...COMMUNITY INTERVENTION FOR DENTAL CARIES Community Intervention for Dental Caries Avril James-Hurt MPH 607: Community Health Analysis Benedictine University Professor Uche S. Onwuta Background Rural Healthcare Disparities The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2010) defines rural as a twofold concept: “micropolitan statistical area” of 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants and “noncore statistical area”, which is smaller than a micropolitan area. Despite 25 percent of Americans live in rural communities, they have unique healthcare concerns; “Compared with urban Americans, rural residents have higher poverty rates… tend to be in poorer health, have fewer doctors, hospitals, and other health resources, and face more difficulty getting to health services” (AHRQ, 2010, p. H-10). The AHRQ (2010) explains further, “Residents of micropolitan areas had worse access to care for 50% of access measures. Residents of noncore areas had worse access to care for about 40% of access measures” (p. H-11). Rural children suffer health the aforementioned disparities; more than 30 percent of young children in the rural southern United States are poor. Due to their developing bodies; younger children are especially vulnerable to negative health outcomes. Childhood health problems can persist into adulthood. McKenzie, Pinger, & Kotecki (2008) explain it is difficult for unhealthy children to learn. Early childhood poverty is correlated with fewer years of completed matriculation...
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...The Caries Process Karen Nelson Saint Petersburg College June 24, 2012 The Caries Process The caries process or how a cavity develops in the oral cavity is a complex process and requires several contributing factors to occur. In order to understand the caries process fully we will discuss all of the factors involved. Such factors include: the agent (acidogenic bacteria), the host (the tooth, quality and quantity of saliva, and immune responses) and the environment (the patient’s diet, amount/frequency and kind of food or drink consumed and the intake of fermentable carbohydrates). We will then discuss demineralization and remineralization (the body’s natural repairing of the tooth) and their roles in the caries process. We will also take a look at how caries are diagnosed and detected, what a caries risk assessment is, its factors and how it can be utilized on individual patients for caries prevention. Finally, we will discuss how dental caries is treated at all levels of the caries process. Caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, is a bacterial infection transmitted primarily through saliva, leading to the destruction of enamel, cementum and dentin. Although caries is an infectious disease of the teeth, it is more accurate to say caries is caused by a shift in oral micro-flora to caries-causing types in response to acidity resulting from metabolism of sugars. (Higham, 2010) Three major factors contribute to the caries process: food or beverages that are...
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...diseases such as dental caries may result in pain, which in turn may lead to consequences on children's daily life, taking time off from school or difficulty eating 1. Quality of life has been increasingly used as a scientific concept in literature embracing a wide range of target groups and populations as a whole2. Measures of quality of life are increasingly being used to supplement clinical indicators to explore the individual’s perspectives on their health and health care and it is an important part of assessing oral health 3. These measures, which assess "the extent to which oral conditions disrupt normal social role functioning and lead to major changes in behavior", are known as socio-dental indicators or oral health-related quality of life measures (OHRQoL). These indicators were developed to assess subjective aspects of oral health 4. Adolescent oral health is influenced by many factors; good oral health is also associated with broader social and economic determinants. A variety of child oral health-related quality of life instruments have been developed in the past 20 years but child version of the Oral...
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...According to PAHO, Costa Rica was a growth country in 1996 with a DMFT of 3-5 while Canada was a consolidation country with a DMFT<3 (Pan American, 2006). By 2005, both countries were classified in the consolidation group (Pan American, 2006). Costa Rica is a country of roughly 4.5 million inhabitants with 64% of them living in urban areas and 36% of them living in rural areas (Pan American, 2012). When looking at the oral health of 12 year olds in Costa Rica, roughly 72% are affected with dental caries with an average DMFT score of 2.5 (Solorzano). While the number of affected individuals is very high, the average DMFT for 12 year...
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...Since its origin, dental hygiene career has used research to understand the relationship between oral care, education and the health of the public. Thanks to research, dental hygienist were able to advance and become an oral health provider by presenting documentation of the social value of the service they deliver to the population in general. For many years, the information used to guide the discipline of dental hygiene was provided by studies done by other professionals such as dentists, nurses, and social workers. However, dental hygiene research started after seeing the need to conduct research from a dental hygiene conceptual point of view. Since then research findings have contribute to the expanding perspective of dental hygiene,...
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...Background Patient A has authorised consent to the writer of this case study to share the detail of their condition. It has been ensured the information provided does not allow the recognition and follow up of this individual. The patient chosen for this portion of assignment is a 47 year old male who lives with his wife and two kids. He works part-time as a customer service manager and attends the practice every six months for a regular check-up, however due to his recent knee surgery; he has been unable to do so. This patient struggles with his weight and suffers from high blood pressure. This condition damages the blood vessels, forcing the heart to work faster which would eventually lead to heart failure (Gregson 2001). To treat his condition, this patient takes ACE inhibitors every day. He also suffers from arthritis and takes Azathioprine as a source of medication. He has no allergies, smokes 10 cigarettes a day and consumes 25 units of alcohol a week. Patient A consumes fizzy beverages during and after his meals and snacks on sweets in between. Due to his poor oral hygiene and high consumption of sugar in his diet, he has developed caries in his lower left 6. It is evident that sugar consumption mostly in sticky form between meals increases the risk of caries (Felton 2009). His poor oral hygiene is reflected on the number of restorations present within his mouth, mostly in his pre-molars and molars. He also has a porcelain bonded crown present on the lower right 5...
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...nursing. Purpose The purpose if this concept analysis is to present a theoretical understanding of oral health among rural populations. Despite important links between oral health and general health, oral diseases are common and public health and prevention efforts aimed to improving oral health have lagged prevention efforts. Research shows that the key to improving oral health is through preventative care and early treatments. However, many individuals within rural communities do not have access to preventive programs and early treatment; whether it is due to financial burden, uninsured, distance to treatment, lower rates of water fluoridation or poor access to care providers. People who have the least access to preventive services and dental treatment have greater rates of oral diseases (“Oral Health”, 2013). Evidence In 2000, the United States Surgeon General’s report on “Oral Health in America” defined oral health broadly, emphasizing that oral health is “integral to general health; oral health means more than healthy teeth and that you cannot be healthy without oral health.” The World Health Organization defines oral health as “a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing.” Growing literature indicates that an oral health status disparity...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Biomaterials 28 (2007) 2908–2914 www.elsevier.com/locate/biomaterials 2D mapping of texture and lattice parameters of dental enamel Maisoon Al-Jawada,Ã, Axel Steuwerb, Susan H. Kilcoynec, Roger C. Shorea, Robert Cywinskid, David J. Wooda a Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK FaME38 at the ILL-ESRF, 6 rue J Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France c Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK d School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK b Received 19 December 2006; accepted 16 February 2007 Available online 25 February 2007 Abstract We have used synchrotron X-ray diffraction to study the texture and the change in lattice parameter as a function of position in a cross section of human dental enamel. Our study is the first to map changes in preferred orientation and lattice parameter as a function of position within enamel across a whole tooth section with such high resolution. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction with a micro-focused beam spot was used to collect two-dimensional (2D) diffraction images at 150 mm spatial resolution over the entire tooth crown. Contour maps of the texture and lattice parameter distribution of the hydroxyapatite phase were produced from Rietveld refinement of diffraction patterns generated by azimuthally sectioning and integrating the 2D images. The 002 Debye ring showed the largest variation in intensity. This variation is indicative of preferred...
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...ABSTRACT AN AUTOMATED HOSTELS AND ROOMS ALLOCATION SYSTEM (CASE STUDY OF YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY) This Project work intends to address some of the problems encountered in the allocation of hostels and rooms to students manually in Yaba College of Technology. The growing number of students in higher institutions posed a lot of accommodation problems on the part of students and School Management. Some of the problem caused includes, few hostels that exist in the College are not properly managed, Statistic of rooms required to match the growing numbers of students are farfetched, Student pays fee for hostel and may end up not getting rooms because of lack of bed space, Hostel administrators cannot give accurate information of the occupancy of a particular room. In respect to all these existing problems, a system will be designed to manage a database for allocating hostel and room to student. The system designed will keep track of all the available rooms, their occupants and funds generated from hostel fees. The New system will be implemented using Visual Basic 6.0 and Ms Access Database. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In 1912, in Altena Castle in Germany, Richard Schirrmann created the first permanent Jugendherberge or "Youth Hostel". These first Youth Hostels were an exponent of the ideology of the German Youth Movement to let poor city youngsters breathe fresh air outdoors. The youths were supposed to manage the hostel...
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...Carbonated Beverages among High School Students Chapter One Introduction of the Study Chapter one is divided into five parts: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study. Part One, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, presents the rationale and the reasons why the study is being conducted. Likewise, it describes the theoretical basis of the study as well as the conceptual framework. Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis, describes the general goal of the study and the specific questions to be answered in the study with corresponding hypothesis to be tested. Part Three, Significance of the Study, enumerates the different beneficiaries and corresponding benefits that they can derive from the results of the study. Part Four, Definition of Terms, lists alphabetically technical terms used in this study. These terms are defined conceptually and operationally. Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, identifies the scopes and limitations encountered during the conduct of the study. It identifies the variables, the subjects, research designs and statistical analysis procedures used in the study. Likewise, it specifies the location and time of the conduct of the study. Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study Soft drinks and sodas could damage a person. Every person must remember and...
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...Meth was being manufactured illegally in many homes. With eighty dollars’ worth of simple items that you can easily acquire from your local pharmacy and hardware store, you can turn to a profit of one-thousand dollars. It is no wonder this has become such an epidemic. With this new discovery also came the dental condition called Meth Mouth. Meth mouth is a dental condition often characterized by severe tooth decay and loss of teeth. The condition got its name toward the latter part of 2004 when it started becoming a major problem for the corrections departments and local jails. The influx of persons with these conditions prompted city officials to look for the root cause. The exact cause of the condition is unknown as of today but grinding of the teeth also known as bruxism and dry mouths known as xerostomia are believed to be involved in the condition. There are many negatives associated with Methamphetamines, the obvious being that it is illegal. Another more visible side effect is Meth Mouth. Meth mouth is a severe Dental condition that causes loss of teeth, enamel erosion and sever tooth decay. It may also be described as stained, blackened, or rotting teeth. In many cases the teeth cannot be saved due to the severity and must be removed. The carries rate for meth users is four times higher than an average non meth user. Symptoms and outward signs are rampant tooth decay, broken teeth, attrition of teeth, abscessed teeth, and seriously bad breath. Rampant tooth decay occurs...
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...[pic] Polyclonal Antibodies - Immunoglobulin (IgY) April 2012 Table of Contents 1.0 The Immune System 3 2.0 Antibodies 6 3.0 Avian Antibodies 7 4.0 Why IGY? 8 5 .0 Polyclonal Versus Monoclonal Antibodies………………………………………………………..9 6.0 Purpose of IGY Inc. – Antibody Extraction 10 7.0 IGY for Use in Humans ………………..………………………………………………………….11 8.0 References 15 IGY Immune Technologies & Life Sciences Inc. 1.0 The Immune System The human immune system is comprised of a complex network of lymphoid organs and highly specialized cells that protect the body against infection by recognizing and killing pathogens. This immune system includes lymphatic organs and vessels, lymph nodes, white blood cells, specialized cells and serum factors. The immune system utilizes both the lymphatic vessels and the blood circulatory system to transport white blood cells called lymphocytes through out the body (1). The immune system can be classified as an innate or adaptive system. As a first line of defense against pathogens, we depend on innate immunity. Innate immunity is nonspecific and includes physical barriers such as skin, mucous membranes and secretions with antimicrobial activity including tears and mucous. Pathogens that cross this line of defense are often destroyed by phagocytes which are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and foreign agents by the process known as phagocytosis...
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...Tooth loss and dental extractions have existed for centuries with the latter being the main tool for providing relief from dental pain and removing diseased tissues (Torabinejad). There was an estimated 50 million dental extractions performed in the United States in 1979 (Bullock). With the increased number of people living in the United States for a longer period of time, the occurrence of dental extractions and tooth loss has certainly risen exponentially. Unfortunately, tooth loss, whether it is through dental extractions or other means, has long term clinical sequelae associated with it. Osteonecrosis of the jaw, bacteremia, orbital cellulitis, and other psychological and physiological clinical sequelae that impact the well-being of the patient will be discussed. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is defined as the presence of exposed bone in the mouth that fails to heal after appropriate intervention over a period of 6 to 8 weeks (Reid), and results in chronic osteomyelitis with areas of bone necrosis. Most commonly affecting the mandible (Bagan), patients with ONJ experience symptoms that range from painless exposed bone to severe jaw pain (Sambrook). The majority of cases of ONJ have been found to be initiated and associated with tooth extraction procedures as a result of the introduction of oral flora to the exposed jaw bone that prevents healing and becomes infected (Ruggiero). In addition to tooth extractions being a precipitating event to ONJ, it has been found...
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...S DR. NICHOLAS BURNS, DDS w 907D07 Eleni Mitsis prepared this case under the supervision of Professor John Haywood-Farmer solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors might have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. Ivey Management Services prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmittal of this material without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey.uwo.ca. Copyright © 2007, Ivey Management Services Version: (A) 2007-03-12 One Friday afternoon in September 2005, Dr. Nicholas Burns, a sole practitioner dentist from Busby, Ontario, was driving home from a continuing education course on gum disease. At the course, he had overheard two dentists discussing Waterlase®, the new dental laser that allowed dentists to perform dental treatments without anaesthesia. One of the two was purchasing this technology. Burns had seen an increasing number of journal articles about the laser in recent years. Although he had wondered whether he...
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...1) Hypothesis: To statistically evaluate questions, we need to put forward a hypothesis, which is an unproven testable proposition or supposition that tentatively explains certain facts or phenomena. It is a statement of assumptions we have about the nature of populations or relationships. So, Hypothesis is an educated guess based on the material that one has read. Hypothesis testing involves the careful construction of two statements: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. To statistically evaluate the truthfulness of a question, one has to develop a null hypothesis (or statistical hypothesis), which will be used to test the proposition or supposition. The null hypothesis reflects that there will be no observed effect for our experiment. The null hypothesis is denoted by H0. The null hypothesis always states that the population parameter is equal to the claimed value. All null hypotheses include an equal sign in them. The hypothesis that we seek to test is set up so that it will not be rejected (nullified) purely as a result of random error and is usually expressed in the negative: For example, there is no difference between a and b, or a and b are the same (a = b). Rejecting this statement means that there is some difference between a and b— that is, they are not equal. In addition to a null hypothesis, we also develop an alternate hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis. The alternative or experimental hypothesis reflects that there will...
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