...RUNNING HEAD: CASE STUDY #1 SEVERE DEPRESSION 1 Severe Depression July 20, 2014 SEVERE DEPRESSION 2 What causes severe depression? It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved. Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on individuals and families. Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life. Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. When these chemicals are out of balance, it may be associated with depressive symptoms. Because traumatic events such as the death or loss of a loved one, financial problems, high stress, or childhood trauma can trigger depression in some people, depression is more common in people whose biological (blood) relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression, and changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions. Numerous depression treatments are available. Medications and psychological counseling (psychotherapy) is very effective for most people. Psychotherapy...
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...Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. The name refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and to therapy based upon a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research. CBT is thought to be effective for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including mood, anxiety, personality, eating, substance abuse, tic, and psychotic disorders. Many CBT treatment programs for specific disorders have been evaluated for efficacy; the health-care trend of evidence-based treatment, where specific treatments for symptom-based diagnoses are recommended, has favored CBT over other approaches such as psychodynamic treatments.[1] CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy (the term "behavior modification" appears to have been first used by Edward Thorndike) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s. This tradition thereafter merged with earlier work of a few clinicians, labeled as Cognitive Therapy (CT), developed by Aaron Beck, and Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) developed by Albert Ellis. While rooted in rather different theories, these two traditions have been characterized by a constant reference to experimental research to test hypotheses...
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...(2009). Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Theories. Retrieved from http://www.freepsychologyarticles.com/cognitive-and-behavioral-learning-theories.html This article takes the approach of viewing behavioral psychology as an examination of human behavior. The article provides an explanation of cognitive theory to be a process within the individual and is based upon the idea of learning, which is a result of related experiences, perception, memory, and overly verbal thinking. The article mentions several other theories, such as information processing theory, schema theory, and situated cognition theory. Cherry, K. (n.d.). Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches. Retrieved from http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/psychotherapy-and-other-approaches-to-treatment/cognitive-behavioral-approaches.htm This article focuses on behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy, both provide a focus on the "here and now" approach. The article informs the reader how both therapies "want to get right to the point" and figure out the behaviors or issues that may be causing discontent and harm to the individual. The article provides an excellent definition of cognitive therapy, which is a thought process to provide to an individual so he or she can "head-off" the problems or issues before it has a chance to affect the client(s). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.paloaltotherapy.com/about-counseling/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/ Cognitive behavioral therapy...
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...Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Depression knows no economical, social, racial, or gender. Depression affects the lives every person on the planet, in one way or another. Depression manifest it’s self in many ways. It causes weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, moodiness, sadness, irritability, restlessness, loss of interest in people, places, and things, loss of energy, loss of appetite, and much more. Because depression has so many different facets, it stands to reason that there are just as many ways to effectively treat the disorder. Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems are clinical psychological approaches to depression. Each one uses a different approach and in some areas there are overlaps. The information in this paper addresses origins, goals, and techniques of the approaches. Also, an explanation of how each approach affects the treatment strategies of the selected disorder, and the effectiveness of each approach. Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Psychodynamic therapy is talk therapy like what a person sees depicted on television or in the movies. This type of therapy allows patients to examine emotions, feelings, thoughts, and memories ("Web Md", 2005-2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the “…form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do…” ("National Association Of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist", 1996-2010). Cognitive-behavioral (CBT) is based on the theory, that one’s...
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...Cognitive Behavioral Approach My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the client’s cognitive distortions, core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and schemas. Another positive aspect is that this approach focuses on the cognitive triad, which consists of how one views the self, the world, and the future (Corey, 2009). Furthermore, CBT places responsibility on the individual to put insight into action by making changes to their thoughts and behaviors, both in and out of the therapy sessions (Corey, 2009). In order to bring about change, the client needs to understand that the primary source of difficulty lies in how they perceive events based on their belief system (Kellogg & Young, 2008). In general, CBT is a structured approach and includes techniques and outcomes (e.g., behavior changes) that are easily measured, which provides it with a substantial amount of empirical support (Corey, 2009). The primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is to help change the...
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...Psychotherapies Analysis Donnette Morris BEH/225 03/25/2016 Graciela Pulliam In this paper I will summarize three psychotherapies the main tenants of each therapy, their effectiveness in treating psychological disorders and their strengths. The psychotherapies that will be discussed in this essay are client centered therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Psychotherapies are classified as either insight, action or both which describes ultimate goal of the therapy. Insight refers to the therapies goal to bring clients to a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behavior (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Action refers to therapies designed to bring about direct changes in troublesome thoughts, habits, feelings, or behavior, without seeking insight into their origins or meanings (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Psychotherapies can be classified as directive, non-directive or both referring to the role of the therapist. Directive refers to the therapist providing strong guidance and advice. Non-directive refers to the therapist merely assisting clients, who are responsible for solving their own problems. Psychotherapy may involve individual counseling, group or both (Coon & Mitterer, 2009). Client centered therapy is considered part of the humanistic school of therapy. Client centered therapy is classified as nondirective based on the insights from conscious thoughts and feelings. It can involve individuals or groups. Carl Rogers believed that...
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...Major forms of Therapy Charlotte Harrington Psy/102 Carla Homburg Major Forms of Therapy We live in a world with many disorders which have been effectively treated by different forms of therapy. Four major forms of therapy include the psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic therapy. The form of therapy used may depend upon the type of disorder a person may exhibit. Disorders are analyzed in order to determine which type of therapy is needed for treatment. Extensive research has gone into understanding the different types of therapy and how they are used to benefit society. Therapists have analyzed the human psyche to better understand the human personality and how best to help the individual. The past, present, and future are areas in which these diverse psychological therapies are used to treat individuals. Whether or not treatment is effective, may depend on the individual. The psychodynamic therapy brings unresolved conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the past to the present allowing the patient to deal with such problems more effectively. In addition, therapists are challenged in finding ways to help the patient understand the unconscious (Feldman, 2010, p. 430-431). According to therapy.com (2010), the psychodynamic therapy focuses on a person’s personality while addressing issues of past and present relationships. According to research, this form of therapy focuses on parts of your personality and although it can treat many mental health conditions...
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...diagnose which psychological disorder they are suffering from. Case Overview As we examine the case of Martha, who suffers from severe depression and borderline personality disorder, a clinical psychologist uses the Rorschach method to possibly provide treatment. Martha is 24 years old and a biracial women. Her psychiatrist has referred her for psychological testing. Martha has been in the hospital several times due to depression and suicide attempts. She has been diagnosed with major depression as well as borderline personality disorder. She is only taking test because her father and psychiatrist are in her words “making me do this”. Martha is given several cards to examine. Only one of the few tools helping diagnose patients. (Contemporary clinical psychology, 2011) Level Two Heading Replace the level two heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. Interventions Major Depression Disorder (MDD) has symptoms that overlap with those of Borderline Personality Disorder, and generally co-occur. Furthermore; treating BPD has been proven to decrease the symptoms associated with depression. However, treating depression alone does not alter, or lessen the symptoms of BPD (Beatson & Rao, 2012). The interventions recommended for treating Martha’s major depression and borderline personality disorders are cognitive-behavioral...
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...D., J. J. (2013, November-December). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children with Autism: Review and Considerations for Future Research. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(9), 702-715. This article describes the techniques and results of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with autism. Cognitive behavioral therapy is commonly used for children with an autism spectrum disorder. The therapy addresses the child’s anxiety, disruptive behavior, and core autism symptoms. Evidence suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy is possibly efficacious for anxiety and autism symptoms. Garfinkel, M.D., P. E., Kline, M.D., S. A., & Stancer, Ph.D., M.D., H. C. (1973, December). Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Using Operant Conditioning Techniques. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 157(6), 428-433. This article describes using operant conditioning techniques of female patients with anorexia nervosa. Each patient had a certain criteria that had to be met in order to be a part of the study. Patients were observed for a full week and goals were set for daily and weekly weight gain. Patients were rewarded with certain privileges if goals were met but if a goal was not met than no reward was given. Graham, M. A., Sauerheber, J. D., & Britzman, M. J. (2013, April) Choice Theory and Family Counseling A Pragmatic, Culturally Sensitive Approach. The Family Journal, 21(2), 230-234. Choice theory and reality therapy is used during counseling sessions but...
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...University of Phoenix Material Psychotherapy Matrix Select three psychotherapy approaches to summarize. Include examples of the types of psychological disorders appropriate for each approach. |Interpersonal Therapy (ITP)[Insert therapy approach] |Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)[Insert therapy |[Insert therapy approach]Cognitive Therapy (CT) | | |approach] | | |Summary of |On page 584 of Dan Hockenbury’s Discovering Psychology, |Cognitive Behavioral Therapy was defined in Dan |Cognitive Therapy on page 594 of Dan Hockenbury’s | |approach |ITP is a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on|Hockenbury’s Discovering Psychology, page 596 as a therapy|Discovering Psychology is defined as a therapy developed | | |current relationships and is based on the assumption that |that integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques and |by Aaron T. Beck that focuses on changing the client’s | | |symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal |that is based upon the assumption that thoughts, moods, |unrealistic and maladaptive behaviors. The person will be | | |problems. “During the first phase of treatment, the |and behaviors are interrelated. “Therapists design an |taught to monitor automatic...
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...Cognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empirically supported theory of psychopathology and personality. It has been found to be effective in more than 400 outcome studies for a myriad of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, among others, and it is currently being tested for personality disorders. It has also been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive therapy has been extended to and studied for adolescents and children, couples, and families. Its efficacy has also been established in the treatment of certain medical disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypertension, fibromyalgia, post-myocardial infarction depression, noncardiac chest pain, cancer, diabetes, migraine, and other chronic pain disorders. In the mid-1960s, Dr. Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy as a time-sensitive, structured therapy that uses an information-processing...
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...Case Conceptualization using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Michelle Banks Liberty University Abstract Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-focused, and goal-orientated form of psychotherapy. CBT is a form of treatment that focuses on the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Dysfunctional automatic thoughts, maladaptive assumptions, and maladaptive behaviors are three focuses of CBT. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most extensively researched forms of psychotherapy. There are various ethical issues and several multi-cultural issues that need to be considered with CBT case formulation. Intake discussions with client and analysis of her assessment information suggest a pattern of dysfunctional automatic thoughts, maladaptive assumptions, and maladaptive behaviors. CBT techniques that will be used with client are behavioral activation, monitoring automatic thoughts, and exposure therapy. There may be spiritual challenges in utilizing Christian counseling with CBT. CBT and Christian counseling have are both compatible and incompatible. Case Conceptualization using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a short-term, problem-focused, and goal-orientated form of psychotherapy (Beck, 2011). CBT is not one specific treatment approach; rather it includes a combination of elements from cognitive, behavior, and emotion therapy (Murdock, 2013). CBT is a continuously evolving theory...
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...neurodevelopmental diseases, anxiety and depression seem to prevail over all. If anxiety and depression are not handled accordingly from the beginning of time, it may manifest into something more; this is something that we should look further into avoiding. Depression The chosen disease for this report is depression. Depression can be categorized as a psychological disease as well as a neurological, or neurodevelopmental problem. It comes in many forms and in different magnitudes. This means that depression can be short-term or it may may not be curable. In some cases, depression can follow other diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, high blood pressure, chronic lung disease, arthritis, stroke, cancer and many more. (WebMD, 2014). For a majority of cases, depression is accompanied with anxiety. There are many different forms of treatments available but the three major treatments are: cognitive treatments, pharmacological treatments, and alternative therapy treatments. Cognitive Therapy With cognitive therapy, most of the attention is given to a person’s thoughts. As human beings, we are always surrounded by multiple thoughts at any given time and thoughts are affected by one’s mood. For instance, when someone is in a bad mood, certain thoughts are going to be negative in nature. But through the help of cognitive therapy, those negative thoughts can be defused by having the patient think of good memories; creating new and creative thoughts. With long-term therapy, the patient is able to...
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...Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used and thought to be very effective in treating the disorder. First the paper will review what the disorder is and the criteria needed to diagnosis one with major depressive disorder and then we will take a look at how CBT helps the client overcome the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Lastly the paper will follow up with why CBT is thought to effective with treating major depressive disorder. Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many clients’ that are seen in today’s clinics suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) which is one of the most common disorders. “Major depressive disorder has a life time prevalence of 15.8 % (Mor and Haran, 2009). Many times MDD is characterized by early onset with development occurring throughout the life span. MDD is a disorder characterized by extreme depressed mood that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and indecisiveness;...
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...Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy also known as (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy is one that can change the unrealistic views and way of thinking of the client. This paper will discuss Cognitive Therapy for Depression on children, adults, the evidence that supports CT, and the disadvantages and advantages of CT. This paper will also discuss on how certain life experiences can cause psychological distress and how depression can develop in one’s life from childhood all the way to becoming an adult. The goal of Cognitive Therapy is to provide help to patients/clients become aware of their behavior, and challenge their negative thoughts that can cause psychological distress. A positive way to get rid of those behavioral patterns is that of reinforcement and be able to correct them. The therapist that works with Cognitive Therapy usually shows a lot of empathy to the client and will help the client as much as they can to be able to decide on a treatment plan that would be beneficial to them (Beck, A. T. (2012). Supporting Evidence Cognitive therapy was traditionally developed as a traditional therapeutic approach to mental illness. As mentioned previously; the goal of Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive Behavior Therapy is to teach the clients how to evaluate their behavior and how to accept and deal with the mishaps of life (Corey, G. 2009 p.279). The therapist will challenge the client’s...
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