...n your own words, describe how the human skeleton supports the human body. The human skeleton is the framework of the human body. It supports the softer tissues, provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles and protects many vital organs. It also maintains the body’s’ shape. The skeleton is made up of bones that can be categorised according to one of five functions that they perform; • Shape and support; The skeleton provides the shape and support that gives the body its shape. As well as providing gravitational support, it supports the softer tissues and provides points of attachments for most skeletal muscle. • Movement; Some bones provide leverage for movement. Most of the bones are connected to other bones at flexible joints, which allow the skeletal framework a high degree of flexibility and movement. The bones are attached to tendons of the skeletal muscle and the ligaments of the joints. They then act as levers and pulleys to aid the contraction of the skeletal muscles into movement. • Protection; The skeleton provides protection for the body’s vital organs, reducing risk of injury to them. Blood production; Red blood cells and some white blood cells are manufactured by the bone marrow which is found in the cavities of some of the larger bones. Haematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells. This normally takes place in the red marrow of the bones. Each bone consists of a compact outer shell and a spongy centre. The centre contains the bone marrow which...
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...studying the human body. Discuss homeostatic processes in each of the organ systems we covered this semester. Be sure to include discussion of negative feedback, set points, receptors and effectors. (7 points each) 2. Homeostasis- The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment. (Saladin, 2015) a. Integumentary System – Homeostasis is critical for our body function, in order to stay in homeostasis the body goes through a process called negative feedback. Negative feedback mechanism in the integumentary system goes through 4 steps in order to maintain homeostasis; 1. There is a stimulus or change in the body. Example. Change in the body temperature. a. If the body is too cold it will trigger shivering to warm your body. b. If your body is too hot it will trigger sweating to release heat. 2. The sensor or receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body. 3. The control center (brain) sends out signals and messages to the effector. 4. The effector (muscle or gland) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis. (Saladin, 2015) The body must regulate its own body temperature. Our normal set point is 98.6.When we are overheating our body responds in numerous ways in an effort to cool itself, such as sweating. Alternatively, if our body temperature is falling, we stimulate a process that conserve or generate heat, such as shivering. Variable: Body temperature...
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...The Skeletal System Overview Can you imagine what the human body would be like if it were devoid of bones or some other form of supporting framework? Picture a "blob" utilizing amoeboid movement. Ugh! The skeletal system consists of bones and related connective tissues, which include cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is a living tissue and is functionally dynamic. It provides a supportive framework for vital body organs, serves as areas for muscle attachment, articulates at joints for stability and movement, and assists in respiratory movements. In addition, it provides areas of storage for substances such as calcium and lipids, and blood cell formation occurs within the cavities containing bone marrow. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, 80 of which are found in the axial division, and 126 of which make up the appendicular division. Many of the bones of the body, especially those of the appendicular skeleton, provide a system of levers used in movement, and are utilized in numerous ways to control the environment that surrounds you every second of your life. Few people relate the importance of movement as one of the factors necessary for maintaining life, but the body doesn't survive very long without the ability to produce movements. The study and review for this chapter includes microscopic and macroscopic features of bone, bone development and growth, location and identification of bones, joint classification, and the structure of representa tive...
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...which the male is missing the Y chromosome. The male will now have 45 chromosomes instead of 46 and may not have fully developed sex organs . Klinefelter's occurs in the 23rd pair also affects the male. This condition the male has an extra X chromosome taking from 46 to 47. Also a Trysomy. Develops female characteristcs. Can not be diagnosed until puberty. I I I X X Y XYY and XXX also know as Super Male or Jacobs syndrome 2. Describe how humans adapt under cold stress (Pp. 124-25). Vaso-Constriction restricts blood flow retain heat. Shivering causes body temperature to increase. Wear more warm clothing or heat living space. The body attempts to increase and conserve body heat by rerouting circulation and shivering Vasoconstriction causes the blood to pool internally to conserve organ heat Shivering causes the temperature to increase due to muscular activity Individuals respond to cold stress by increasing muscular activity, wearing more clothes, or heating their living space 3. Explain what a population is, and describe the agents or factors those are responsible for generating and distribution variation (Pp. 25, 67-71, 78, 84-86, 97-98, 100, 393-94, and class notes). Population 1. is a group of people that have lived together under the same circumstances for a considerable period of time. 2. members of a population seek mates within their own population 3. members of the same population share the same gene pool 4. members of one population...
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...To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: | P1 describe a fitness assessment for each of the major components of fitness | M1 explain the results of the fitness assessment and measure against relevant public service entrance test | D1 evaluate results of the fitness assessment, analyse strengths and recommend improvements | P2 describe the structure and function of the muscular-skeletal,cardiovascular and respiratory systems | | | P3 undertake a fitness activity,record and identify the short-term effects of exerciseon the major human bodysystems | M2explain the short and long term effects of exerciseon the major human bodysystems | | P4 describe the lifestyle factors that can affect health | M3explain the effects ofidentified lifestyle factors onhealth and fitness, whenapplying for public service and long-term employment | D2Evaluate the effects ofidentified lifestyle factors onhealth and fitness, whenapplying for public service and long-term employment | P5 Provide lifestyle improvement strategies that can have a positive effect on health | M4Explain lifestyle improvement strategies to justify their positive effect on health | | P6Plan a six week health-related physical activity programme based on personal results | | | Task: Below you must describe the entrance fitness requirements and tests of the different public services (P1/U5) * minimum of 3 PUBLIC SERVICES | FITNESS TESTS...
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...functions of the skeleton. a. Support b. Movement c. Protection d. Storage of minerals e. Fat storage f. Blood cell production 2. Compare compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense bone with very few spaces and is covered by a nourishing membrane called the periosteum. Spongy bone is identified by its many spaces that are filled with red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells. 3. Describe the structure of a long bone. Where are the yellow and red marrow found in adults? A long bone in the human body contains both compact bone and spongy bone. The compact bone is found on the outer surface of the bone and compose the shaft. The spongy bone is found at the ends of the long bone. Yellow bone marrow it found in the central shaft of the long bone surrounded by the compact bone. Red bone marrow is found in spaces of the spongy bone. 4. Describe the structure of an osteon, and explain the function of osteocytes and the central canal. The osteon consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of osteocytes (mature bone cells) in a rigid matrix. O steocytes are located within a lacuna in the matrix. Canals connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal. This allows for the transport of items between the cells and the blood vesels in the central canal. 5. Describe the formation of bone in a fetus. Explain how bone growth continues after birth. During fetal development, most of the skeleton is first formed...
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...the anatomy and physiology of human body systems. Learners will be able to gain an overview of the organisation of the human body before looking at how body systems work together to provide energy for the body. Learners will have the opportunity to investigate how homeostatic mechanisms operate in the body. Unit introduction This unit introduces core knowledge of cellular structure and function, and the organisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Learners will examine the homeostatic mechanisms involved in regulating these systems to maintain health. Learners will be given the opportunity to undertake practical activities which will require them to take measurements of the cardio-vascular system, the respiratory system and of body temperature, using noninvasive techniques to investigate normal responses to routine variations in body functioning. This unit provides the core understanding of human physiology that underpins the study of the specialist physiology units within this programme. The unit also provides an overview of body functioning that is valuable for anyone working or intending to work in a field relating to health and social care. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1. Know the organisation of the human body 2. Understand the functioning of the body systems associated with energy...
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...On November 24, 1974, Lucy was discovered. Lucy is the name given to the 40% discovered skeleton of a hominid that lived about 3 million years ago. Lucy's skeleton included an ape-like skull and bones for habitual bipedalism (a type of transportation/movement used by humans). Other animals do use bipedalism to perform certain tasks but only humans and birds are known to have used it for movement. The discovery of Lucy was perfect evidence for the theory of evolution. This theory answers why life changes and why so much diversity exists. All organisms have developed into their current form by evolving from their ancestors forms. In the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin (a well-known philosopher), mentions, "that each species had not been...
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...– Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic Would mobility improve the ability of sponges to capture food? Explain. Mobility would improve the action of the sponge, help it to capture food because it has a hard thing trying to find it non mobility Exercise 2 – Phylum Cnidaria – Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals 1 how do jellyfish us there stingers? The tentacles are covered with sacs filled with poison(venom) What...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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...Tissues: An introduction Lab Report Part 1 This lab is divided into two different parts. Part 1 deals with the general characteristics of tissues, and part 2 asks you to interpret some photomicrographs taken of human tissue slides in our lab. Part one should be completed first, but you’ll probably get a lot of hints about the answers for part 2 if you’ve looked over the images and questions provided ahead of time to work on them. To do Part 1, download the following documents and have your textbook available. Part 1 Characteristics of tissues A. Epithelial Tissues What are five general characteristics which distinguish epithelial tissues? (1. Cellularity: tightly packed sheets of cells with little intercellular material between them 2. Basement membrane; the basal surface of ETs are anchored to underlying CT by a distinct basement membrane 3. Specialized contacts: tight junctions and desmosomes 4. Avascularity: contain no blood vessels; are nourished by nutrients which diffuse upward from underlying connective tissue through the basement membrane 5. Regeneration: high regeneration capacity due to rapid cell division ) Explain how the general morphology of epithelial cells may be deduced from the names of the epithelial tissues. (The names of the epithelial cells are characteristic of their structure: simple=single layer stratified=many layers squamous=flat cuboidal=cube shaped columnar=elongated ) Epithelial tissues specialized for secretion can be found...
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...A. Object and Scope of the Study of Constitutional Law Constitutional Law in this concept more emphasis on objects which are the subject of studies in Constitutional Law itself. In connection with the definition of the Constitutional Law on the corner of the object of this study Van Vollenhoven (Netherlands) in his book "Staatrecht Over Zee" states: Constitutional Law is the law that governs all people, law-top to bottom, which in turn determines the area neighborhood people, determine ruling bodies, authorities and functions within the legal community. While Paul Scholten (Netherlands), in his book "Staatrecht, Algement Deel", defines that the Constitutional Law is a law that regulates the state organization or organizations of a country....
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...unlabeled microscope slide. The student concludes the tissue is not from an animal because the cells in the tissue have a. membrane-bound organelles. c. cell membranes. b. nuclei. d. cell walls. _____ 3. In chordates in which pharyngeal pouches develop slits that lead outside of the body, the adult most likely uses what type of organ(s) to breathe? a. gills c. skin b. lungs d. nose _____ 4. Nerves branch in intervals from which of the following structures in a chordate embryo? a. tail c. notochord b. pharyngeal pouches d. hollow nerve cord _____ 5. The notochord is responsible for which function in an embryo? a. processing wastes c. respiration b. structural support d. processing nerve signals _____ 6. Which chordate characteristic is visible on the outside of an adult cat? a. notochord c. pharyngeal pouches b. hollow nerve cord d. a tail that extends beyond the anus _____ 7. All animals eat to obtain a. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. b. ammonia. d. nutrients. _____ 8. Muscles work together with a support structure called a a. segment. c. blastopore. b. skeleton. d. coelom. _____ 9. Animals have an excretory system that eliminates all wastes except a. oxygen. c. ammonia. b. carbon dioxide. d. nutrients. _____ 10. To maintain homeostasis, land animals that hunt and feed in salt water a. drink salt water. b. have adaptations...
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...Every human being begins life as a single cell, formed when father's sperm fertilises mother's egg. Fertilisation normally takes place in the mother's Fallopian tube, which connects the uterus (womb) with the ovary. The uterus is the size and shape of a large pear: it is made of muscle and it stretches to allow the baby's growth throughout the months of pregnancy. A woman ordinarily has two tubes and two ovaries, one at each side of her uterus. Every month one of the ovaries in turn releases an egg (ovum) which passes slowly along the tube towards the womb cavity If the egg is not fertilised within 12 hours or so of being released, it dies; it cannot develop further. But if the woman has sexual intercourse during the days of her monthly cycle just before or at the time when an egg has been released from the ovary, then many sperm cells released by her partner may travel up to the Fallopian tube and one may fertilise the egg. When fertilisation is completed and the nuclei of egg and sperm have combined, a new being comes into existence and is capable of further development. Because the parents are human - belonging to the species Homo sapiens - the new being is also human. Fertilisation (by which we mean conception) marks the beginning of the human lifespan. A consultant specialising in the care of pregnant women writes: "Life does not begin with birth. When born, we are already nine months old... we have a responsibility to learn how to study the life in utero, and how to care...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction to Zoology Concept of Science • Frings and Frings - defined science as an organized body of knowledge that is gained and verified by exact observation and experimentation and organized by logical thinking. • Schafersman - defined science as a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature. • Science is factual. • Science is not merely compiled. • Science is a way of asking questions about the natural world. • Guided by natural laws (physical & chemical). • Questions must be testable. Always open to new evidence. • Falsifiable. • It applies scientific and CRITICAL THINKING. When is scientific thinking applied? 1. When one uses the scientific method 2. When one investigate nature or the universe 3. Practice by all scientists 4. Not reserved solely for scientist, anyone can think like a scientist Fields of Science 1. Social Science – deals with human relationships 2. Abstract science – deals with abstract ideas 3. Natural sciences • Physical Science – deals with non-living entity • Biological Science – deals with the living entity The Scientific Method - The most important tool in search for truth - An organized method of gathering information based on observation and controlled testing of hypothesis 1. Observation and/or Review of Literature 2. Problem 3. Hypothesis Formulation 4. Testing of hypothesis 5. Conclusions or generalizations Theory Scientific fact/principle/law Theory – is...
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