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Descartes

In: Philosophy and Psychology

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Meditation Descartes
Allgemeines über Meditationen * sechs Einzelmeditationen * übersetz Meditationen über die Erste Philosophie, in welcher die Existenz Gottes und die Unsterblichkeit der Seele bewiesen wird sind ein epochales Werk des französischen Philosophen René Descartes * über Metaphysik und Erkenntnistheorie aus dem Jahre 1641 * Im Jahre 1647 wurden die zunächst lateinisch gedruckten Meditationen unter dem * Auf Deutsch erschien ein Teil des Buches 1863 übersetzt von Kuno Fischer in denHauptschriften zur Grundlegung seiner Philosophie * Große Zielgruppe nicht nur die des fachs sondern an das gewöhnliche Volk, die selbst durch methodisches Zweifeln das Fundament der eigenen Urteile überprüfen solle * jeder Mensch besitzt eine moralische Verantwortung

1. Meditation ( Gedankenexperiment) * Allgemein: Gründe, warum man an allen Dingen, besonders an den materiellen zweifeln kann * Die erste Meditation beschäftigt sich mit einem der einflussreichsten Elemente der Cartesischen Methodologie, dem radikalen Zweifel. * Nichts voraussetzen, was nicht absolut gewiss und unbezweifelbar ist * Descartes beginnt seine Ausführungen mit der Feststellung, dass er schon immer viel Falsches gelten lassen habe. * Sein Ziel ist es für etwas Unerschütterliches und Bleibendes in den Wissenschaften festen Halt schaffen zu wollen. * Das sei möglich, wenn er alles von den Grundlagen an umstoßen und auf seine Gültigkeit prüfe. * Dabei wolle er aber nicht jede Meinung einzeln widerlegen, sondern nur jene grundlegenden Meinungen, auf denen sein ganze Meinungsgebäude beruhe.

Methodischer Zweifel * rationaler Prozess mit dem Ziel neuer Erkenntnis * Der Anwender dieses Verfahrens soll an der Existenz von allem zweifeln, was irrtümlich sein könnte. * Eine Ähnlichkeit gibt es zwar mit dem Skeptizismus, grundlegend ist aber der Rationalismus. * Skeptizismus: Zweifel zum Prinzip des Denkens erheben und die Möglichkeit einer Erkenntnis von Wirklichkeit und Wahrheit in Frage stellen oder prinzipiell ausschließen. * rationales Denken beim Erwerb und bei der Begründung von Wissen für vorrangig oder sogar für allein hinreichend halten. Damit verbunden ist eine Abwertung anderer Erkenntnisquellen, etwa Sinneserfahrung (Empirie) oder religiöser Offenbarung * Bezweifelt werden kann alles, was Gegenstand der sinnlichen Wahrnehmung ist( durch Sehen, Schmecken….)

Zweifel an den Sinnen * Dass er überhaupt zweifelt, begründet er mit drei zentralen Elementen. * An erster Stelle mit dem Argument der Unzuverlässigkeit der Sinne z.B. optische Täuschungen * Wahrnehmungen können nicht als unbezweifelbarer Ausgangspunkt fungieren * Dieses Argument ist ein einfacher logischer Schluss. Zuerst stellt er die Prämisse auf: Unsere Sinne täuschen uns manchmal. * Wenn uns unsere Sinne manchmal täuschen, dann ist es möglich, dass uns unsere Sinne immer täuschen. * . Doch Descartes räumt ein, dass es Dinge gebe, die zu offensichtlich seien, als dass unsere Sinne uns täuschen können. Man könne also sichere Aussagen über diese Gegenstände treffen.

* Zweifel am kognitiven Zustand (Traumargument) * Hier setzt sein zweites Argument, das Traumargument, an * kein effektives Kriterium, ob man gerade wach ist oder träumt * Wenn wir aber manchmal nicht wissen, ob wir träumen, dann ist es möglich, dass wir immer träumen. * Der zweite Schluss setzt daran an. Descartes behauptet, dass wir in unseren Träumen manchmal über die Dinge getäuscht werden. * Da es nun aber möglich ist, dass wir immer träumen und da es möglich ist, dass wir immer dann, wenn wir träumen getäuscht werden, folgt, dass es möglich ist, dass wir immer getäuscht werden. * Widerspruch: Träume erschaffen keine komplett neuen Dinge * Täuschung: Dinge im Traum werden falsch zusammensetzt * Bewusstsein bedient sich zu unserer Täuschung im Traum nur an Dingen, die es wirklich gibt * So seien essentielle Dinge, wie zum Beispiel Farben, oder noch essentiellere Dinge, aus denen Farben in unserem Bewusstsein geschaffen seien, wahr

Zweifel an der kognitiven Autonomie (Zustand der Selbstbestimmung, Selbstständigkeit, Unabhängigkeit) * Möglichkeit : Gültigkeit der Logik, Mathematik, Ort oder Zahl können unzutreffend sein und durch einen Genius malignus vorgetäuscht werden * Zahl, Ort und Zeit => Arithmetik und Geometrie scheinen also sicher, wie auch die Aussage 2+3=5 durch nichts erschüttert werden zu können scheint. * Vielleicht gibt es aber einen Gott, der mir diese mathematischen Zusammenhänge nur vorgaukelt, der mich so geschaffen hat, daß mir notwendigerweise alles anders vorkommen muß, als es in Wirklichkeit ist * wie ein Computer, der mit einem fehlerhaften Programm immer nur fehlerhafte Ergebnisse liefern kann * Auf Grund dieser Täuschung durch Gott besteht keine eigene Gewissheit mehr, was wahr ist und was nicht. * Die Welt und alles, was sich darauf bezieht, ist eine hartnäckige Täuschung

2.Meditation * Suche nach dem archimedischen Punkt, auf dem alles sichere Wissen aufgebaut ist * Sowohl beim täuschenden Gott, oder eigenen Bewusstseinsinhalte gibt es immer ein Ich, das entweder getäuscht wird, oder selber Bewusstseinsinhalte produziert * Sicher: Ich existiere als denkendes Wesen. Die Existenz meines Körpers ist dagegen noch ungewiss. * Ich bin ein Mensch, mit Körper und Seelentätigkeiten * der Körper kann aber kein Ich ausmachen, weil dies mir ja wie im Traum bloß eingegeben sein könnte, damit fallen auch auf den Körper bezogene Tätigkeiten wie gehen, sich ernähren und empfinden weg. * Das Denken aber bleibt: ich bin, solange ich denke. * Erkenntnis ist eine Angelegenheit des Verstandes, nicht der Sinneswahrnehmung oder der Einbildungskraft (Wachs-Beispiel * z.B. ein Stück Wachs. Es hat Duft, Farbe, Größe, Gestalt,. Nähert man es aber dem Feuer, so verändern sich diese Eigenschaften alle, und doch bleibt es dasselbe Wachs * mit den Sinnen Wahrzunehmende kann nicht das Wachs an sich ausgemacht haben. * Allein das Denken kann das Wachs an sich erfassen. Dieses Wachs ist dasselbe, das auch die Sinne wahrnahmen, * Draußen laufen winterlich verhüllte Gestalten herum: allein mein Denken sagt mir, daß dies Menschen sein müssen, die Sinne an sich nehmen nur winterlich verhüllte, sich bewegende Körper wahr. * Erkennens aber gehört zu mir => das sichere Erkennen des eigenen Ich

Cognito ergo sum * Suche nach „notwendige Wahrheit“ Ich * Was kann ich alles wegdenken, wenn ich alles bezweifeln will? * Bestätigen des eigenen Seins durch das denken * „Da es ja immer noch ich bin, der zweifelt, kann ich an diesem Ich, selbst wenn es träumt oder phantasiert, selber nicht mehr zweifeln.“ * Zweifeln & Denken gleichgestellt: Ich denke also ich bin

Meditation 3 * Ziel: Beweis, dass Gott existiert und kein Betrüger ist * Ihm gelingt dies, indem er einen Gottesbeweis formuliert, in welchem er von der Idee Gottes, die er in sich trägt, auf dessen wirkliche Existenz schließt: Da jede Ursache (Gott) prinzipiell vollkommener sei als ihre Folge (die Schöpfung, der Mensch), folgert Descartes, dass Gott notwendig existiere. * angeborene Vorstellungen: Einsicht zu haben von den Dingen, Begriffe wie Wahrheit oder Bewusstsein * von außen kommende Vorstellungen: Geräusche, Wärme eines Feuers wahrzunehmen * von mir selbst gebildete Vorstellungen: Sirenen und Fabelwesen. * Ich erkenne Gott durch dasselbe Vermögen, durch das ich mich selbst als sein Abbild erkenne * Dieser Gott existiert und ist vollkommen * Weil er vollkommen ist, kann er kein Betrüger sein, da Betrug aus Mangel entsteht

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