...Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. There are different types of depression such as dysthymia which is mild depression. People can work and perform daily tasks as normal, but they have a hard time. Another type is major depression, or a major depressive episode, and is more severe. This is the depression that prevents people from functioning and interferes with daily tasks.(Owen, 2000) Children who suffer from depression experience the same symptoms as adults. There are several symptoms divided into three categories: cornerstone symptoms, typical symptoms, and atypical symptoms. The cornerstone symptoms include depressive mood, feeling down or sad nearly the entire day, and apathy, loss of interest in things that would normally give joy or pleasure. Typical symptoms include significant loss of appetite, trouble sleeping, slow personal tempo, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or extreme guilt, trouble concentrating, and recurring thoughts of death and suicide. Atypical symptoms include fast personal tempo, significant increase in appetite, and sleeping too much. People experience depression in different ways. Someone who has an episode of major depression experiences at least one of the cornerstone symptoms plus several of the other symptoms every day. (Owen, 2000) Another type of depression is depression with psychotic features. Most people who experience depression...
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...Children During The Great Depression The theme of the book was doing jobs that one did not want to do. Rob had to become a man early because of The Great Depression. During The Great Depression, some people were not affected by the downfall. The people who were not affected were rich people and people who lived out on rural areas such as Rob. At the end of the story, Rob had learned that sometimes people have to do jobs they did not want to do. Every day after School Rob would do his chores. Some of Rob’s chores were to get the chicken eggs, feed Solomon and more. Rob’s life was really different than other youngsters his age. Rob knew very little about the outside world because in A Day No Pigs Would Die (Peck, 1977), it said that Rob though...
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...Before the Depression existed, children had adapted to attending school, learning, playing in the school yard with their peers, and then returning home to complete their daily homework and chores on the farm. However, when the Depression struck rural families, what seemed to be a heavy load, now seemed luxurious for children facing economic hardship alongside their parents. As Freedman (2005) explained, “more than half the nation’s children were growing up in families that did not have enough money to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, or medical care” (pg. 4). Poverty began to spread across rural families and children due to the process of borrowing and spending among farmers. Since the cost for produce on farms was at a low cost, the...
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...Childhood Depression Abstract Empirical evidence shows that that depression disorder in children is a common condition that affects emotional, physical, and social development. Risk factors include parental conflict, a family history of depression, poor peer relationship, negative thinking, and deficit in coping skills. Treatment criteria of children and adults are the same, with the exception that children may display irritability rather than depressed or sad mood, and loss of weight may be seen as a failure gain appropriate weight milestones. Diagnosis and treatment should take into account developmental stage, suicidality, severity of depression, and social and environmental factors. The recommended therapies for mild depression include interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavior therapy and serve as appropriate adjuvant to medical treatments for those with moderate and severe depression. This paper explore depression among children, outlines different types of diagnosis, as well as the parameters for rare situations in which practitioners can try antidepressants when psychotherapeutic options fail and the depression is in severe stage. Introduction About 2.8 percent of children younger than 13 years suffer from depression at any given point in time (Clark, Jansen, & Cloy, 2012). The incidence of depression among children is a major concern because of the damaging and acute consequences associated with the disorder. Research shows that 60 percent of adolescents...
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...Early Childhood Depression Depression is something that not only adults struggle with but young children often struggle with it as well. Children become disappointed, frustrated, and a lot of times filled with hopelessness and a sense of need. When this happens often, there could be a deeper meaning why they are feeling these emotions rather than going through a certain age. Depression can start in children as young as the age of 3 (Luby, 1). Many people have found it difficult to clearly determine if children really do suffer from depression or is it normal for children during these certain ages to act like this. Childhood depression is an illness that is very real. As the child grows and enters different stages of their lives their emotions change but when they change for the worse and are consistent, it is no longer just a stage they are going through, it is depression they are stuck in. (WebMd, 1). The symptoms in children are different and no one child is the same. Some symptoms to look for in children that are depressed are angry outbursts, anxiety, sad for most of the day, getting into trouble, refuses to engage in social activities including going to school, and either not being able to sleep or sleeping too much (Woliver, 1). A few more severe symptoms to make sure are not occurring are feeling worthless or guilty, vocal crying, physical complaints, and even thoughts of suicide and death. (WebMd, 2). These symptoms are often seen in children that are about to become...
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...study of adolescent depression and it's characteristic features has gained a lot more attention and research in recent years, especially due to the fact that the rate of adolescent depression has seemed to have increased of late. A great deal more research has been done on adult depression in the past, thus the study and interpretation of adolescent depression is a relatively new research field in comparison as discussed by Crowe (2006) Adult criteria was used to diagnose adolescent depression in early studies of adolescent depression, which was in the 1970s and 1980s era. The variations in the comparative rates of the presence of particular symptoms between adolescence and adults was found to be rather small by the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project found by Roberts et al. 1995, cited by Crowe (2006). Although there is evidence that children meet adult criteria for depression, there are still uncertainties about the validity of the concept of depressive disorder in children and adolescents found by Harrington (2001) as cited by Crowe (2006) The DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association2000; p. 353) suggests that ‘the core symptoms of a major depressive episode are the same for children and adolescents, although there is data that suggest that the prominence of characteristic symptoms may change with age’ as discussed by Crowe ( 2006) This essay will aim at discussing problems related to identifying, diagnosing and the assessment of adolescent depression, taking into account...
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...Children's Depression Inventory One common mental disorder in the world is depression. Recognizing and treating depression at an early age can assist in a productive adulthood. Children are doors to the future and without knowledge and help some children will suffer with life’s struggles and no understanding or help in developing coping mechanism with or without medication. One assessment widely known is the Children’s Depression Inventory, which assesses the severity and presence of depression in children in hopes of developing a treatment plan. This assessment is commonly place in service at clinics, schools, and by mental health facilitators. This paper will follow and evaluate two articles discussing Children’s Depression Inventory. The difference in results between children and adults will provide an insight into results. The first article measures and examines the invariance results of the Children’s Depression Inventory, of children with and without depression disorders (Kavocs, 2012). This will provide guidance in search of defining the scale of depression and the comparison to mood disorders. The second article provides a statistical insight into Depression Inventories for children and adults. The assessments will permit professionals the measurement of symptoms and characteristics of depression on a scale (Gomez & Gomez, 2012). This would benefit in understanding the age range of depressive levels in children, adolescents, and adults. The test can be administered...
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...Maternal Depression: The Effects on Young Children Maternal Depression includes a wide range of mood disorders that can affect a woman during pregnancy and after the birth of her child. Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in U.S especially in women who are expecting a child or are already a mother. Approximately 12% of women in the U.S. suffer with some kind of depression every year. () Maternal depression also can be connected to how a child develops. The mother's depression can have a huge impact on the child's physical, emotional, social, academic, and cognitive abilities. What exactly are the effects on young children due to maternal depression? It is the behavioral changes that occur in a child due to the depression of his or her mother. The causes of depression in a mother can be broken down into four different categories: genetic (i.e. present in families past), biochemical (i.e. chemical Imbalance in the mother) , environmental (i.e. divorce or death in family), and psychological (i.e. postpartum and prenatal depression,). What cause the behavioral problems in the child are due to the changes in the relationship between the depressed mother and their child. Their relationship is often not as interactive as relationships between non-depressed mothers. The mother often shows less attentiveness and responsiveness to what their child may need. The mother also acts as poor role model for their child they often don’t set limits on their children...
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...Comparisons of Childhood Depression Measures Depressive disorders are now recognized as a relatively prevalent problem in adolescents as it is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in this age group (Birmaher, et al., 1996). Thus initial detection of depression should be as early as possible in order to mitigate the impact of the disorder in an individual’s life by positively amending the long-term course of depression. Current research of depression in adolescents have introduced various assessment tools in diagnosing the disorder in children and adolescents. However, determining the most appropriate measure of depression involves several considerations rather than merely selecting one as a test that lacks compatibility in its reliability and validity may result to a false positive or false negative diagnosis (Reynolds & Mazza, 1998). This paper aims to draw on three self-report assessments for depression in adolescents, naming the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Beck’s Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) and Reynold’s Adolescents Depression Scale (RADS) in reviewing, comparing and contrasting their psychometric properties. Conclusion on the most appropriate assessment for depression in adolescents will be drawn. Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) CDI was originally adapted from Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) by altering its format and language, to measure severity of depression in children age 7 and older (Brooks & Kutcher, 2001). CDI...
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...thought of as a “high functioning autistic,” this is because they do not struggle with development the same way others with an ASD diagnosis do. ASD symptoms are divided into three categories: deficiencies in social interaction, communication deficiencies, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors and interests. While children with Asperger’s regularly struggle with social interaction and display repetitive behaviors, they don’t exhibit a delay in their language. In fact, a lot of the time a child with Asperger’s may have above average intelligence. Because of poor social interactions, a child with Asperger’s can go on to develop many other syndromes if he/she doesn’t receive proper therapy. But even with therapy, a child with Asperger’s is more likely to experience anxiety and depressive disorders. These two conditions can have a profound effect on a child’s development and functioning, especially when the same child has an Asperger’s...
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...Risk and Protective Factors for Depression: Implications for Prevention Depression in Children and Adolescents Linking Risk Research and Prevention Judy Garber, PhD Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health has called for translational research linking basic knowledge about vulnerabilities that underlie mood disorders to the development of effective preventive interventions. This paper highlights research about risk factors for depression in children and adolescents and links it to current knowledge about interventions aimed at preventing depression in youth. Basic epidemiologic and clinical research indicates that increased risk for depression is associated with being female; a family history of depression, particularly in a parent; subclinical depressive symptoms; anxiety; stressful life events; neurobiological dysregulation; temperament/personality (e.g., neuroticism); negative cognitions; problems in self-regulation and coping; and interpersonal dysfunction. These vulnerabilities both increase individuals’ chances of encountering stress and decrease their ability to deal with the stress once it occurs. Although several existing depression-prevention studies have targeted one or more of these risk factors, the efficacy of these various prevention programs for youth with different combinations of these risk factors needs to be investigated further. Most existing depression-prevention programs in youth have used cognitive– behavioral techniques, with some success...
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...Students with Depression in the Classroom by R. Marc Crundwell and Kim Killu. The article appears in volume 40, issue number one of the journal Teaching Exceptional Children. The article presents common symptoms of depression in children and adolescents, as well as the steps education professionals should take in identifying and managing the condition in students. The article also suggests accommodations schools can make to help students maximize their academic achievement in light of a diagnosis of depression. The main idea of the article is that although there is little information on practical instructional accommodations and “no evidence-based depression specific school interventions for the disorder” (CITATION,50), there are still steps teachers, school personnel and parents can take to provide the best possible learning environment for affected students. The keys to this are the early identification of at risk children and the consistent monitoring of students who are diagnosed with depression. Furthermore, it is critical that educators have a through working knowledge of the characteristics of depression. This knowledge “increases the ability to identify children and adolescents who cold have depression” (CITATION, 50) and makes teachers “more able to provide effective accommodations.” (CITATION,50) Depression is an emotional disorder typified by a consistent sadness or irritability of mood throughout the day. Those suffering from depression show a decreased...
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...– Section 1 13 April, 2015 Should the Children Not Use the Internet? The Internet has revolutionized communication and interaction, among other aspects in the contemporary culture. In particular, the use of Internet has made it possible to have access to different information and interaction with people all over the world, and access to other products such as videos and games. However, Children use of Internet has been a concern among parents and other adults for years. It is common to come across journal articles researching the Internet on how the use of Internet has led to increase in obesity in children, addiction to pornography, and other crimes that have made many scholars to investigate how they can reduce the negative impact Internet has on life of children. To this end, in this essay it is argued that children should not use the Internet because there is no awareness about the influence of the technology directed to children, the Internet-based interventions do not reduce depression symptoms among children, and it will save them from sexual exploitation. The overuse of Internet has created depression among different people. There are interventions that have been structured to help people in dealing with the depression without the need of using face-to-face interventions. Although there are studies on this interventions, there are no studies that synthesis the effectiveness of this interventions in dealing with depression. A study examined the use of Internet-based...
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...Psychology101 Ms. Manigault July 15, 2011 Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is a lifelong condition, however it can affect both how you feel, and how you act. The disorder is thought to be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain that can result in extreme mood swings. Mood swings are from manic highs depressive to lows depressive. The chemical imbalances are believed to lead to the symptoms that the child or adolescents experience with bipolar disorder. They must have experienced a high period which is called mania or hypomania. Bipolar mania is described as an extreme high or feeling abnormal. Bipolar disorder is known as manic depressive that have mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. A manic person may show excessive energy, lessened need for sleep, and inflated self-esteem. People with bipolar would have depression are more likely to have insomnia and agitation. “Those that have bipolar disorder also exhibit social withdrawal, and irritability. Some people with the bipolar disorder attempt suicide when the mood shifts from the elated phase toward depression. They will do almost anything to escape the depths of depression that lay ahead” (Spencer, 2011, p.257). Funded teams of the federally funded has stated and investigated the normal age for Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents starts at the age of six years old. “The federally funded studies have shown 7 percent of children seen at the psychiatric facilities that most caseloads of patients...
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...To sum it all up, many children that enter the foster system has witness emotional abuse or depression during sometime in their life. Emotional abuse is a very serious abused when it come to foster children. Most children who are in the system had went through emotionally abused whether it was caused by their biological parents, peers, or their foster parents. Children who enter the foster system are upset because they feel like they was abandoned and some may feel like no one loves them. Some witness Emotional abused when their biological parents or foster parents is calling them names, making them feel rejected, or terrorizing them. While peers can pick on the foster child which make them have Emotional abuse which can lead to depression...
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