...Democratic Policing S N Md Nazrul Islam Policing is surrounded by many myths and stereotypes but one of the most common ideas may be reflected in a thin blue line, “FIGHTING A WAR OF CRIME”, though it is not an accurate description of what the police do. Only a portion of police officers are devoted in crime fighting. Many police officers rarely make a felony arrest and almost never fire a weapon in their entire career. In reality Police play an extremely complex role in today’s society as because of their necessity and availability in 7/24 hours. People can reach them over telephone easily to inform the unwanted situation though it can be manned in other ways. As for example, if someone found a Lunatic in the street they prefer to inform police rather than to Social Welfare Department. In this scenario it is very difficult to sum up the roles and responsibilities of police, even though if we go through various acts, laws, rules and order like The Constitution of Bangladesh, The Police Act 1861, Police Regulation of Bengal 1943 and other major & minor acts, then we might be able to find some core functions are as follows: 1. Protect constitutional guarantees that’s are given to the citizenry 2. Create and maintain a sense of security in the community 3. Promote and Preserve Law & Order situation 4. Identify criminal offenders and criminal activity and when appropriate, apprehend offenders and participate in subsequent court proceedings. 5....
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...guaranteed in UK? Introduction Several countries oversee media in distant ways. The reason behind is to interpret the laws and regulations or principles of Human Rights as per Universal Declaration in divergent manner. The constitutional principles regarding Human Rights might include freedom of media, freedom of expression, freedom of thoughts and freedom of opinion. However, no particular universal definition is there for “Freedom of Expression.” All the events and current happenings play as a beginning point for government rules and regulations for freedom of expression in distinct contexts and peculiar political contexts. Mostly people agree upon that in a democratic society freedom of speech or freedom of expression is essential. The broadcast media, the press media and opponents of political parties must have the freedom of speech to over those who so ever are in power. This is the way to take individuals opinion about their leader’s accountable and express as a free citizen whatever they feel. So it does not make any difference how vulgar, indecent/coarse specific kind of expression it might be, an individual has got the right to express it and those who got to know this have the right to react on it. In order to cite the freedom of speech’s and expression’s role in a democratic society, this is necessary to pageant the demands of democratic society that is addressed to mass media; * When the officials and politicians of a state makes mistakes press shall criticize on it ...
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...Democratic Leadership Style Democratic leadership style is also referred to as participative leadership. This is because all employees and organizational members have an equal say in the administrative decisions affecting their lives. The style values affirmation and collaboration of members and candidates. Democratic leadership allows equal participation of people in reposing, developing and creating laws. Democratic style can be described as an institutionalized principle because it applies social order and cooperation in the management of the human behaviour. Institutions managed through democratic style are chosen depending on the permanence and social order. The style transcends the individual human lives and intentions through enactment of rules that capitalize on the cooperative human behaviour. The democratic leader shares problem-solving and decision-making responsibilities with the employees. However, he or she retains the final decision. Democratic leadership incorporates various styles. Democratic leadership incorporates different styles such as anticipatory democracy that is related to the future expectations and bioregional democracy that links geopolitical regions to ecological regions. Additionally, democratic style also includes cellular democracy that is related to the multilevel bottom-up structure of communities; defensive democracy whereby the democratic principles within the society limits some rights to protect some institutions of democracy; and liberty...
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...civic responsibility are shared by all citizens over the age 18, directly, or through elected individuals. Democracy functions based on majority rule and individual rights (Lord 2008). According to Dahl, there are five criteria that a country must meet to be considered democratic. He argues that a country must have inclusion, control of the agenda, enlightened understanding, effective participation, and voting equality at the decision stage (Dahl 1989). In addition to Dahl’s criteria, there are a number of other characteristics that make a country democratic. A democratic government allows adult citizens to elect their representatives - essentially the ability to fire and hire the representatives. Another important aspect in the democratic system is that majority rules in the election process, but individual rights are still protected. Next, a democracy must have individual rights. These rights include things such as freedom of religion and equal protection under the law. Another main criteria for a democratic country is free and fair elections. Free and fair elections must be held regularly for all levels of government with the opportunity to vote given to each adult citizen. For a country to be considered democratic, it must have citizen participation. Citizen participation is the key to democracy, with citizens having the right to express themselves and vote. Citizens living in a democratic society are the guardians of their own freedom (Dahl 1989). This essay will argue that Indonesia...
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...percent of the world's nations are democracies. Other nations have rulers assigned by heredity or have used the military to take leadership by force or rule by wealth or charisma. There are however, fundamental benefits of a democracy. The main benefit of democracy is that every adult person regardless of race, religious belief or gender has the same political rights as each other. People living in a democratic society are protected from oppression by laws and limits on governmental power. Democratic governments put laws into place to protect their citizens and to ensure a safe and fair society. The people who lead a democratic country have to obey the same laws as everyone else. Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either directly or indirectly through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses social, religious, cultural, ethnic and racial equality, justice, liberty and fraternity. The quest for democracy in Bangladesh is moving in circles. The country gained its independence through both the democratic process and through war. During the four decades of its existence as a nation-state it has endured spells of military and non-military rules. Of the latter all were not elected. The elected governments seemed to betray superficial practices of democracy. In Bangladesh today, we have a situation where 153 members of the parliament out of a total of 300 have been...
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...Harvard Law School Jean Monnet Chair Professor J.H.H. Weiler Harvard Jean Monnet Working Paper 1/01 Päivi Leino The European Central Bank and Legitimacy Is the ECB a Modification of or an Exception to the Principle of Democracy? Harvard Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form Without permission of the author. © Päivi Leino 2000 Harvard Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 USA The European Central Bank and Legitimacy Is the ECB a Modification of or an Exception to the Principle of Democracy? Päivi Leino, Åbo Akademi University( M.Pol.Sc. (international law), Åbo Akademi University, Finland; LL.M. candidate, London School of Economics and Political Science. This paper was concluded on August 8, 2000 and subsequent changes have not been considered. The author would like to thank Professor Markku Suksi and Lic.Pol.Sc. Kurt Långkvist for their comments and encouragement. The author has exclusive responsibility for all views, errors and omissions. Comments are invited to Paivi.Leino@abo.fi.) 1. The Sovereign of Monetary Policy The creation of a single market and the continuing concentration and integration at the European level have created phenomena that can neither be governed by nationally based policies nor left to the working of unregulated markets.( Hirst, Paul and Thompson, Grahame (1996), p. 156.) According to the European Court of Justice...
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...http://www.infactispax.org/journal/ Editorial Essay The Importance of Philosophy for Education in a Democratic Society Dale T. Snauwaert The University of Toledo Dale.snauwaert@utoledo.edu This essay explores the importance of philosophy for the study and practice of education in a democratic society. It will be argued that at its core education is a normative enterprise, in that it is driven by fundamental social values as well as the imperatives of social justice. These values and imperatives powerfully shape every dimension of educational theory, policy, and practice. From this perspective, education requires a normative frame of reference. Democracy, understood as not only a political system but more fundamentally as a way of life grounded in specific values and principles, provides a powerful point of reference. At the heart of democracy is the value of liberty, understood as self-determination. Self-determination requires that there should be careful reflection upon and rational deliberation concerning social values and, in turn, the imperatives of justice that inform the purposes and practices of education. It will be argued that philosophy constitutes a mode of inquiry and a discipline that enriches the capacity for reflection and rational deliberation, and hence it is essential for both democracy and the study and practice of education in a democratic society. Education as a Normative Enterprise There are a number of ways in which education is normative...
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...classmates for their whole hearted support at all times during the course of the Project. Thanking You Rahul Kr. Dubey CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..4 2. WHAT IS POWER?.......................................................................................................5 A. THE EMERGENCE OF POWER…………………………………………6 B. THE DIVISION OF POWER……………………………………………..9 3. WHAT IS AUTHORITY…...…………………………………………………………9 A. POLITICAL AUTHORITY……...………………………………………11 4. THE DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTION OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY………..….15 5. THE RELATIONSHIP AND DISTINCTION BETWEEN POWER AND AUTHORITY…………………...................................................................................20 6. WEBER’S ANALYSIS OF AUTHORITY…………………………………………22 7. THE CONSENT THEORY OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY.....................................23 8. THE ELITE THEORY………………………………………………………………24 9....
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..." and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best".[2] In origin in Ancient Greece, it was conceived of as rule by the best qualified citizens, and contrasted with monarchy. In later times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group (the aristocratic class), and contrasted withdemocracy.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Concept The concept evolved in Ancient Greece, whereby a council of famous citizens was commonly used and contrasted with direct democracy in which a council of male citizens was appointed as their "senate". The Greeks did not like the concept of monarchy, and as their democratic system fell, aristocracy was upheld.[1] In Rome, the Republic consisted of an aristocracy as well as consuls, a senate, and a tribal assembly. Later, aristocracies primarily consisted of an elitearistocratic class, privileged by birth and often by wealth. Since the French Revolution, aristocracy has generally been contrasted with democracy, in which all citizens hold some form of political power. However this distinction is often oversimplified. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes describes an aristocracy as a commonwealth in which the representative of the citizens is an assembly by part. Simply put, a government when only a certain part of the general public can represent the public. Modern depictions of aristocracy regard it not as a legitimate...
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...is how do we begin getting to this point pragmatically without theorising too much around what needs to be done ? Democracy is typically represented as a system of voting and representation, or as instantiated through a set of rights, such as 'freedom of speech', etc. To my mind, though, these represent an emphasis on process rather than underlying principle. A society is more democratic when a person has more power to govern his or her own life as he or she sees fit. "a system of society and learning where each person is able to rise to his or her fullest potential without social or financial encumberance, where they may express themselves fully and without reservation through art, writing, athletics, invention, or even through their avocations or lifestyle. "Where they are able to form networks of meaningful and rewarding relationships with their peers, with people who share the same interests or hobbies, the same political or religious affiliations - or different interests or affiliations, as the case may be." The answer to the practical question, "how do we begin getting to this point pragmatically," leads to a need to enumerate the principles and practices that will lead to this result. To my find, there are four such principles, each with wide-ranging and practical implications. * Wherever possible,...
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...FINAL PROJECT “ NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY” PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY HARSHWARDHAN SINGH 10BAL117 SEMESTER - VI SUBMITTED TO MR. Nitesh Chaudhary (ASST.PROF)(POL SCI) NIRMA UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013 DECLARATION The text report in the project is the outcome of my own efforts and no part of this report has been copied in unauthorized name and further no part has been incorporated without due acknowledgement. HARSHWARDHAN SINGH 10BAL117 SEMESTER VI Acknowledgement As a student of B.A.LL.B. (Hons.) of Institute Of Law Nirma University I had to undergo for a Project Work assigned by Asst. Prof. Nitesh Chaudhary. The project work was done under the guidance of Asst. Prof. Nitesh Chaudhary. I am grateful to him for his guidance and help due to which I was able to understand and complete this project. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr.Harshwardhan Singh Roll No. 10BAL117 has done project on the topic “NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY” for the subject political science as a part of their course. This is his/her original work. Nitesh Chaudhary ...
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...History Government Common Essay To understand if the government of the United States is a good government, we must comprehend what defines a “good government”. A good government is one that has fair and equal principles, and that uses those principles to solve its social problems. I believe that the government of the United States is a good government because it enforces its public policies in a just way, it is a democratic system, and it was influenced by history. The government of the United States is a democratic government. This means that “the people” runs the government. One of the five values of democracy is worth of the individual. This means that the government values each and every one of the individuals live in this country. The second of the five basic principles of democracy is the equality of all persons, which means that all people in this country will receive a fair an equal judicial process. The third of these principles is majority rule/minority rights. This basic principle is evident in our legislature and in voting. The forth principal is necessity to compromise, which is evident in the compromises in the constitution. The last, and most important of the principles is individual freedom. The United States is known for its freedom and this principle is proof of it. A good government should be representative because if it is ruled “by the people”, it is the people that should elect their officials. The United States is divided into three branches: Legislative...
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...protecting and promoting the equitable rights and freedoms of society. Liberal governments and organisations place emphasise on aspects of society in which promotes equity and opposes oppression such as freedom of speech freedom of the press freedom of the individual and gender equality. Dr. Kenneth Minogue (2007). This source comes from a professor of political science the credibility of the author ensures reliability and accuracy. Within liberalism, individuals are placed at the center of society. The 17th century philosopher John Locke founded Liberalism as a political ideology. Locke believed that each man is entitled to individual rights, as well as the right to own land and freedom in which these rights would be protected by the government. Liberalism coincides with democracy, and democratic beliefs and values are shared. Liberalism became a distinct political ideology amongst philosophes and academics around the time of the age of...
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...Lecture 1 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW * The role of law * “Law is not merely a matter of the rules which govern relations between private individuals (for example between the employer and employee or between landlord and tenant). Law also concerns the structure and powers of the state.” A W Bradley and K D Ewing: Constitutional and Administrative Law * Constitutional Law has the basic role of governing the structure and the powers of the state. It therefore organises the powers of the state in an attempt to prevent abuses of power by those in power. * Emergence of Constitutional Law - Enlightenment * The term “constitution” was coined recently with the emergence of the new nation state. During the 18th of century, political revolutions in France and the US led to the emergence of the new nation state and the need was felt for a document reflecting the beliefs and the political aspirations of the heralders of the new political and legal order. * Major ideologies (constitutionalism, Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Locke) started perceiving power of the state and freedoms of individuals as being conflicting such that only a proper balance between the two would lead to political and social stability. According to those ideologies, to maximise individual freedoms and liberties, the power of the state had to be curtailed by constitutional norms. This is how the written constitution, in its modern appellation, came...
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...was across the seas. In forming this democracy, principles were created. Citizens participation, individual or human rights, and economic freedom. In colonial America, democracy was a work in progress with democratic and undemocratic features. According to Document #2 Voting Qualifications, Citizens Participation was a democratic feature for the time. Citizens are a part of making and being the government. Participation is more than just a right , it's a duty. People are getting to vote if they have reached the certain amount of qualifications. An Undemocratic feature in colonial America Individual or Human Rights. All people have rights because they are humans, so they have the freedom and rights . All slaves were not treated like humans. They were treated like animals and property. They were sold not given freedom. Document #5 Plan Of A Slave Ship....
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