...define the field of child development. Interdisciplinary is when it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of the combined efforts of people from many fields of study. When it comes to applied it is added to an experiment or study theory and it can be changed. 2. List the age periods researchers use to study child development, and cite and describe the three domains in which development is often divided. There are six periods researchers use to study child development. The first is the prenatal which is conception to birth. Next is the infancy and toddlerhood which is from birth to two years. Early childhood is next and that stage is two to six years old. Then it’s the middle childhood which is from six to eleven years old. Adolescence follows after which is from ages eleven to eighteen. Next is the emerging adulthood which is eighteen to twenty five years old. With age periods there is also three domains in which development is divided. First is physical which includes change in health, functioning of the body system, perceptual and motor capacities, body size proportion and appearance. Next is cognitive which describes changes in intellectual abilities. Last is emotional and social, which are changes in emotional communication, interpersonal skills and relationship, moral reasoning and behavior, self-understanding, and knowledge about others. 3. Explain the role of theories in understanding child development, describe the three basic issues...
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...Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper no. 1044-94 Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY Sanders Korenman Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs and Center for Population Analysis and Policy University of Minnesota Jane E. Miller Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research Rutgers University John E. Sjaastad Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota September 1994 This research was funded by a grant from the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin. An earlier version of part of this paper appeared as part of Office of Population Research Working Paper No. 93-5, Princeton University, June 1993, which contains supplemental analyses and is available from the authors. We thank participants in seminars at the University of Maryland, the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the 1993 meetings of the Population Association of America for their comments. Abstract The authors describe developmental deficits in early childhood associated with long-term poverty in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). They compare estimates of the effects of long-term poverty (based on a thirteen-year average of income) to estimates of the effects of poverty based on a single year of income (at the time of developmental assessment). They find substantial developmental deficits among...
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...This essay will describe the changes in family dynamics at the birth of a child as they affect each of the following: newborn, mother, father, siblings, and extended family of the new parents. Although a newborn baby is a bundle of joy, some adjustments should be done to welcome the new member of the family. With a new addition to the family all members should expect and be prepared for tremendous changes. These changes directly affect the mother, father, siblings and extended family of the new parents. First, we can start with the changes in the newborn’s life. With the delivery the baby undergoes a huge stress. Until the delivery the newborn is safe and sound in her mother’s uterus. She received nourishment from her mom, she heard her heartbeat and it was nice and warm in there. As soon as she leaves the uterus there are so many changes that she has to go through. Learning to breathe independently, adjusting to different temperatures and the very difficult feeding process makes her little body exhausted. It’s important that the parents provide the baby with the best medical care so the baby can grow to be a healthy child. In addition, the baby needs a positive family interaction to make the adjustment easier. Secondly, we can examine the mother, the most important figure in the baby’s early stages. We can easily say that the mother’s adjustment to her new life is the most difficult one. Mothers go through drastic hormonal changes during their pregnancies. After the labor...
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...pregnancy, as a health issue, in New Zealand. This discussion will include the significance of the issue itself, and its impact on both infants and teenage mothers. I will consider this topic looking at populations in New Zealand and include international comparisons. In the last century there has been significant changes in family size, reproductive patterns and population dynamics. As shown by the New Zealand Health Information Statistics, when looking at births, it is apparent that New Zealand women now have fewer children, later in their lives, and many forgo parenting altogether (Statistics NZ , 2003). New Zealand is said to rate high in International comparisons for teenage pregnancy. However, most recently reports have indicated a drop in our teenage birth rates. Statistics New Zealand (2002) reported the birth rate for teenagers (aged under 20 years) dropped by 6.5 percent, from 27.7 per 1,000 in 2001 to a new low of 25.9 per 1,000 in 2002. The following table summarises these significant changes in birth patterns by age of mother over the past ten years. Distribution of Live Births by Age of Mother 1992 and 2002 Table 1. Statistics New Zealand Another recent report from the National Youth Health Survey, suggests that most school students in New Zealand have never had sexual intercourse. Further more, of those who do report being sexually active over half (males 63.3%, females...
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...overview on previously performed research how family-planning-policies in China (explicitly the so-called One-Child-Policy) have affected economic growth since 1979 and tries to give possible predictions and forecasts on how it could affect economic growth until 2050 through critical model analysis. The Solow model gives theoretical answers but also yields analytical results through calculations subject to different population development scenarios (low, middle, high growth rates). The dependency ratio as a measurement of population age structure is analyzed and implemented into the Solow model to help understand the influence of family-planning-policies. It is shown that the One-Child-Policy affected heavily the last 32 years of China’s economic development and will continue to affect its future, but according to the calculations in this paper, the impact changes from a positive one to a negative one. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Fabrizio Zilibotti for his supervision and for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis at his chair. Especially I would like to thank Yikai Wang for his very valuable and profound support and guidance for this thesis and I would like to thank Monika Egli, Andreas Braun and Rachel Waldvogel for helping me no matter which problems and obstacles I encountered. 2 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Population-Control-Policies and their Effects on Economic Growth in China from 1979 to 2005 2.1 One-Child-Policy in China . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...greatly improved outcomes for the child and family. Proper nutrition is essential for appropriate growing and development for infants and will have a substantial influence on the child’s health present and future. Abstract: Proper nutrition early in infancy is very important for the physical and emotional development of a child and issues can follow the individual into their adulthood. Physicians have put into place assessments that can be done on infants around 6-8 weeks and again around 8-9 months that can detect early problems such as failure to thrive. Small kids that have been diagnosed with Autism tend to have issues with proper nutrition because of the sensitivity of foods and end up with a diagnosis of failure to thrive also. A feeding checklist for non-organic failure to thrive patients, is a great tool for helping medical personal observe feeding interactions with the infants and their parents that helps with recognizing feeding issues with the parents or caregivers. Medical professionals have advised that extensive time prior the initial conception, the nutrition of the parents has an impact on the infant’s growth all the way into adulthood and beyond (Shepard, 2009). All females that are at the child-bearing age and plan on having children need to be adamant about appropriate habits relating that also consist of a daily life that improves their healthiness and will benefit in decreasing the possibility of birth defects, suboptimal fetal growth and...
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...of women and a cause of lack of progression made. With all of the hard work women endure and go through to support their husband and family, they receive no recognition, just the degrading treatment to remind them that their husband rules over them, that they have no say, and no right to do anything without permission from their spouse. Luckily over time, Indigenous Andean women’s rights, roles, and health have developed greatly since the 1940’s due to the development of education, knowledge, empowerment, and opportunity growth for women in Latin America. In this paper I have brought to attention the rough and unfair circumstances that Latin American indigenous women of the Andes have had to endure since the 1940’s to present day. The first subject brought to attention is the topic of marriage and what it entails for a woman of the time. Also included is the role of them woman and how they are treated and disrespected by their husbands in the early decades of this century. The I continue to dicuss how in future years circumstances change, and how women become more independent and even the role’s of the household out more, if not totally turn them around. Finally, I discuss the matter of health care to indigenous women in the Andes and how their culture has affected many aspects of their decisions concerning their health and that of their family. In both aspects that I have brought to attention, over time do get better and improve with help from support of men and of accessibility...
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...Human development has been and would continue to be a very complex process; from birth to death. Human development spans a broad range of human endeavor that has attempted to understand why human beings to the things they do, grow the way they do, and the potential of human beings. There has been an ongoing debate whether human development is impacted by nature or nurture. If the growth of the individual were to be guided by nature, the individual would take the position that all or most of its behaviors and characteristics are the result of genetics inherited from their parents (Colella, 2013). Meaning that they were fully equipped with all the skills they need in their lives when they are born. On the other hand, if an individual’s growth were guided by nurture only, the individual would think and behave in a certain manner because that is how the individual was taught to do so or from experience (Colella, 2013). In this case the individual is also impacted by the environment surrounding them. Although nature has some impact on human development on an individual, nurture has a greater impact on an individual’s development. It has a bigger affect on human development due to early childhood experiences, acquired intelligences and socialization throughout their life. Early childhood is the most and rapid period of development in a human life. The experiences gained from birth to the four years of age are critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical...
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...Darwin’s research and studies turned to people and the study of the human life span (Beddall, 1968). The study of the human life span gained momentum in the years that followed the publishing of Darwin’s famous book as psychologists around the world developed different perspectives and theories regarding life span. The following examination focuses on explaining the life span perspective of development, summarizing two different theories of life span development, and offering an explanation to how heredity and the environment produce differences in overall development. The study of human development centers on how a person changes over a lifetime. A person starts life with the birth stage, and then moves through infancy, adolescence and puberty, adulthood, and finishes with death (Berger, 2008). Berger (2008) describes these changes as being linear, gradual, predictable, and sometimes steady. During their life spans, humans learn to communicate, work together, experience emotions, and how to survive. The life span perspective of development comes directly from an understanding of these lessons and experiences (Berger, 2008). The life span perspective states that significant modifications occur during development. Boyd and Bee (2006) discuss how these modifications, “consist of a development that is multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and...
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...Introduction Population education which emerged as an educational innovation in response to population problems only about four decades ago, is now being experimented in over a hundred countries of the world in non-too-uniform a manner. It has been introduced in the education systems of different countries as an important component of the multi-pronged strategy employed to help nations attain the goals of population stabilisation and sustainable development. Very few educational programmes have matched its pace of expansion and adopted such varied conceptual frameworks and strategies of curriculum transaction. Perhaps no other educational concept has experienced such frequent changes in its framework and been subjected to so many misunderstandings as the concept of population education. This has been so because of not only the nature of the context in which it emerged but also its newness and its complex characteristics. The Context The concept of population education emerged in the context of population and development - the two most pressing issues before humankind today. Both are closely interrelated and both encompass a number of complex factors. Viewed as an epiphenomenon of the process of development, population issues have aroused widespread concern among almost all the members of the comity of nations. There have been undaunted endeavours to accelerate the pace of socioeconomic development through the instrumentalities of science and technology and to secure distributive...
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...Perspective of Development To study human development, the life span perspective is necessary because it takes into account every phase of life. The life-span perspective, was first set forth by Paul and Margaret Baltes and their associates (P. B. Baltes et al., 2006; Staudinger & Lindenberger, 2003). The life-span perspective notes that development throughout life is: (1) multidirectional, therefore change occurs in every aspect of life and in every direction and not just in a straight line, (2) multicontextual, therefore the several contexts, such as economic constraints, family patterns, and historical conditions embed the lives of humans, (3) multicultural, therefore several cultures affect the development of individuals, (4) multidisciplinary, therefore psychology and other disciplines, such as biology, neuroscience, education, economics, anthropology, sociology, religion, history, genetics, and medicine provide insight into development and (5) plastic, therefore any individual possess traits, which may be altered at any given time during life, and change that occurs is...
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...provided the opportunity to witness and record the potential consequences of extreme social isolation. What Shapes our Behavior? • Describe how the prenatal environment can affect development. • Explain how dynamic systems theory illuminates the ways biology and environment work together to shape development. • Describe key processes in infant brain development and how these processes affect learning. • Describe the types of attachment infants have to their caregivers. • Explain how attachment and emotion regulation are related. 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span: 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the same periods in the life span: 9.1 What Shapes Us During Childhood? Biological and social forces combine to shape the path of human development. – developmental psychology: the study of changes, over the life span, in physiology, cognition, emotion, and social behavior Physically, each human grows and matures at about the...
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...genogram of the Rogers family 3 Question 2 Draw an ecomap (ecological map) of this family in context 4 Question 3 Briefly describe (a) the story as seen from the perspective of each one of the family members 5 (b) describe the development frameworks relevant to the Rogers family 7 Question 4 Provide a first-order cybernetic description of this family 8 Question 5 Provide a second-order cybernetic description of this family 10 Question 6 References 11 Plagiarism 12 Ecological map of the Rogers family 3. (a) Briefly describe the story as seen from the perspective of each of the family members According to Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development, life is a series of lessons and challenges which help us grow and it outlines the reason for such growth. The theory is helpful for Child Development and adults...
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...PAGES | 1 Question 1: Three-generational genogram | 2 | 2.Question 2: Ecomap | 4 | 3. Question 3: a) Story as seen from perspective of each family members | 6 | b) The story from the vantage point of the family position in the family life cycle | 7 | 4. Question 4: First-order cybernetic description | 9 | 5. Question 5: Second-order cybernetic description | 12 | 6. Reference | 15 | Ecosystemic Assignment no: 3 PYC4808 UNIQUE NO: 536936 QUESTION 1 Three-generational genogram of the Bird family Mavis’ stepmom Mavis’ stepmom John’s mom John’s mom Family A (John’s family) Family B(Mavis’s family) Mavis’s father Mavis’s father Mavis’s mom Mavis’s mom ? ? John’s father John’s father Alex Alex ? ? B.F’ Mom B.F’ Mom S S B2 B2 Alexandra (John' stepbrother Alexandra (John' stepbrother John (45yrs) John (45yrs) B3 B3 B.F B.F Mavis (42) Mavis (42) Howard (50yrs) Howard (50yrs) Weak relationship April (15yrs) April (15yrs) KEY : Male: Female: Marriage: Divorce: Relationship abuse: Moved to: Foster home: S: Mavis’s sister B1: Mavis’s brother number 1 B2: Mavis’s brother number 2 B.F: Mavis’s best friend Mavis’s deceased friend : B.F mom : Best friend’s mom Weak relationship: _ _ _ Affected: alcoholic: QUESTION 2 Ecomap of the Bird family John’s dad John’s dad Mavis’s brother Mavis’s brother Mavis’s dad Mavis’s dad Mavis’s stepmom Mavis’s stepmom John’s stepdad John’s stepdad ...
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...evaluate some of the similarities and differences between the theories, a good start begins with Adler and Sullivan. Alfred Adler was the founder of individual psychology and its six tenets that describes the source for personality. Harry Sullivan founded interpersonal theory that gives significant importance to a social context “Without other people, humans would have no personality” (Feist & Feist, 2009, p.213). The two theories contain similarities and differences between them in regards to basic or underlying assumptions, deterministic views versus free will, and awareness of the self. Basic or Underlying Assumptions The basic or underlying assumptions of individual and interpersonal theories, share a social interest and social context respectively, as a source for personality development. Social interest by Adler explains individual connections to people around them. Society connects people together for safety, survival, and procreation. Individuals depend on each other as much as a child would depend on their parents. Likewise, Sullivan’s interpersonal theory shares the same importance for society and human connection. Along each step of development there is a great importance to establish intimacy without encountering interference from anxiety (Feist & Feist, 2009). Intimacy with family, close friends, or a significant other as an adult all apply to the need. Both theories give credit to the influence of society. Personality means little in the...
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