...many ways using various theories. The theory used or the view or approach taken to define the client’s problems can often times determine the approach to the resolution of the problem. No matter the approach, defining the problem that the client is experiencing is very much an essential step in defining the client. Two of these theories are the developmental approach and the situational approach. Taking the developmental approach is a way to view problems from a perspective that looks at the client’s life span and takes into consideration certain developmental milestones throughout that life span. It also considers the life crises they have experienced during that time, as well as tasks they have completed both successfully and unsuccessfully. Unsuccessfully completed tasks may indicate that the situation did not allow for the client to develop in the manner for them to move successfully from one stage to the next in their life span. This can often be a contributing factor to their difficulty in resolving their problem. Trust issues, insecurities, and the unwillingness to assume moral responsibility inability can all stem from developmental issues. The situational approach describes problems that are a result of incidents that are out of the client’s control. Accidents and other traumatic events such as violent crimes, abuse, natural disasters, and divorce, to name a few, are all situations...
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...Running Head: EMPATHY AND SOCIAL LEARNING Developing Empathy: Nurturing Through Social Learning Abstract This paper explores the Social Learning Theory and how prosocial behavior, specifically empathy, is cultured through observation, modeling and imitation. Empathy is defined through a review of Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment, Jeremy Sloan’s article on developing empathy and the impact it has on animals in our world, and an assessment of empathy in future criminal justice professionals. All provide evidence and data to support the finding that adults have lasting influence on children and how ones behavior is formed. Empathy is a vital trait and it’s a primary requisite for successfully managing daily experiences. Key words: Empathy, Modeling, Social Learning, and Development Introduction The development of empathy allows us the innate ability to relate to another’s experiences, motives and feelings. It is the foundation of compassion and caring, and is monumental in many of life’s challenges and successes. It is what allows us to learn from others and become responsible, caring adults. Many significant professions require empathy: medical care, fire rescue, education, criminal justice, and most importantly parenting. Tragic events such as slavery and the Holocaust illuminate the significance of empathy, it’s part in humankind’s wellbeing, and how requisite it is to encourage healthy development of the trait (Sajo, 2011). It is therefore of utmost...
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...to the clients they have it makes a huge difference in the outcome. It allows them to understand show how reaching goals and the achievement process can be helpful. Some studies have even been known to show that the health of general practitioners can aid the prevention of many chronic diseases (Oberg, & Frank, 2009). Health care providers will use the four theories if learning so that they can provide a specific technique or techniques to each patient so it will overlap the mental, and physical health along with physiological health. Theory of Behaviorism Behaviorism is the ability to measure and observe the human behavior. The observing is the primary concern when it comes to measure the humane behavior. When the behaviorist looked to define behavior they defined behavior as the response to stimulus that would prompt a change in all behavior. Sports psychology is a prime example and very popular in the use of stimulus and response with the intrinsic motivation....
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...Stephanie Salony B00397265 March 10, 2013 Developmental Psychology Of The Life Span Douglas Butler The Impact of Bandura’s Social Learning Theory On Today’s Children There are many different psychologists who have varying views on the learning and development of humans. This paper will focus primarily on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning theory and his view between cognitive and behaviorist learning and how it impacts development today. His ideas essentially include three main abilities: attention, memory, and motivation. Also, how people learn from one another via: observation, imitation, and modeling. “Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” - Albert Bandura (1977) To start, Bandura believed most human behavior is learned by watching other humans interact and perform. “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” (Bandura: 1977). For example, you will notice children constantly watching others, or particularly their parents, while they are cooking, doing a project, or interacting with others. Notice the child may start to mimic the parent and try to reenact what they just saw. This is what Bandura is explaining by watching the performance and...
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...Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. This is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. Autism is four more times prevalent in boys than girls. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle and educational levels do not affect the chance of autism's occurrence. Autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as many and one in 500 individuals. In this essay, I will discuss the signs and symptoms of autism, types of autism, the diagnosis of autism and studies done on autism. Autism affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. Children and adults with autism have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions and leisure or play activities. This disorder makes it hard for them to relate to the outside world. It is hard for them to communicate with others. Aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may be present in some cases. They may exhibit repeated body movement, such as hand flapping or rocking, unusual responses to people or attachments to objects and resistance to changes in routines. They possibly will experience sensitivities in the five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Children will be within the pervasive development until the ages of 24-30 months, when parents may notice delays in lang... ... middle...
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...Schulte (2011), behavioral psychologists believe that behavior is learned and advocate a three-factor mode of behavior referred to as the ABC model, which involves antecedents, behavior, and consequences. As a result, direct assessment involving observations related to the ABC checklist and scatterplots are utilized as part of a functional behavioral analysis in Cognitive Behavioral Consultation (CBC) (Brown, Pryzwansky, and Schulte, 2011; Ellingson, Miltenberger, & Long, 1999). However, behaviorists do not place as much importance on other influences of behavior, such as thoughts, culture, environment, etc. (Brown et al., 2011). Due to the influence of cognitive and social learning theories, behavioral-eclectic models of consultation have been developed, which look at a broader range of influences to...
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...female with no major medical problems. She lives at home with her mother, father, and two sisters. Sara attends a school for children with developmental disabilities. Sara attends school five days per week from 830 to 230. Her class is made up of 6 other students, one special education teacher and 2 to 3 aides. Sara has trouble with transitions both at school and in her home. Sara loves to go to school, but has trouble with the transitions throughout her day. Her parents have seen this in the home as well. Sara’s parents report that she will throw scream, cry, bite, kick climb on furniture and swipe items onto the floor Sara also will throw self onto the floor. This behavior occurs daily. It has also been witnessed by the parents the Sara become angry when she is asked to move to the next activity or tasks. The episodes will last from anywhere from 2 minute up to one hour. The staff at school did a recording of the episodes. The durations of the behavior and what prompted this behavior to happen. Sara parents want this behavior to stop, so they will start a plan at home as well. They feel that the behaviors are in the way of Sara ability to learn. At this time no major issues in the family or otherwise, no medications or treatments. In the past Sara had ear tubes put in for fluid buildup. II. Operational Definition of the Target Behavior Biting, screaming, crying, biting, kicking, climbing on furniture, swiping items on the floor and throwing herself onto floor, are the major...
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...Challenging Behaviors in the Preschool Classroom Challenging behaviors come in many shapes and sizes. Some children have tantrums, others may go hide in a corner and some may even get extremely aggressive. The underdeveloped or emerging language and social/emotional skills of preschool children can lead to challenging behaviors in the classroom when they cannot communicate their needs. Finding strategies that will enhance the development of their language and social/emotional skills will help to deter the challenging behaviors. Smith and Fox (2003) (qtd. In Powell, Dunlap, and Fox 26) define challenging behavior in young children as “any repeated pattern of behavior, or perception of behavior, that interferes with or is at risk of interfering with optimal learning or engagement in prosocial interactions with peers and adults.” Challenging behaviors can be a behavior that encumbers the child’s development of their social, cognitive and emotional skills (Kaiser and Rasminsky 7). Some of these behaviors can be harmful to the child themselves or to other children or adults. Many adults tend to put labels on those children with challenging behaviors. Kaiser and Rasminsky stated “A Rose by Any Other Name” (9), here are some of the labels many of us have heard or even used ourselves, ”High maintenance, noncompliant, disruptive, and out of control” just to name a few (Kaiser and Rasminsky 9). When labels are used to identify a child with those challenging behaviors, the child basically...
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...Model |Description |Limitations |Notes | | |Biological Model |Examine the presence of atypical development and |Cannot provide all the information|Looks at behavior from an organic standpoint. | | |sequential behavioral differences. Neurological and |needed by educational personnel in| | | |Neurochemical factors, chromosomal abnormalities, |the delivery of educational and | | | |prenatal difficulties, gene defect, postnatal brain |behavior support. | | | |damage. | | | |Developmental Model |As children age, they proceed through several stages |Model fails to inform us |Piaget: Assimilation- fit new stimuli into | | |of development, own unique set of characteristics. |completely in how to adapt to |their comfort zone. | | | |children with atypical |Accommodation- children modify their cognitive | | | ...
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...Organizational Behavior MBA 530 CASE ANALYSIS NO. 3 Canine Companions for Independence BACKGROUND: Canine Companions for independence (hereinafter CCI), was founded in July 1975 as a non-profit organization that provides highly skilled Assistance Dogs for people with disabilities. CCI survives completely on private support of individuals and/or corporations. Dedicated supports have helped CCI recognize a huge growth since its beginning. CCI is now the largest Assistance Dogs organization in the world. Many doctors and therapists agree that, the most advanced technology capable of transforming the lives of people with disabilities has a cold nose and a warm heart. The organization usually trains Golden Retrievers, Labradors Retrievers and a crossbreed of the two to assist children and adults with disabilities other than blindness for free. One may assist the organization through various methods, which include sponsorship, tributes, monthly gifts, and one-time donations. CCI operates training centers in many different states in the United States, including, but not limited to California, Florida, and New York. CCI has a proud tradition of volunteer support. The trainers and participants volunteer their services for breeding and puppy raising programs. It is not uncommon for one to be put on a waiting list to become puppy raisers. Breeder dogs and their puppies are the basis of the foundation. To be selected for the breeder program, the dogs must endure...
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...Learning Personality Theories The world is full of human beings of different cultures. Individual personalities evolve from the environmental observation of others. Cultural differences are the core factors to personality and human interaction in the environment (Piekkola, 2011). Personalities can change as behaviors are modified, and certain personality traits, while uniquely formed to each individual, have common roots within specific cultural backgrounds. Cultural backgrounds stem from common grounds of beliefs and personalities that form from those environments but differ depending on geographic location. However, traits that evolve from constitution and temperament have minimal effects of changes in the environment; consequently, socially adapted traits may improve, alter, or even dissipative (Piekkola, 2011). Common personality traits that are culturally learned might remain stable over time depending on the cultural patterns that have worked to produce them. Personality traits may still change to conform to environmental exposure. Through various social contingencies, personalities may encounter various changes in order to adapt and live in the world today (Piekkola, 2011). Individuals learn from an interaction between the self, others, and the environment and any changes that occur within the personality function as an adaptive coping mechanism within these specific interactions. In this conversation, the authors will discuss the various learning and behaviorally...
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...Saint Leo University My report will consist of children’s behavior from preschool all the way through elementary school. This paper presents disruptive behavior in young behaviors in young children which includes Attention Deficit Disorder that consist of being hyper all day whether they in school or they are at home. The new method that they find out if a child has a behavior problem is to distinct between normative behavior and a typical behavior during their growth years. During their growth years while they are in preschool years they act out their developmental period that they starting to develop autonomy. A big deal of different behavior changes that fall under the Rubric outgoing behavior. Some children have Attention Deficit Disorder and don’t even know it until they are tested by their Physician. Most children in preschool mock other children and they pick up everything that other children are doing and also what they have learned to speak. Parents always asked themselves can you teach a young child or children to manage to manage their own behavior. According to (McDavis,2007) you can teach them self-management to pay attention to the oneself behavior and also to complete activities using effective appropriate behavior. You basically have to ask yourself like I did when I had preschoolers and elementary school age children. Is the child able to make different accurate self –assessments to her or his behavior then you need to ask yourself is the child’s current level...
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...How To Achieve Permanent, Measurable Improvements In Performance Edit Article | Posted: May 11, 2007 The decades-long quest to transfer what is learned in the classroom to improved performance in the workplace has been a confounding one. For one thing, it isn't easy to change behavior patterns, because they've been ingrained over time. To correct performance issues, new behaviors have to be introduced and consistently reinforced over the long term. This means following up programs with enough continued learning, feedback, coaching and accountability to stimulate the growth of new neuronal connections that eventually take the place of old ones. Unaware of this reality, organizations have wasted billions of dollars annually investing in learning programs that fail to change behavior. The greater challenge of the quest for this "Holy Grail" is that the solution doesn't involve fixing just one thing. A myriad of variables within an organization influence whether learning is reinforced until new behavior patterns are established. A process I call Train-to-Ingrain was designed to achieve permanent, measurable improvements in performance by optimizing aspects of training and development that impact on learning transfer: - COMMITMENT - Support follow-up reinforcement - COACHING - Prepare direct managers for their development role - FOLLOW-UP - Integrate reinforcement programs with assessment and training programs - ACCOUNTABILITY - Measure performance improvement...
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...Healthy Children.org Attention spans of 6- to 9-year-olds are still short (no joke), and there is difficulty trying to process information from many sources. Most of these children still need a more in-depth form of show-and tell for instruction. Do not expect them to remember long, detailed directions and carry them out completely, or you risk an episode of brain overload. Unrealistic expectations from instructors can lead to unpleasant situations if children are not able to complete a laundry list of plays. Visual and verbal teaching in short segments is a much more successful approach. Instructors and children feel a sense of accomplishment when many small tasks are completed successfully rather than partially completing a large, complicated task. Remember, some of us are still memory-challenged as adults and can’t even remember a grocery list without writing it down. Thank goodness for little sticky notes. Sports and activities with complex skills require quick assessment of a situation, rapid decision making, and mature levels of transitional skills. Examples of a few of these sports are the more advanced forms of soccer, basketball, hockey, volleyball, baseball, water polo, softball, lacrosse, and football. By all means, kids can be learning the basics of these sports at young ages, but do not expect high levels of performance in most kids in this age group because the development of their memory and complex thinking patterns is still limited. As usual, there are...
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...What is Social Learning Theory? The social learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. While the behavioral theories of learning suggested that all learning was the result of associations formed by conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment, Bandura's social learning theory proposed that learning can also occur simply by observing the actions of others. His theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling) this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. People learn through observing others behavior , attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. Social Learning Theory explains human beahvior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive , behavioral and environmental influences. Necessary conditions for effective modelling are: ATTENTION: various factors increases or decreases the amount of attention paid. In order to learn, you need to be paying attention. Anything that distracts your attention is going to have a negative effect on observational learning. If the model interesting or there is a novel aspect to the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning. RETENTION: remembering what you paid attention to. Includes symbolic...
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