...I"It matters not whether the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice." Deng Xiaoping Paper DENG XIAOPING : The chinese reform Elmahdi Fathi : 2014-81611 China has always been renowned for being successful in the domains of science and arts, however in previous decades, China has been ravaged by famines, civil discomfort and foreign outsourcing. China was consumed by this injustice until well after the Second World War when Mao Zedong introduced Communism adapted from the U.S.S.R, and created an autocratic socialist system which imposes firm constraints upon the Chinese social, political and economic system. It wasn't until the 1980's China's following leader Deng Xiaoping who focused focused on developing China into a market operated economy and by the 21st century the economy has improved tremendously, improving the standard of living as well as giving freedom of speech, China has now adapted to a successful socialist market economy in which the government still has a large contribution in terms of corporate decisions. For Deng Xiaoping ,the best way to build a better China was to offer better living conditions as soon as possible, to give people the level of morale they need for further development. At that time, he realized that China’s economic need to reform; he found very effecient ways to reform the China’s economic. His goals were to open up the China’s market to the outside world, breaking down the collective farms, getting rid of state-run enterprises...
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...Chinese Revolution Revolution is a total change. It can be a change that is political, social, economic, cultural or technological. Revolutions change the way people live. There were many revolutions throughout history. The one that will be introduced to you in this essay is Chinese Revolution. Chinese Revolution happened in 1949. There were many events that caused the revolution. Chiang Kai-Shek was the leader of nationalist government and Mao Zedong was the leader of communist group. Nationalist government was trying to suppress the communists and eliminated them. Civil War started in 1927 between these two groups. Sun Yat Sen's impact on the Chinese Revolution Sun Yat Sen is a figure that is impossible not to refer to while studying the Chinese Revolution. His involvement in the early days of the revolution is hard to deny but how effective and important his contribution was is arguable. There are many different arguments to whether Sun was a failed revolutionary or well deserving of the title ‘Father of the revolution”. There is a variance of opinion of how much sun contributed to the 1911 revolution is a great one. By early 1900 Sun had already expressed his need for the overthrowing of the Qing dynasty. To begin this Sun sent followers into China to attempt uprisings to make the most of the turmoil during the boxer rebellion but these uprisings failed. In 1905 two student revolutionary groups in Japan allied themselves with Sun Yat Sen’s Revive China Society to...
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... Farley Humanities - Matteo Ricci November 15, 2012 The Domino Effect of the White Terror Have you ever tapped lightly against one domino and watched it knock down a whole line of these small squares? It is amazing how one single action can reciprocate so many other events. This is not only the case for dominoes, of course- everyday events have occurred like this too. A perfect example of the domino effect is the Communist split from the Nationalists, commonly known as the White Terror. This sudden purge only lasted around three nights, but the effects of the split would last for many decades in the future. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) split from the Chinese Nationalists in 1927 affected both China itself and other foreign nations through the triggering of major wars, changes in international relations, and the formation of modern China- one of the world’s leading economies. The effects of the split, both positive and negative, would last for many years to come. After splitting from the Nationalists, Mao Zedong led the legendary Long March- a campaign that would garner support for him and split the country into two parties. Although the route was extremely long and dangerous, the popularity gained along the way sustained the marchers. As Mao Zedong wrote in his 1935 poem The Long March, “the Red Army fears not the trials of the Long March, holding light ten thousand crags and torrents ... Min Mountain's thousand...
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...devoted to the analysis major historical traditions of China’s international relations. Chinese specialists have long been urged to establish a distinctive school of international relations , rejecting the hegemony of “Western” social science theory and turning back to China’s history. Under the leadership of propaganda officials, Chinese authors increasingly invoke the premodern, sinocentric model of international relations in Asia, reviving the label “tianxia” (all under heaven). Reflecting Hu Jintao’s “harmonious world,” imperial China’s tribute system is now often cited as a model. These developments have thrown the spotlight on views of China’s traditions in international relations, not only inside China but across all of East Asia, where China’s rise evokes memories of a long history of interaction. Although Chinese foreign policy since 1949 has had distinctive characteristics, the forces that shape Beijing's foreign policy and many of its overall goals have been similar to those of other nations. China has sought to protect its (sovereignty) and (territorial integrity) and to achieve independence of action, while interacting with both more powerful and less powerful countries. As with most other nations, Beijing's foreign relations have been conditioned by its historical experiences, nationalism and ideology, and the worldview of its leaders, as well as by the governmental structure and decision-making process. At times China's domestic policies have had wide-ranging ramifications...
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...of Pacific Ocean, which is the third largest country with 9,596,960 square kilometres. With the vast land, the land boundary of some 22.800 kilometers also have many neighbor such as Russia, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Mongolia. At the same time, the mainland coastline measures about 18,000 kilometers with a flat topography, and there are many excellent docks and harbours, most of them are ice-free all year round (Jinyan, 2005). Most place of China all belong to the north temperature zone. Clear for seasons which suit for people to habitat. In addition as a big country with a vast territory, the nature resources and mineral resources are very rich, according to the director (2005) of China's National Development and Reform Commission said China is not only a consumer of energy, but also a big country of energy producer population is also a very alarming figure. According to the sixth national census 2010, the total population in China is about 13.40963745 billion which contains different...
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...The Maritime Strategy of China in the Asia-Pacific Region Origins, Development and Impact HUANG, AN-HAO Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2009 School of Social and Political Sciences Faculty of Arts The University of Melbourne Produced on archival quality paper ABSTRACT This thesis aims to examine how and why a continental-oriented China has shifted its maritime strategic orientation and naval force structure from its coast toward the far seas in an era of interdependent international system. Generally, China is an ancient continental land power with an incomplete oceanic awareness. With the transformation after the Cold War of China’s grand strategy from landward security to seaward security, maritime security interests have gradually become the most essential part of China’s strategic rationale. Undoubtedly, the quest for sea power and sea rights has become Beijing’s main maritime strategic issue. Given China’s escalating maritime politico-economic-military leverage in the Asia-Pacific region, its desire to become a leading sea power embodying global strategic thinking means that it must expand its maritime strategy by developing its navy and preparing for armed confrontation in terms of international relations realism. Conversely, Beijing’s maritime policy leads at the same time towards globalization, which involves multilateralism and strategic coexistence of a more pragmatic kind. This research...
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...Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 s Militant Phase, 1966-68 s Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 s End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 Reforms, 1980-88 q References for History of China [ History of China ] [ Timeline ] Historical Setting The History Of China, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3,300 years. Modern archaeological studies provide evidence of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He ( orYellow River) Valley of north China. Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development brought about a distinctive system of writing, philosophy, art, and political organization that came to be recognizable as Chinese civilization. What makes the civilization unique in world history is its continuity through over 4,000 years to the...
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...Recent years in all countries the products of China’s industry are commonly used; electronic devices, toys, textile, products are some of them. Until very near future China was not well known by people; although it had an important position in the global economy. For hundreds of years the general policy of China had aimed protecting its culture, so it tried to avoid improving relationships with foreign countries. For centuries China have had pure culture. But after the communist regime in China, there occurred lots of policy change especially in economy. Till 1949, China was trying to feed only its own nation, the productivity is sufficient for itself; afterwards China speed up its productivity. That is surprising for the rest of the world. In lots of sectors China’s products start to be sold; so everyone think about an important question: “How did China develop so rapidly?” The answer is not single because development requires a continuous and successive process. Through this process China have passed some stages successfully, one of these stages is political reforms and as a result economic reforms. In order to better understand the success of Chinese economy today first the process of political development that China has passed through should be analysed. *Teng-hui (1995) reports the political reforms of China from 1930’s till 1990’s.For two thousand years China was administrated by an emperor. It did not have a democratic regime. Between 1937 and 1945 there...
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...Gorges Dam is that in its quest to make life better for the country and people of China, the dam also made things unbelievably and irrevocably worse on a number of levels. For centuries, China has depended on the Yangtze River. The river travels south from high in the Himalayas and then east toward the Pacific Ocean. The beauty of the pure water from the melting glacier at its source will turn into a ravaging, murderous river that robs people of their homes, food, livelihoods and even their loved ones and their own lives. Another paradox of the Three Gorges Dam is that it is an enormous monument of industrialization. It is more than a way to control water levels, protecting people from uncontrollable storm water. It is a symbol of China’s commitment to its future. Abundant, clean energy. There are those who argue that the resulting damage of the dam project is worse than the damage the river produces when it’s out of control – essentially the cure is worse than the disease. Somewhat naively, Chinese leadership believed they can control this river. For the short term they have, but not without paying an enormous price economically, environmentally, culturally, ecologically and psychologically. Among the alternatives that some say should have been considered was a system of smaller dams that would have produced perhaps even more hydroelectric power...
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...reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shirk, Susan L. China: fragile superpower / by Susan L. Shirk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-530609-5 1. Nationalism—China. 2. China—Politics and government—2002– I. Title. JC311.S525 2007 320.951—dc22 2006027998 135798642 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Sam, Lucy, and David Popkin This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strong Abroad but Fragile at Home China’s Economic Miracle Domestic Threats 35 13 The Echo Chamber of Nationalism: Media and the Internet 79 The Responsible Power 105 Japan: “When the Chinese People Get Angry, the Result Is Always Big Trouble” 140 Taiwan: “A Question of Regime Survival” 181 The United States:...
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...urgently need to transform the pattern of economic development,” pronounced Premier Wen Jiabao in March 2010. “We will work hard to put economic development on the track of endogenous growth, driven by innovation. — Premier Wen Jiabao, March 20101 Since the early 2000s, the success of China’s export-led growth strategy had been alienating major trade partners—especially Europe and the United States. By 2005, China’s trade surplus had reached $134 billion, of which $114 billion was with the United States alone. Foreign-invested firms accounted for more than half of this amount. 2 In the U.S., organized labor and various pundits and politicians increasingly blamed China for the loss of as many as 3.5 million manufacturing jobs.3 U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer (D-NY) became a leading voice calling for punitive tariffs if China did not allow its currency, the yuan, to appreciate.4 When China did allow the yuan to appreciate beginning in May 2005, the yuan grew by almost 21% over the next three years, from 8.3 to 6.8 yuan per dollar. However, in October 2008, China once again froze the exchange rate. By then, China's trade surplus with the United States had grown to $258 billion, while its overall current account surplus reached $426 billion. Although political complaints about China’s export-led growth model achieved limited traction, the global financial crisis brought the problem to light. In the fourth quarter of 2008, China’s exports shrank for the first time since 1978...
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...nominally socialist country, consumerism is now deeply entrenched in all areas of Chinese life.” China’s economics environment goes nearly hand in hand with its culture and political policies. There’s no question that Chinese culture shapes and explains many of the impacts of the rapidly expanding Chinese consumerism. Today’s China is much more globalized than it was ever before. One example is today, when travelers from all over the world visit China, they find very little barriers in their visiting, and feel so at home in cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. This is because, in an essential sense, the global standards are already merged into Chinese economy, and implemented well in the most economically developed countries. One of the key cultural traits of China, which ties closely with the economic practices, is the prevalence of guanxi, or “social ties” – an informal Chinese practice of handling conflict and interaction with the state. This cultural characteristic came from the tradition of Chinese avoiding formal legal procedures in courts to settle conflict, by leaning towards informal mechanisms of dispute resolution such as personal relations, mediation through third parties, or ideally, avoidance of conflict by following local norms of behavior and managing personal relations (guanxi). Also, because Chinese culture has not esteemed formal legal practices, guanxi has greatly affected the behavior of foreign investors and undermines...
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...BMGT 110 China’s Global Economy Anthony Fleury Xinhua reported that Beijing recorded 80% blue sky days in the first quarter of 2009. The concept that there is a blue sky day is unusual for most of the world, but it represents the price that China has paid for its rapid economic growth trajectory. As cities sprout from villages and a labor force in the hundreds of millions is mobilized, China has experienced a double-digit GDP growth for much of the past thirty years. This growth however is under threat from several sources. The environmental consequences of growth are just one threat. China also faces chronic resource shortages – its industry does not want for coal but the Chinese people do struggle for things such as shortages of oil, food and clean water. The PRC also faces political tests as well, including Taiwan, Tibet and Xinjiang. Political tensions with the former could destabilize all of Asia if not the world. The tensions in the western part of China represent the social unrest that the Communist government’s march towards wealth has created. Even amongst Han, there is considerable disparity of wealth between regions and classes, and these disparities may very well threaten China’s future. This paper will analyze each of these critical issues in turn, and then synthesize the issues into an assessment for the future of China’s economic growth. All economies depend on resources for their growth. Output is determined by the availability of labor,...
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...fully adapt to the IFRS system. 2.0 Brief history of accounting Previously there was no real accounting system in china with the exception of providing financial reports, therefore the Chinese government wanted to implement an accounting system. In 1949 the people Republic of China (PRC) a communist party came into power and adopted a communist accounting approach from Russia to achieve socio economic development without the reliance on developed nations. 2.1 Significant changes that have taken place 2.2 Great Leap Forward The regime of the Great Leap Forward 1958 – 59 was an effort to strengthen china’s economy, and catch up with the western world, but ended during the Cultural Revolution. A series of natural disasters like shortage of water, starvation led to the worst period in china’s history. 2.3 Cultural Revolution However the Cultural Revolution 1966 – 76 was aimed at maintaining the socialist nature and removing the bureaucratic structure, and forcing manual labour, resulting in a major collapse of the economy. Nevertheless there was no development of accounting system until the 1980s. 2.4 Economic Reform Chinas economic reform began in 1979 which saw its economy develop dramatically and seen a growth in its GDP of 9.5 % per...
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...Chinese companies are winning over European multinationals in Africa - Why have Chinese companies found the emerging markets of Africa less risky and a more attractive proposition than western multinationals? - MSc BD7 Ping SUI Introduction: As an important global player and the main drive for economical growth, China’s massive investment in Africa has drawn the world’s attention. People can see European multinationals everywhere in Africa in the 80s, while now Chinese companies seem to take over the leading role. For example, in Angola, China helped to build the Angola Benguela railway, which is the longest railway Angola has had so far; in Nigeria, Chinese Telecom companies “Huawei” has a dominating presence both in fixed and wireless services by taking more than 90% of the market share. Not only can you find commodities made in China everywhere, but Chinese companies now build the infrastructures in many African countries too. On the contrary, the presence of European multinationals is not as strong as the Chinese ones: the amount of the funds flowing from Europe to Africa has decreased from 70% to 17% since the 70s; Western Europe’s share of overall international trade with Africa has decreased from 51% to 28%, while China has taken the place and become the biggest trading partner Africa has by surpassing America in 2009. Why are European MNCs less and less preset in Africa? What are the difficulties they have encountered? Do Chinese companies have same barriers...
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