second determinant is the percentage of a consumer’s total budget devoted to purchase the commodity. The greater the share of a person’s budget spent of a product or service, the greater the person’s...
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...Market Demand and Elasticity Tank Up is a local quick mart gas station on Route 12, a fairly busy highway most days of the week. Tank Up is the last station eastbound just prior to the entrance ramp to the expressway. This location benefits Tank Up business because drivers often stop in to fill their gas tank and grab a cup of coffee before beginning their journey on the expressway. To increase profits, I am evaluating a price change for coffee. Historically Tank Up sells approximately 300 cups of coffee per day. At $0.79 per cup, annual coffee revenue is $86,268. Options to increase revenue include a) an increase in sales prompted by a price reduction or b) an increase in revenue through a price increase. For the purpose of this evaluation, it is assumed all factors beyond cost per cup and consumer demand are held constant. The supply costs for coffee beans, creamer, cups and other supplies are not a factor in this assessment. Below are the factors considered. Price Elasticity of Demand As noted above, annual coffee revenues are estimated at $86,268. To evaluate price elasticity of demand, a calculation was required to determine if an adjustment in price (increase/decrease) resulted in a change in consumer demand. The first step was to evaluate the impact of increased sales because of price reduction. When reducing the price per cup 13% (to $0.69) sales increased 7% (320 cups per day). Although demand increased, annual revenue declined 7% ($5,897). This change...
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...Week 4 Journal Micah Blount Ashford University Managerial Economics BUS 640 Prof. Okolo May 18, 2014 During these past weeks we have discussed many different concepts like, demand elasticity, relevant cost, and contribution analysis, just to name a few. The concept that has really been valuable in helping me understand events or policies is market structures. Looking at the overall market structure with the goal of defining and predicting consumer behavior, marketing managers seek to define market structure to create competitive strategies as part of an overall marketing plan (). We learned that the four basic market structures include, pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Pure competition markets are many sellers supplying identical products, such as framers selling milk, eggs, or corn, or individuals selling shares on the Stock Exchange (Douglas, (2012). Monopolistic competition markets are many sellers each supplying differentiated products, such as coffee shop in the central business district of a large city (Douglas, (2012). Oligopoly markets supply relatively few sellers each supply identical or differentiated products, such as automobiles, aircraft, and steel (Douglas, (2012). Monopoly markets have only one seller of a product or service, which has no direct substitutes, such as your local gas or electricity (Douglas, (2012). My understanding of oligopoly helped me understand an article I read this weekend about AT&T...
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...Price Elasticity of Demand | | In this chapter we look at the idea of elasticity of demand, in other words, how sensitive is the demand for a product to a change in the product’s own price. You will find that elasticity of demand is perhaps one of the most important concepts to understand in your AS economics courseDefining elasticity of demandPed measures the responsiveness of demand for a product following a change in its own price. The formula for calculating the co-efficient of elasticity of demand is:“Percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price”Since changes in price and quantity nearly always move in opposite directions, economists usually do not bother to put in the minus sign. We are concerned with the co-efficient of elasticity of demand.Understanding values for price elasticity of demand * If Ped = 0 then demand is said to be perfectly inelastic. This means that demand does not change at all when the price changes – the demand curve will be vertical * If Ped is between 0 and 1 (i.e. the percentage change in demand from A to B is smaller than the percentage change in price), then demand is inelastic. Producers know that the change in demand will be proportionately smaller than the percentage change in price * If Ped = 1 (i.e. the percentage change in demand is exactly the same as the percentage change in price), then demand is said to unit elastic. A 15% rise in price would lead to a 15% contraction in demand leaving total...
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...Price elasticity of demand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Price elasticity of demand (PED or Ed) is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity demanded of a good or service to a change in its price. More precisely, it gives the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a one percent change in price (holding constant all the other determinants of demand, such as income). It was devised by Alfred Marshall. Price elasticities are almost always negative, although analysts tend to ignore the sign even though this can lead to ambiguity. Only goods which do not conform to the law of demand, such as Veblen and Giffen goods, have a positive PED. In general, the demand for a good is said to be inelastic (or relatively inelastic) when the PED is less than one (in absolute value): that is, changes in price have a relatively small effect on the quantity of the good demanded. The demand for a good is said to be elastic (or relatively elastic) when its PED is greater than one (in absolute value): that is, changes in price have a relatively large effect on the quantity of a good demanded. Revenue is maximised when price is set so that the PED is exactly one. The PED of a good can also be used to predict the incidence (or "burden") of a tax on that good. Various research methods are used to determine price elasticity, including test markets, analysis of historical sales data and conjoint analysis. Contents [hide] * 1 Definition...
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...Assignment: Show that Price Elasticity of demand (Ep) changes from 0 to -∞ as we move along the linear demand curve. Solution: Demand Curve: Relationship between the quantities of a good that consumers are willing to buy and the price of the good. Linear Demand Curve: Demand Curve that is a straight line. In mathematical form, it can be defined as Q = a – bP Where Q = Quantity demanded; P = Price per unit of the good; and a, b = constants Elastic range Price Ep = -∞ (PerfectlyElastic) Q = a- bP . Ep = -1(Unitory elastic) Inelastic range Ep = 0 (Perfectly inelastic) Quantity Price Elasticity of Demand: Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good as a result from a 1- percent increase in its price. In mathematical form, it can be defined as Ep = ΔQ/Q = (P/Q) (ΔQ/ΔP) …………..(1) ΔP/P Where Q, P = same as above ΔQ = Change in quantity demanded ΔP = Change in Price per unit of the good Consider the Linear demand curve Q = a-bP Differentiating the above equation w.r.t. price, we have change in quantity w.r.t change in price ΔQ/ΔP = -b …………….(2) Substituting (2) in equation (1), we have, Ep = (P/Q) (-b) = (-Pb)/Q …………………..(3) From Equation (3), when P ...
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...Income Elasticity of Demand Income Elasticity of Demand is a measure of responsiveness of demand to the changes in income and it involves demand curve shifts. It provides information on the direction of change of demand, given a change in income and the size of the change. Formula for YED: Percentage change in quantity demanded = %ΔQ Percentage change in income %ΔY Normal goods have a positive value of YED, while Inferior goods have a negative value of YED as shown in the graph below: Normal goods: when income increases, demand for normal goods increases as well. An increase in income leads to an increase in consumption, demand shifts to the right Inferior goods: when income increases, demand for this good falls. The demand curve shifts left as income rises. As income rises, the proportion spent on food tends to fall while the proportion spent on services tends to rise. Necessity and Luxury goods Necessity YED <1 If a good has a YED that is positive but less than one, it has income inelastic demand: a percentage increase in income produces a smaller percentage increase in quantity demanded. Necessities are income inelastic goods, such as food and shoes. Luxury YED >1 If a good has a YED that is greater than one, is has income elastic demand: a percentage increase in income produces a larger percentage increase in quantity demanded. Luxuries are income elastic goods. Like the I Phone or chewing gum. Applications of Income...
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...INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND Income is a factor that can help to determine how much or how many units a product or service can sell in a determined period of time. Thus, changes in income are important to be monitored, as well as understanding the kind of good we have. To do this, we use Income elasticity of demand (Ey) which measures the effect of a change in income in quantity demanded. The basic formula for calculating the coefficient of income elasticity is: Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in real consumers' income. Depending in the result of this equation the good can be thought as a normal good when the result is > 0 (positive income elasticity), or an inferior good when the result is < 0 (negative income elasticity). Within the category of normal goods there is a distinction between necessities and luxuries. A luxury will have an Ey >1. To categorize income elasticity of demand we check to see if it is more, equal or less than 1. If it is more is elastic, if it is less is inelastic and if it is equal is unit elastic and quantity demanded changes by the same percentage as the price. Normal goods As income rise more is the demand. The house market in San Diego County is an example of a normal good that has turned for some into a luxury although housing is per se a need. In a recent article from Union Tribune San Diego was ranked as the second less affordable city to buy a house in the United States (Horn, 2014). Indeed...
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...A. 1. Elasticity of demand: According to McConnell, Elasticity of demand is the degree to which changes in prices and incomes affect the supply and demand,” (p 76). In other words elasticity tells us how much a price change effects sales or demand of a product. Elasticity can be measured and referred to as: elastic, unit elastic or inelastic. Elasticity of demand is measured: Ed=percentage change in quantity demanded of productpercentage change in price of product If the result is a coefficient greater than one the product price is elastic, if the result is equal to one it is considered unit elastic, and if the coefficient is less than one it is inelastic. 2. Cross-price elasticity: Cross-price elasticity refers to the elasticity of a product when there is a substitute, or compliment product to be considered. According to McConnell, (2012) “The cross elasticity of demand measures how sensitive consumer purchases of one product (say, X) are to a change in the price of some other product (say, Y). “ A substitute product is a product that can be used in place of the original product, at the consumer’s discretion. A compliment is a separate product that is generally purchased to be used with the original product, like peanut butter and jelly. E xy =percentage change in quantity demanded of product xpercentage change in price of product y If the coefficient results are more than zero, the product is considered a substitute product. If the result...
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...I. The importance of Price elasticity of demand and Cross elasticity of demand 1. Price elasticity of demand (Ed) used to generate the revenue. It shows the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a one percent change in price. The biggẻ the number, the more people’s respond to the price. Interpreting values of price elasticity coefficients Perfectly inelastic demand[10] Perfectly elastic demand[10] Elasticities of demand are interpreted as follows:[10] Value | Descriptive Terms | | Perfectly inelastic demand | | Inelastic or relatively inelastic demand | | Unit elastic, unit elasticity, unitary elasticity, or unitarily elastic demand | | Elastic or relatively elastic demand | | Perfectly elastic demand | Effect on total revenue Generally any change in price will have two effects * The price effect: for inelastic goods, an increase in unit price will tend to increase revenue and vice versa. * The quantity effect: an increase in unit price will tend to lead to fewer units sold and vice versa. The relationship between PED and total revenue: * When Ed = 0, changes in the price do not affect the quantity demanded for the good; price increase will raise the total revenue. * When -1 < Ed < 0, the percentage change in quantity demanded is smaller than that...
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...Assignment 2: Utility, Elasticity, and Demand M2:A2 8/20/2013 ECO 202 Sherrice Hodge Sherrice Hodge ECO 202 M2:A2 8/20/13 I have been placed in charge of designing a product campaign for a new shampoo called Lovely Hair, which must include the components of marketing, pricing, and distribution. The ultimate goal of this campaign is to provide affordable hair care to every woman in order to make them feel gorgeous and confident outside as well as within. Lovely Hair is the secret to having irresistibly soft and shiny hair accompanied with an alluring fragrance so your beauty can shine every day. Lovely Hair is manufactured by Beautiful People and Lovely Hair products can be found in mass merchandise stores, supermarkets, and drug stores and online as well. Lovely Hair’s mission is to make every woman feel like the goddess that they are, by making her hair delicately smooth and soft with a scent so entrancing. We want women to feel ravishing and confident within their skin and encourage them to confess their beauty each and every day. Lovely Hair can provide the best natural hair care ingredients in order to completely satisfy your every need. We took the time to research what our hair needs in order to be healthy and strong and to make sure that we provide a safe product that women can enjoy. Even our packages are made out of recyclable materials to keep the environment safe. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of this campaign, I have broken down my strategy...
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