...Name:____________________ Density, Buoyancy, and Force Diagrams PhET Lab (rvsd 2/2011) Introduction You’ve heard that oil floats on water. You also know that ice cubes normally float in a glass of water. Why? What causes some things to float in water (corks, ice, dogs) and some to sink in water (rocks, metal spoons, mobsters)? Density is often described as the amount of mass crammed into a volume, and is illustrated by the formula shown below. The units for density are expressed g/cm3, g/mL, kg/m3, and kg/L. In this simulation, we will use kg/L. Water’s density is 1.00 kg/L. Important Formulas: Procedure: PhET Simulations Play With Sims Physics Density * Take a few minutes and familiarize yourself with the simulation before moving on. Free Body Diagrams for Floating Objects: * Grab the various blocks, lift them over the water and drop into the water a few times. * In the boxes at the right, draw free body diagrams for a falling block, block under water, and a floating wood block. * When is the block accelerating? ________________&________________________ * What should be the net force in the vertical direction when the block is floating? _____ The %-Density Ratio Trick * % under = _____________ Estimate the percentage of the wood, ice, and Styrofoam block that is under water while those blocks are floating. Remember: the density of water is 1.00 kg/L % Wood under water | % Ice under water | % Styrofoam under water...
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...Water Density Experiment: Why Does an Egg Float in Saltwater? Abstract The purpose of my experiment is to find out if an object, which would normally sink in tap water, would float when the water density is increased. The object I chose for my experiment is a raw egg. In the experiment, I changed the density of the tap water until I could make an egg float. The simplest way to change the density of water is by dissolving salt in it. I concluded that dissolving 4 teaspoons of salt in 250 milliliters of water is sufficient to float a raw egg. Introduction The goal of my experiment was to test the hypothesis whether adding salt to regular tap water could increase water density enough to make an object to float. The water density concept states that in order for an object to float in the liquid, the density of an object must be less than that of the liquid. According to Charles Ophardt, Elmhurst College (2003), density is defined as a ratio of a material’s mass divided by its volume. The density of tap water is known to be one gram per milliliter. In my experiment, I will demonstrate changing the density of water by dissolving various amounts of salt crystals into 250 ml of tap water until the egg floats. Materials Needed In my experiment, I used the following materials: * 5 clear 400 milliliter containers * 300 milliliters measuring cup * Tap water 250 milliliters per container * 5 raw eggs * Morton iodized salt * 1 tea spoon ...
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...Objective The purpose for this experiment was to gain a better understanding of the two types of errors that occur in the processes of taking measurements. Also, it explains how the uncertainty level in direct measurements was found, and how the indirect measurements were calculated as well. To do that, dimensions and the mass of the metal block was measured, which were used to calculate the volume and density of the object as well as the margin of error. Theory In this lab, there were direct and indirection measurements involved, and several calculations were required in order to calculate the related variables. In part A of this lab, apparent and actual height of the wooden block was recorded with a meter stick. The meter stick has an accuracy of ±0.05 cm and no other calculations were needed. [1] Parallax is the change in the apparent position of an object when the position of the observed changes. It is also a common error in scientific experiments. One must be aware of its existence at all time so that it can be avoided and as a result the true value of the reading is obtained. Due to parallax, the position of the observed block appears to change as well, making the height of the block appear to be different for each measurement. In part B of this lab, measurements were recorded indirectly. A meter stick was used to measure the length of the metal block, with an accuracy of ±0.05 mm. Then the width and height was measured with a caliper with an accuracy...
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...things. Different objects are made up of different molecules, and different molecules have their own properties with how they react to the elements and retain heat, how fast they heat, and how fast they cool. Heat is based on the total internal energy of the molecules of a body ( Tillery 2009). Larger object tend to have more internal energy than smaller objects, especially if the objects in question are the same substance, but if both object have the same temperature they are believed to have about the same molecular kinetic energy (Tillery 2009). The molecular energy is broken up into two different categories, external and internal energy. The difference between the two is that external energy refers the kinetic and potential energy of an every-day sized object, and internal refers the kinetic and potential energy of the molecules of an object. Take the tire on a car for example, it has external kinetic energy as it is rotating and that energy is transferred to the internal kinetic energy of the molecules between the tire and the surface of the road, which the consequence is both surface of the road and tire to be heated. The amount the road and tire are heated are directly related to how fast the tire is spinning and how much friction is being created between the two surfaces. This also serves as a good example for basic definition of heat, which can be described as the movement that occurs between two objects of different temperature when the objects are brought together...
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...clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). Cluster analysis is an unsupervised form of learning, which means, that it doesn't use class labels. This is different from methods like discriminant analysis which use class labels and come under the category of supervised learning. K-means is the most simple and popular algorithm in clustering and was published in 1955, 50 years ago. The advancement in technology has led to many high-volume, high-dimensional data sets. These huge data sets provide opportunity for automatic data analysis, classification...
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...atmosphere refers to a layer of gases surrounding the earth, and it is retained by the gravity of the earth. Earth’s atmosphere protects life by warming the surfaces through green house effect, absorbing ultra violet radiations, and by maintaining temperature variations during daytime and night. The mass of the atmosphere is estimated to be about 5x1018 kg. The major gases of atmosphere by volume include; oxygen (21%), argon (0.93%) and nitrogen (78%) (Donald 56). This paper, therefore, explores the structure and properties of the atmosphere. Earth’s atmosphere is divided into five major layers. The arrangement of these layers occurs from the outmost layer to the innermost layer. These layers are arranged based on air pressure and density. For instance, density and air pressure decreases with altitude while temperatures may either increase or remain constant in relative to altitude. Thus, the patterns of temperature/ altitude provide a vital metric for arranging earth’s layers. Firstly, the exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere. The main components of exosphere include; helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen molecules (Atmospheric Structure par 4). These molecules are far apart from each other such that they travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding. As a result, the exosphere does not behave like a gas. Succinctly, the free moving particles adhere to ballistic trajectories hence can move in and out of the magnetosphere (Atmospheric Structure par 7)...
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...Members: MANUEL, Frances Lauren T. MARASIGAN, Jhoellah D. MENDOZA, Erwin James B. MINGUILLO, Roberto P. NERA, Franco Niño Angelo P. NG, Cerwin Jerricho C. GROUP 5 2FMT Date Performed: August 27, 2015 Date Submitted: September 3, 2015 EXPERIMENT #1—The Vernier and Micrometer Caliper ABSTRACT In this experiment, the group used a Vernier and micrometer caliper to measure lengths, widths, depths and diameters of various objects. The Vernier and micrometer calipers’ accuracy aided the group to find the volume and density of the objects—namely the steel metal cube, washer and marble. They also used the triple beam balance to weigh the objects. The group compared the density values they computed to the standard value, and also computed for their results’ percentage error. In the end, the group concluded that the micrometer caliper is easier to use, and somehow more error-proof compared to the Vernier caliper. 1. Differentiate the Vernier and micrometer scales. The Vernier scale has the accuracy of 0.05 mm and the capacity of 155 mm. It has a slider, and is usually used for measuring inside and outside diameter, length and width as well as depth. Meanwhile, the micrometer caliper has the accuracy of 0.01mm and has a 26mm capacity. It has a rotary handle and is usually used for measuring diameters and width. 2. Draw the figure for the micrometer readings below. a. 3.86 mm b. 1.59 mm 3. State some of the errors...
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...generated between the particles of a powdered material by electrical discharge. This discharge results from energizing the sample by a momentary pulse of large electric current. One can summarize the sequential effects of this electrical pulse in five key steps: (1) spark plasma is generated (2) the sample is “plasma heated” (3) the sample is “joule heated”, (4) the particles fuse into a compact, solid object by electrical field diffusion, and (5) the material undergoes plastic deformation to further densify the powder. In many cases, this method of sintering produces objects with superior mechanical properties to conventionally sintered objects. Furthermore, it produces highly dense objects in a shorter time period and at a lower temperature. With spark plasma sintering, ceramics can be sintered in minutes, as compared to hours and days using conventional processes. This emerging technology presents the opportunity to manufacture materials more cost-effectively. II. Introduction Within the umbrella of materials science and engineering lies the processing of various classes of materials, including metal alloys, composites, polymers, and ceramics. According to the Ceramic Tile Institute of America, a ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid processed via the action of heat and subsequent cooling.3 Among the wide variety of these inorganic, nonmetallic materials used in commercially viable applications, a common characteristic is high melting point, due to the...
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...The Vernier Principle. The vernier is an auxiliary scale, invented by Pierre Vernier in 1631, which has graduations that are of different length from those on the main scale but that bear a simple relation to them. The vernier scale has 10 divisions that correspond in length to 9 divisions on the main scale. Each vernier division is therefore shorter than a main-scale division by 1/10 of a main-scale division. The zero mark of the vernier scale coincides with the zero mark of the main scale. The first vernier division is 1/10 main-scale division short of a mark on the main scale, the second division in 2/10 short of the next mark on the main scale, and so on until the tenth vernier division is 10/10, or a whole division, short of a mark on the main scale. It therefore coincides with a mark on the main scale. The Vernier Caliper. A widely used type of vernier caliper is shown schematically. The instrument has both British and metric scales and is provided with devices to measure internal depths and both inside and outside diameters. The jaws c and d are arranged to measure an outside diameter, jaws e and f to measure an inside diameter, and the blade g to measure an internal depth. The knurled wheel W is used for convenient adjustment of the movable jaw and the latch L to lock the jaw in position. A micrometer screw is another device for measuring very small distances. It consists essentially of a carefully machined screw R, to which is attached a circular scale C. A linear...
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...Introduction to Physical Science – SCI110 Assignment #2 Week 4 Melissa Garrett Assignment #2: Paper Due Week Four: In a documented essay of 900 - 1200 words please address the following issues, in your own words: * How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? * What is heat? * What is temperature? * What is the relationship between heat and temperature? * How are they different? * What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? * What are the various sources of heat? Conclusions about the structure of matter have been developed by physicists and chemists over the past 150 years. To understand it further let us look at the structure and the processes that occur to determine the state in which it exits. Matter typically exists in 3 common states or phases: solids, liquids, and gases. It is made up of molecules. “A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound or a gaseous element that can exist and still retain the characteristic properties of that substance” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross, F., Integrated Science 2009 Custom Edition, p.98). According to the Kinetic theory of matter, these molecules are in constant, random motion. Through the force of cohesion, molecules interact and attract each other. In the case of solids, which have a definite shape and volume, the molecules vibrate “in a fixed equilibrium position with strong cohesive forces” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross,...
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... The Densities of Liquids and Solids compound. Abstract: In this experiment we will determine the density of liquid and a solid by two quantities of mass and the volume of a given quantity of matter.To properly measure density,we need container whose volume is known to a high degree of accuracy. This container is known as a flask and stopper. Introduction: Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance or object to its volume. At any given temperature, the ratio of mass to volume is characteristic for a given substance.Common liquids and solids of various densities are layered in a beaker. The liquids form different layers and the solids float at the interfaces between them. This demonstrates that a solid's ability to float or sink depends on its density relative to the liquid it is in.The physical properties of a pure substance are those that can be measured without changing the composition of the substance. The density of a substance is an intensive property of the substance. The property is independent of the mass of the substance ( intensive ). The density of a substance is a measure of the mass of the substance per volume occupied by the substance. The density of solids and liquids are generally given in units of grams per milliliter, while for gases the units are grams per liter. We will be determining the density of water, the density of an unknown liquid, the density of a regular solid and the density of an irregular solid.The Density of solid...
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...First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology Rough Set Approach for Feature Reduction in Pattern Recognition through Unsupervised Artificial Neural Network A. G. Kothari A.G. Keskar A.P. Gokhale Rucha Pranjali Lecturer Professor Professor Deshpande Deshmukh agkothari72@re B.Tech Student B.Tech Student diffmail.com Department of Electronics & Computer Science Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur Abstract The Rough Set approach can be applied in pattern recognition at three different stages: pre-processing stage, training stage and in the architecture. This paper proposes the application of the Rough-Neuro Hybrid Approach in the pre-processing stage of pattern recognition. In this project, a training algorithm has been first developed based on Kohonen network. This is used as a benchmark to compare the results of the pure neural approach with the RoughNeuro hybrid approach and to prove that the efficiency of the latter is higher. Structural and statistical features have been extracted from the images for the training process. The number of attributes is reduced by calculating reducts and core from the original attribute set, which results into reduction in convergence time. Also, the above removal in redundancy increases speed of the process reduces hardware complexity and thus enhances the overall efficiency of the pattern recognition algorithm Keywords: core, dimensionality reduction, feature extraction, rough sets, reducts, unsupervised ANN as any...
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...to pay for the cost of providing public facilities necessitated by a given development. Rational Nexus: A reasonable connection between impact fees and improvements that will be made with those fees. Jurisdictions must be able to justify the fees they charge developers by showing that the fees will be spent on improvements related to the development. Linkages: Typically, a payment to a municipality for some needed development that is not necessarily profitable for a developer (say low-income housing) in exchange for the right to develop more profitable, high-density buildings (say, commercial development). Incentive Zoning: Zoning provisions that encourage but do not require developers to provide certain amenities or qualities in their projects in return for identified benefits such as increased density or rapid processing of applications. Density Bonusing: Density Bonuses offer developments a level of density that surpasses the allowable Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in exchange for amenities or housing needed by the community. These amenities typically include parks, heritage preservation and affordable housing, but offering increased...
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...REVIEWS, REFINEMENTS AND NEW IDEAS IN FACE RECOGNITION Edited by Peter M. Corcoran Reviews, Refinements and New Ideas in Face Recognition Edited by Peter M. Corcoran Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright hfng, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available...
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...Volume 8, Number 16 (2013) pp. 1937-1943 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijaer.htm Ionospheric Electron Density Analysis using Empirical Orthogonal Functions Bhagyasree Nimmagadda, A.L Siridhara, D.Venkata Ratnam Department Of ECE in affiliation to K L University K L University (KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation) Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: dvratnam@kluniverity.in Abstract Ionospheric electron density variations are more predominant error sources in precise positioning with Global Positioning System (GPS) based navigation systems over low latitude regions such as India and Brazil. spatial and temporal variability is more in this region due to Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA), Spread F and ionospheric scintillations etc. Short and long term ionospheric changes such as the solar cycle, the annual and semiannual variations of the ionosphere needs to be investigated for improving reliable communication and navigation systems. In this paper, EOF analysis is used to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of ionospheric electron density. An empirical model is implemented based on coefficients and basis functions obtained from the EOF analysis. It is evident from the results that the coefficients of EOF basis functions well signify the solar activity, diurnal variations of electron density. Keywords: GPS, EOF, TEC and IRI model 1. Introduction: The EOF analysis is originally introduced into meteorology as a method for...
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