...GIDDENS ● MITCHELL DUNEIER ● RICHARD APPELBAUM ● DEBORA CARR Slides created by Shannon Anderson, Roanoke College Chapter 3: Stratification, Class, and Inequality 1 2. Social stratification • Social stratification refers to the ranking of members of a society in groups on the basis of their status. • This ranking may be on the basis of occupation, power, economic resources, prestige, caste, education. • It is structured inequality between groups. 2 3. Determinants of Social stratification a) Power – The degree to which a person can control other people. More power more respect in society. b) Economic resources – The level of income from all resources is an important indicator of one’s place in society. – Economic resources in rural and urban areas. c) Prestige – The degree of respect, favorable regard or importance accorded to an individual by members of society. 3 4. Determinants of Social stratification d) Occupation – High class professionals include big businessmen, industrialists, landlords and high class government and semi-government officials. e) Caste – It is permanent, having its status ascribed as birth. Some castes are believed to be higher in status while others as low. f) Education – The standard of education also determines a social class. 4 5. Characteristics of Stratification Systems • Social structures hold certain groups in ranked order and where it is difficult, if not impossible, to change that order. • Where people rank in stratification ...
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...behavior Social income class Independent variable Dependent variable Literature : BUYING BEHAVIOR AND CONSUMPTION: SOCIAL CLASS VERSUS INCOME Mirelia milnic, Gordana culina Survey methodology was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions of Social class formed by three determinants: occupation, education and income. The largest weight (4) was given to occupation, as the most important determinant of the social class, while education and income were given the same weight (3). Income information is obtained by asking the respondent to which of the 10 income groups his/her family belongs. house keeper scores (10) students (9) prisoners (8) Machine operators skilled and unskilled jobs (7) Skilled employees - workers in manufacturing,. (6) (office workers), (5). school teachers, engineers, (4) Middle management, owners of small businesses, (3) Higher level business executives or managers, 2) Government top officials, “rich” business owners (1). Social class and income groups for certain products/services social class and income have a considerable influence on buyers' behavior. Consumption or usage of all product/service categories we tested, significantly differ based on their social class affiliation. The same goes for income, with the exception of the connection between income and consumption of macrobiotic food. social class is superior...
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...and feminism plays alongside other determinants to affect the health status of Aboriginal Canadian women. Determinants of health refer to the circumstances in which people are born, live, grow, work, and age, that are responsible for most of the health inequalities that exist. Common determinants contributing to sub-par health status include: early child development, education, income, employment, social and physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills, access to health services, racism, and gender. These determinants work alongside Aboriginal-specific determinants like cultural identity, self-determination, and colonialism to create significant health discrepancies compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. Aboriginal women are at an even greater disadvantage because of the role gender plays on top of the other determinants. The term gender refers to the socially constructed perceptions of feminine and masculine and is not to be confused with sex, which refers to the biological differences between men and women (Steckley and Letts 2010). While the two are different concepts, they are closely related and do influence each other because while biology may condition behaviour, it is in turn conditioned by the social environment (Halseth 2013). Health is also a social construct and issue, rather than simply a medical and technical problem associated with body parts and their functions. Because it is defined by and shaped in social, psychological, and economic environments...
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...Food Bank Use in Canada According to Food Banks Canada, food bank usage has soared to 28% in the past three years, with more than 850,000 Canadians making use of a food bank in a typical year (Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition, March 2012). One of the biggest contributors to why individuals depend on food banks is their social economic status of lower class and poverty. Although this is a big contributor, there are many more major social determinants that contribute to food bank usage outside of social economic status designation. I believe the other three most important determinants that contribute to usage of food banks are education, employment/working conditions and physical/social environment. The different levels of education a person may have can greatly impact a person’s quality of life in regards to food insecurities. However, a larger percentage of food bank users are individuals who have higher levels of education. A key reason for this is caused by the many professionals who have a foreign education and cannot find work in their field in Canada because their foreign credentials are not recognized (Daily Bread Food Bank, 2010). As well as this, more people with university degrees from Canadian institutions are also turning to food banks due to not being able to use their higher education to find stable employment (Daily Bread Food Bank, 2010). Although a person has a higher level of education, it does not mean that they are successful in finding a job...
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...Chapter I The Problem and Review of Related Literature Background of the Study Socioeconomic status plays a big role to the people within the society. It is about the individuals’ position in the social hierarchy wherein the hierarchy includes low, middle and high socioeconomic status. The people who are in the low socioeconomic status are living in a poverty line and they cannot sustain their needs while the people who are in the high socioeconomic status they are living in a good life and can get the things they need and also want. Social classification is built along with many parameters or measure like education, properties, cars, salaries and others by this they can be classified to their respective class in the society (Keene, 2010). Socioeconomic status has a great impact when it comes to relating it about the development of self esteem of the individuals because there are some determinants that may also link to this like the interpersonal, intrapersonal and the socio-cultural factors. These determinants will help in shaping the individuals self-esteem it can either become high or low self esteem depending on how they were developed by these determinants. Self esteem presents the peoples’ typical desire like to be accepted and valued by others. Self esteem can affect every aspect of individual’s lives. Self esteem is a very important factor in the performance of a person which determines whether the person will be satisfied in the job or not and also because it...
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...P3 Trends and Patterns in health and illness in three social groups. There are many significant differences in humanity and illness rates which continues to occur among income groups, a section of the community whose income falls within a certain range, and social classes, individuals and groups are considered on the sources of respect and status which is learnt mostly through financial success and the growth of wealth. Social class may also refer to any particular level in such a grading, in most developed countries. The fact reminds us of the significance of social and economic causes of health. There is small uncertainty that the low average of living and persistence of total poverty in the developing world are the main factors of health in developing countries. We have the knowledge that our life routes are socially and economically planned and is genetically determined, which changes the determinants of population health into a social science. Medical sciences speak about the biological paths involved in diseases. There are many opportunities for treatment, but so far health is a social creation and some forms of social organization tend to be healthier than others. To advance our understanding of health all depends on collective research. There was change in public health and there was a sudden rise in life expectancy in developing societies. Life expectancy in more developed societies has increased at the rate of two to three years added to life in the 20th century. The...
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...As our governments discusses about the best policies to aid the middle class and the poor, it is vital to keep in mind that economic and social policies are health policies in that they impact life circumstances, diseases rates, insurance costs for all Americans. Policies that affect income and wealth may have essential health outcomes, and this enhancement can also be true for policies that do not target jobs directly but that enhance conditions for economic success. For instance, policies that promotes better educational outcomes can convert into better health outcomes, lower health care costs and economic well-being. Some policy-based resolutions lie in government programs that play an essential role in supporting and maintaining personal incomes and offer health benefits. Other policies lie in economic policies that help in job creations and skills to foster economic self-sufficiency for poor class. Other interventions include valid investments in early childhood education that set the path for...
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...Nursing in 3D: Diversity, Disparities, and Social Determinants The Social Determinants of Health: It’s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes Paula Braveman, MD, MPHa Laura Gottlieb, MD, MPHb ABSTRACT During the past two decades, the public health community’s attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)—the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use “medical care” rather than “health care” to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between “health” and “health care.” The World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age” and “the fundamental drivers of these conditions.” The term “social determinants” often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e.g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes. This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social—and particularly socioeconomic— factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss...
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...Over the past decades, there has been different explanation of social class. In which sociologist describes social classes as a form of social stratification. For the purpose of this assignment, I will be critically analysed the various perspectives of social class and its impacts on society. However, this essay will analyse three major perspectives of social class, which are Marxism, Functionalism and Weberian. The impacts of social stratification an individual’s life chances and finally explains and evaluate social classification and their usefulness to the society. Social Class refers to a group of people who share a similar economic status, such as an occupation. According to the Oxford dictionary, social class is a system whereby people are divided into groups based on perceived social, cultural and economic status. However, social stratification is an element of social class, which is usually defined by sociologist as an inequality of uneven distribution of power, prestige and wealth. The structure of stratification use culture, social mobility and life chances, to report the issues of social inequalities Haralambos and Holborn (2013). The Marxists perspective of social class pioneered by Karl Marx (1972), the Marxists perspective focuses on the social strata drawn from the relationship of social groups to the means of construction, rather than social inequality in general. Marx’s classical definition, opposing proletarians and bourgeois in the society on...
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...closely associated with Marxism. According to a Marxist perspective, the social inequality that exists in society runs parallel with the various inequalities in the health system. With reference to the latter, exploitation of lower level assembly line workers or the proletariat working class can have a significant impact on workers’ health, particularly for the achievement of profit. Furthermore, in our contemporary society, medical professions have subjugated individuals illness’s within a capitalist society, disregarding health interests for the product of business. Additionally, Marxists analyses argue vigorously that class is a significant determinant of inequality with regard to illness and that the illness is implicated in a wider process of social oppression; determine by environmental factors, education and economic institutions into which one is born. All in all, from analysis of these topics there is no doubt that illness is very much a social phenomenon. Marxism and Workplace Illnesses The Marxist approach to health and illness relies heavily on the relationship they have with capitalism and class. Marx believed there were two essential classes in society; the capitalist class, who make up the minority of society, and the proletariat, also known as the working class who make up the majority. Vincent Navarro provides one of the most influential accounts of the centrality of social class and the labour process to health and illness. Navarro claims that in the...
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...There is much debate in sociology about whether class is still important. Many argue that class is no longer important as an individual’s identity and life chances are based more status and cultural factors such as lifestyle, values, intelligence, education and the like, the post-modernists state that class has ceased to be the prime determinant of identity and suggest that societies are now organised around consumption rather than production, consequently people now identify themselves in terms of what they consume rather than in terms of social-class position. Class identity has therefore fragmented into numerous separate and individualised identities. Others argue that class is still a central influence on people’s lives, that it affects their life chances (health, education, voting, social mobility etc.), they argue that class inequality exists and that such inequalities are widening rather than narrowing. Early theories such as Functionalist theory argue that inequality is functional for society since it makes sure that those who show the most potential talent are encouraged to develop this talent through higher education and training, with the promise of higher incomes when they qualify (deferred gratification). They state that in order for society to function properly, society must make sure that people fully use their talents. Inequalities stem from the fact that society values different roles in different ways, based on the shared norms and values of a society. Davis...
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...The ancient Indian tradition of social hierarchy is deeply rooted in the caste system. Based on this system, the society is divided into four classes, which are the Brahman, the Ruler (khattiya), the Trader (vessa), and the Servant (sudda). At the top of the hierarchy is the Brahman class who enjoys the highest status and privileges, then followed by the Ruler, the Trader, and the Servant at the bottom. The Indian caste system is based on birth and lineage, which will determine one’s social position and one’s profession in society. Individuals inherit their caste from their parents and pass them down to their children. This means that no matter what people do, they cannot change their caste. The lower castes will always be bounded by the social limitation. The Buddha strongly rejects the caste system and the social inequality within the classes. In Dhammapada and “The Origin of Things”, the Buddha further emphasizes his rejection by explaining that birth should not be the determinant of one’s social rank, the equality within classes, and the Truth is the best thing in the world. In chapter XXVI of Dhammapada, the Buddha elaborates on how one can become a brāhmaṇa. Here brāhmaṇa refers to arhat, not the social class. The Buddha says that (Dhammapada, 67): Not by matted hair, nor by clan, Nor by birth does one become a brāhmaṇa. In whom is truth and dhamma, He is the pure one, and he is the brāhmaṇa. (393) And I do not call one a brāhmaṇa Merely by being born from a [brāhmaṇa]...
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...on leadership styles, arguing that specific cultural traditions and norms are bound to differentiate leadership styles. The leadership profile in a country is strongly influenced by its cultural values. This paper will define culture and will use the Hofstende culture determinants to describe African culture. This will be followed by the expansion of how the determinants of culture influence the leadership style that is experienced in Africa. Culture is “the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the member of one category of people from another” (Geert Hofstende). Other authors have defined culture as the system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another Determinants of culture as described in the Hofstende model are Collectivism Vs. Individualism, large V small power distance, strong Vs. weak uncertainty avoidance, masculinity v femininity. The African culture has been described as collectivism where claims of groups, associations, or the state must normally supersede the claims of individuals. The practice makes the group rather than the individual the fundamental unit of political, social, and economic concern. The leadership style influenced by this aspect of culture is that leader’s compromise on the right things to do so that they make their people happy. The...
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...The purpose of this report is to explore the cultural determinants of both Japan and United States. The report elucidates the differences between the two countries in terms of leadership styles as influenced by their respective different cultures. The reason in selecting Japan as one of the research countries is because of its deep rooted strong cultural beliefs and group centered style in a business perspective. It is well known to the world that Japan is a closed economy but at the same time, extremely competitive. On the other hand, United States make a good contrast in terms of its open culture and individualistic style of doing business. Despite the differences, both are amongst the most competitive and successful nations in the world. The compromising Japanese and confrontational Americans do make this research journey an exciting and interesting one. Different cultures exist in the world and their impact on leadership styles in their respective countries is significant. As defined by Luthans and Doh (2009, p96), “Culture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behaviour.” And culture is gained through transmissions between individuals in forms of symbols, rituals, languages, stories told and etc. It will be interesting to find out that the countries’ cultures do in fact influence their leadership styles to quite a great extent. In this report, two entirely different cultures; Japan and United States will be explored in...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING BEHAVIOR MKT 571 Week 2 Analyze Consumer & Organizational Buying Behavior, MKT 571 Analyze Consumer & Organizational Buying Behavior The Buying Decision Process Purchase Decision Post Purchase Behavior Analyzing the business marketers Organizational Buying Situations and Participants\ Stages in the buying Process and Selection Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. Where a person is from or where they grow up (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Within a culture there are smaller subcultures that provide more specific identification and socialization for their members. Subcultures include Nationalities Religions Racial groups When subcultures grow large and affluent enough, companies often design specialized marketing programs to serve them (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Social classes – or divisions in a society or members who share similar values, interests, and behavior (Kotler & Keller, 2012). Division such as: working class, middle class, upper class. Social Factors REFERENCE GROUPS are groups that have a direct or indirect influence on their attitudes or behavior (Kotler & Keller, 2012). membership groups primary groups (family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers). secondary groups (religious, professional) FAMILY - is the most important consumer buying organization and family members has the most influential primary reference group. In most...
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