...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Definition of adolescence and adolescent depression 2 2. Adolescent depressive symptoms 4 3. Problems with diagnosis of depression in adolescents 4 4. Gender factors that may play a role in assessing depression 6 5. Contextual factors that may play a role in assessing depression 8 6. Suicide 9 ‘Like anyone else, I have always had times when I felt deeply depressed, but this was something altogether new in my experience – a despairing, unchanging paralysis of the spirit beyond anything I had ever known or imagined could exist.’ The author William Styron (1990). (Kring, Johnson, Davison & Neale 2012:132) 1. Definition of adolescence and adolescent depression Adolescence is the period of development marked at the beginning by the onset of puberty and at the end by the attainment of physiological or psychological maturity (Reber, Allen & Reber 2009). It is a period of transition from childhood into adulthood, involving changes in physical development, cognitive abilities, emotional adjustment and self esteem. Adolescence is a time of acute stress. It is a period of social sorting and identity formation. Erikson described development that occurs throughout the lifespan in his theory of psychosocial development. During the adolescent period, which Erikson called ‘Identity vs Role confusion’, adolescents need to develop a sense of self and personal identity...
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...1. General description of depression * Describe depression Add the exact definition of depression. Depression is a prevalent problem among adolescents, which may cause further mental or physical issues. Serious depression is regarded as diseases and is one of the oldest recorded diseases in medicine history. * Why is it important * How does it impact the biological, psychological, social development? Except the weight loss, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance and some other common symptoms, the impact of depression in biological development has always been underestimated, depression will comorbid with other chronic diseases such as angina, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes which will leads to worse health situation. (Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys. Lancet, 370(9590), 851–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9) In term of psychology, depression is not a fleeting sadness but a pervasive and relentless sense of despair. A lack of interest in life accompanied by feelings of uselessness (needs to be improved) In terms of social development, depression will also cause plenty of problems. Adolescents with depression will be easier to go to extreme which will lead to the unstableness of the society. * Why is it important to adolescent development? Adolescents with depression are more likely to have harmful behaviors...
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...2012 Professor Tobin Hart Adolescent Depression Experts estimate that 5% of all teenagers will suffer from depression. Unfortunately, only 20% of depressed teens are appropriately diagnosed and treated. It is a disorder that disturbs their mood, causes a loss of interest or pleasure in activities they should enjoy and makes them irritable to almost any aspect of life. It is very difficult to diagnose depression among teens because of the normal sporadic mood swings that are included in the teenage years; nevertheless, persistent unhappiness or moodiness is not normal in anyone. Therefore there are many key factors in looking for depression among teens. There are multiple things correlated with depression among adolescents. Some examples include the normal process of maturing and the stress that occurs with it, influence of sex hormones, conflicts with parents, and the death of a friend or relative. Also teens who are most likely to become depressed when they experience stressful events have a factor of low self-esteem , are very critical of themselves and have feelings that they have little or no control over negative events (T. Rogge & D. Zieve (Eds.), 2012). In this paper, I will investigate the numerous symptoms and signs of depression among teens, the treatments taken to cope with depression, and the prevention and consequences of depression in adolescents. It is hypothesized that female adolescents will display higher levels of depression related symptoms and behaviors...
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...Depression in Adolescents: A Look at Effects, Causes, and Treatments Christopher Marshall Jaffe Vanderbilt University Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the very general term of depression, specifically keying on depression in adolescents. The paper is split into four main sections, the first being the definition of the problem. This section will discuss what the problem is and how it is defined in the scientific world. The second section will outline and present the effects and importance of depression on the individual, family, and society as a whole. The third section will discuss the causes of depression using theories such as the Hopelessness Theory of Depression, the Response Style Theory of Depression, and Beck’s Cognitive Theory of depression. And lastly the fourth section of this paper will discuss different treatments to the problem and their effectiveness. Definition Depression Depression has been around before the ancient Greeks and even before it got deemed “depression” the famous, “Greek physician Hippocrates, called it melancholia” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). It is so common in the psychological world now that some refer to it as the common cold. Depression can be described simply as, “A mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life” (Encyclopedia Britannica...
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...Depressies bij adolescenten Fontys Lerarenopleiding Sittard Pedagogisch didactisch traject, module 4 Door: Elis Slenter, studie richting Wiskunde Diana Heemels, studie richting Economie Docent: Dhr. Smit Datum: 11 juni 2012 Voorwoord In deze paper hebben wij een probleem dat bij adolescenten voor zou kunnen komen, onder de aandacht gebracht. De paper is onderdeel van de module ‘Identiteitsontwikkeling en leerlingbegeleiding’. Als onderwerp hebben wij gekozen ‘depressies’. Een onderwerp dat ons beide aanspreekt en waarvan we graag meer willen weten. Deze paper zal derhalve als een handleiding kunnen dienen voor mensen die te maken krijgen met adolescenten die een depressie hebben. Wij willen graag onze docent dhr. Smit bedanken voor zijn aanvullende informatie tijdens lessen. Deze heeft mede voor de totstandkoming van deze paper gezorgd. Wij wensen u veel leesplezier toe en hopen dat ons doel, het verschaffen van een soort handleiding, is bereikt. Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding 4 2.1 Algemeen 4 2.2 Probleemstelling en deelvragen 4 2.3 Opbouw 4 2. Depressies 6 3.4 Wat is een depressie? 6 3.5 Depressies bij kinderen en tieners 7 3.6 Symptomen van depressies 8 3.7 Oorzaken van depressies 9 3.8 Soorten depressies 10 3. Behandeling van depressies 13 4.9 Methoden 13 4.10 Beste aanpak in de klas...
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...Depression in adolescence has been recognized as a clinical problem for twenty-two years. Many believed that signs of depression were simple behavioral problems that the child would grow out of. Psychiatrists believed that children were both emotionally and cgnitively immature to endure depression. Childhood was considered to be worry free, no true concerns, happy time. Therefore, their problems were not serious enough to be labeled depression. There was never a clear understanding as to how abuse, divorce, and incest could have a long term effect on children. Childhood depression differs in many aspects from adult depression. Decrease in academic performance, withdrawal and rejection of friends and favorite activities are some of the main unrecognized signs. Some may also exhibit hyperactivity, while others complain of exhaustion and illness. Many times these symptoms are thought to be just a phase in their children, and observed as signs of depression. Children of all ages from infancy through adolescence can suffer from a disorder mood. The symptoms tend to change based on the child's level of development. Depression in infants is often determined based on the child’s failure to grow physically, act unresponsively, and inability to thrive. Although it is rarely seen in babies, it is often due to lack of nurturing relationship between the infant and the caregiver. Postpartum depression has the ability to affect the mood of the infant. It affects approximately...
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...cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9293240&fileId=S1463423613000285 Research Clinical cues for detection of people with undiscovered depression in primary health care: a case–control study Lena Flyckta1 c1, Ejda Hasslera2, Louise Lotfia2, Ingvar Krakaua2 and Gunnar H. Nilssona2 a1 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden a2 Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Centre for Family and Community Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Aim To identify clinical cues indicative of depression in medical records of cases in primary care with undetected depression. Background Depressive disorders are common; the lifetime risk for men and women is 27% and 45%, respectively. Despite effective treatment methods such as antidepressants and cognitive behavioural therapy, depression often remains undiscovered in primary care, with great implications both on the individual and societal level. Methods Clinical cues indicating depression were sought in medical records the year before an opportunistic screening for depression in primary care. In a previous study of 221 patients in the waiting room of a primary care centre during 10 randomly selected days, 45 (20%) showed signs of depression (MADRS-S ≥ 12) and 60% of these were verified as having depressive disorders (Prime-MD). These 45 patients constitute the cases in the present study. Age- and...
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...the study of adolescent depression and it's characteristic features has gained a lot more attention and research in recent years, especially due to the fact that the rate of adolescent depression has seemed to have increased of late. A great deal more research has been done on adult depression in the past, thus the study and interpretation of adolescent depression is a relatively new research field in comparison as discussed by Crowe (2006) Adult criteria was used to diagnose adolescent depression in early studies of adolescent depression, which was in the 1970s and 1980s era. The variations in the comparative rates of the presence of particular symptoms between adolescence and adults was found to be rather small by the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project found by Roberts et al. 1995, cited by Crowe (2006). Although there is evidence that children meet adult criteria for depression, there are still uncertainties about the validity of the concept of depressive disorder in children and adolescents found by Harrington (2001) as cited by Crowe (2006) The DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association2000; p. 353) suggests that ‘the core symptoms of a major depressive episode are the same for children and adolescents, although there is data that suggest that the prominence of characteristic symptoms may change with age’ as discussed by Crowe ( 2006) This essay will aim at discussing problems related to identifying, diagnosing and the assessment of adolescent depression, taking into...
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...Comparisons of Childhood Depression Measures Depressive disorders are now recognized as a relatively prevalent problem in adolescents as it is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in this age group (Birmaher, et al., 1996). Thus initial detection of depression should be as early as possible in order to mitigate the impact of the disorder in an individual’s life by positively amending the long-term course of depression. Current research of depression in adolescents have introduced various assessment tools in diagnosing the disorder in children and adolescents. However, determining the most appropriate measure of depression involves several considerations rather than merely selecting one as a test that lacks compatibility in its reliability and validity may result to a false positive or false negative diagnosis (Reynolds & Mazza, 1998). This paper aims to draw on three self-report assessments for depression in adolescents, naming the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Beck’s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) and Reynold’s Adolescents Depression Scale (RADS) in reviewing, comparing and contrasting their psychometric properties. Conclusion on the most appropriate assessment for depression in adolescents will be drawn. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) CDI was originally adapted from Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) by altering its format and language, to measure severity of depression in children age 7 and older (Brooks & Kutcher, 2001). CDI...
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...Running Head: DEPRESSION IN THE ADOLESCENT ONCOLOGY PATIENT 1 Depression in the Adolescent Oncology Patient: A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis Joliette Tiffany Grice University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of N5327 Section 400 Analysis of Theories in Nursing Ronda Mintz-Binder, DNP, RN June 10th, 2012 Depression in the Adolescent Oncology Patient: A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis We all go through up and downs in our mood, sadness is a normal reaction to life’s trials and tribulations. Many people use the word depression to explain these feelings, but depression is much more than just a feeling of sadness. According to Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary (2002), depression is an abnormal emotional state characterized by exaggerated feelings of sadness, melancholy, dejection, worthlessness, emptiness, and hopelessness that are inappropriate and out of proportion to reality. Depression may be expressed in a wide spectrum of affective, physiologic, cognitive, and behavioral manifestations. A depressed teenager may be hostile, grumpy, or may easily lose his or her temper. Unexplained aches and pains are also common symptoms of depression in young people. The adolescent oncology patient may suffer from all of these symptoms due to the life altering circumstances that a cancer diagnosis brings. However, due to side effects of treatment...
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...Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. There are different types of depression such as dysthymia which is mild depression. People can work and perform daily tasks as normal, but they have a hard time. Another type is major depression, or a major depressive episode, and is more severe. This is the depression that prevents people from functioning and interferes with daily tasks.(Owen, 2000) Children who suffer from depression experience the same symptoms as adults. There are several symptoms divided into three categories: cornerstone symptoms, typical symptoms, and atypical symptoms. The cornerstone symptoms include depressive mood, feeling down or sad nearly the entire day, and apathy, loss of interest in things that would normally give joy or pleasure. Typical symptoms include significant loss of appetite, trouble sleeping, slow personal tempo, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or extreme guilt, trouble concentrating, and recurring thoughts of death and suicide. Atypical symptoms include fast personal tempo, significant increase in appetite, and sleeping too much. People experience depression in different ways. Someone who has an episode of major depression experiences at least one of the cornerstone symptoms plus several of the other symptoms every day. (Owen, 2000) Another type of depression is depression with psychotic features. Most people who experience depression...
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...Psy 475 May 18, 2015 Psychological Measure Paper It is well known fact that people suffer from various kinds of depression. They might be from some health problems that they have developed and some issues associated with factors that are attributed to the way they feel about themselves. There are many ways to measure depression or how to scale it on the degrees of danger. In our Paper we are analyzing depressions psychological measures. The measure that is analyzed by us is the Depression Inventory for adolescents. The Depression Inventory for adolescents is an auto- report tool that employs a twenty seven item questions. We will be choosing 2 articles that explain the use of the Depression Inventory for adolescents. In our paper, we will be describing who are qualified for administering and interpreting the setting and measure. This means academic, counseling or occupational in which we optimize the usage of the measure. At the end of our paper, we will classify among the populations for whom the Depression Inventory for adolescents is valid or not valid as a psychological measure. Article One Becks Depression Inventory is used to measure many different depression circumstances. Above it (what is it?) discusses how the inventory is used and the measurement of how deep depression can go based on Becks inventory. The following article on Becks Depression Inventory involves the connection between two epidemics including depressiveness among disability retirement among unemployed...
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...Stress, Social Support, and Depression for Ethnic Minority Adolescent Mothers: Impact on Child Development Over the years teen pregnancies have seemed to increase higher, but girls of African American and Hispanic/ Latino ethnicities seem to have the highest pregnancy rate. Also African Americans and Hispanic/Latino have higher school dropout and economic disadvantages. Adolescent mothers also seem to have a higher risk of having depression or parental stress, rather then adult mothers. The mother’s depression can affect the child, and the child may be at risk of depression or development delays in life. If the mother seems to be having signs of depression they may not want a lot do with the child, and that could have a severe impact on the child. If the mother is depressed and doesn’t take care of their child properly, the child may have health problems or deal with substance abuse later in life. The purpose of this study was to see if parenting stress and social support impact child development especially in ethic minority populations. If the mothers parenting stress is high they will likely have negative parenting behaviors, which could impact the child and cause them to have depression. The child and mother then have an unhealthy attachment if she shows high levels of parenting stress. According to Spencer (2002) found that adolescent mothers continued to experience high levels of parenting stress 2 years after their infant was born. Since adolescent mothers seem to not be...
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...Stress, Social Support, and Depression for Ethnic Minority Adolescent Mothers: Impact on Child Development Over the years teen pregnancies have seemed to increase higher, but girls of African American and Hispanic/ Latino ethnicities seem to have the highest pregnancy rate. Also African Americans and Hispanic/Latino have higher school dropout and economic disadvantages. Adolescent mothers also seem to have a higher risk of having depression or parental stress, rather then adult mothers. The mother’s depression can affect the child, and the child may be at risk of depression or development delays in life. If the mother seems to be having signs of depression they may not want a lot do with the child, and that could have a severe impact on the child. If the mother is depressed and doesn’t take care of their child properly, the child may have health problems or deal with substance abuse later in life. The purpose of this study was to see if parenting stress and social support impact child development especially in ethic minority populations. If the mothers parenting stress is high they will likely have negative parenting behaviors, which could impact the child and cause them to have depression. The child and mother then have an unhealthy attachment if she shows high levels of parenting stress. According to Spencer (2002) found that adolescent mothers continued to experience high levels of parenting stress 2 years after their infant was born. Since adolescent mothers seem to not be...
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...feeling of carefree days, days with no or minimal responsibility and days filled with fun, laughter and joy. This reality is a fairytale for some teenagers. Adolescent depression is a real and growing problem in our society. Numbers of depression diagnosed in adolescents are on the rise. Is this because of more depressed teenagers, or is there an explanation for this. Are there underlying problems or causes for the high depression numbers? Is there something that we can do to help these teenagers. What are the symptoms and diagnoses. Factors contributing to this problem are all things that will be discussed in this paper. Definition Major depression disorder Definition: A mood disorder characterized by a depressed mood, a lack of interest in activities normally enjoyed, changes in weight and sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, difficulty concentrating and thoughts of death and suicide. If a person has experienced the majority of these symptoms for longer than a two-week period they may be diagnosed as having had a major depressive episode. If a person has had one or more major depressive episodes, has no history of mania, mixed episodes or hypomania and the symptoms are not due to another disorder, they may be diagnosed as having major depressive disorder.( Schimelpfenin,2013) Major depression episode Definition: A major depressive episode is when a person experiences 5 or more symptoms during most parts of the day for a two week period. The main...
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