...INTRODUCTION Adolescents in their developmental period undergo tumultuous physical, cognitive and psychosocial milestones, which are subsequently influenced by their environmental interactions with particular focus on the home and school environment, and the conceivable atypical condition of anxiety. The developmental period of adolescence finds children undergoing pivotal biological, social and cognitive changes that transform their bodies and minds from childhood to adulthood (Sigelman and Rider, 2012). This period is characterised by adolescents endeavouring to become independent, self-aware and apart of the adult world. As a result adolescents find themselves engaging in various social relationships, and their role in society dramatically...
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...Describe two (2) developmental changes that occur in adolescence. When approaching the description of two developmental changes that occur in adolescence, it is essential to initially comprehend the definition of adolescence. Adolescence is defined as “the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development.” Two different developments occurring during this period are cognitive and emotional developments, both of which can be associated with developmental psychological theories. Cognitive development is one type of development occurring during adolescence, related to the way in which an adolescent thinks. Post-conventional moral reasoning, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, is associated with the cognitive development in adolescence. During this stage, societal rules and conventions move from an authoritative point of view to being seen with relativity and subjectivity. Post-conventional moral reasoning is integral to the development of an adolescent as it marks the realisation of independence in society, the precedence of an individual’s own thought, and the strengthening of one’s own principles of morality and reasoning. This means that a growing sense of independence and subjectivity is established within the adolescent, integral to adulthood later on in life. Emotional development is another type of development taking place throughout adolescence. Sigmund Freud established five (5) stages of emotional development known as the physosexual stages of development...
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...The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget’s cognitive development and occurs from birth to about age two. It focuses on infants with their use of their senses, hearing and seeing, including motor skills, such as sucking, hand-mouth coordination, and holding bottles to understand and learn their environment around them. Children in this stage will develop object permanence. Object permanence is the knowledge and Cognitive Development of Infancy and Childhood understanding that objects still exist even if the object cannot be seen, heard or touched. An adult may hide a stuff toy inside a basket from a 5-month–old baby. The baby will believe that the stuff toy no longer exists because it cannot be seen or touched by the baby due to the baby not having the knowledge of object permanence. The knowledge of object permanence will soon develop around the age of nine months. The baby will develop simple logical solutions and understand that the toy still exists inside the basket. Understanding of object permanence and gaining senses and motor skills indentifies progress to the next stage of preoperational. Preoperational The preoperational stage occurs from age two to seven years...
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...depends on the success of human developmental stages and his or her exposure to positive socialization. The following will present the relationship between human development and socialization. Then explain what an anxiety disorder is and how the relationship between human development and socialization is affected by this disorder. Human development, socialization, and anxiety disorder have one common factor they relate to every race, culture, gender, and age group. Human Development Relationship to Socialization Human Development The psychological, social, and physical changes that and individual experiences in a lifespan from conception to death is known as human development (Shiraev, 2010). All cultures accept and understand human developmental stages. Specialists are able to identify biological, physiological changes, and behavioral norms to all cultural norms. For instance in many developmental books common life span stages are distinguished by stages like prenatal, infancy, the two stages of childhood early and middle, adolescences, and the three stages of adulthood (early, middle, and late). These stages give a reference to what is acceptable and normal in every culture or environment (Shiraev, 2010). This is where socialization becomes important in development. For an individual to meet each stage of human development successfully he or she needs to be taught what is socially acceptable. Socialization For an individual to meet each stage of human development successfully...
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...Adolescent Cognitive Development After Trauma Raquel A. Figueroa Liberty University COUN 620-B02 Abstract In a generation of hopelessness, adolescents seek a purpose for their existence. They seek refugee from violence, abuse and maltreatment. The overwhelming pressure opens the door for instant gratification in drugs, alcohol, sexual activity, and fail to make appropriate adjustments in compromising circumstances. There is a correlation between traumatic experiences and adolescent cognitive development. A traumatic experience can alter an adolescent’s neural system and adversely affect the latter stages of brain development. Working with survivors of traumatic events requires an understanding of maladaptive behaviors, reactions and coping skills. Behavioral patterns emerge and become part of an adolescent’s personality. This paper will highlight the impact of traumatic experiences on adolescent cognitive development and their ability to foster an intrinsic knowledge of self. Maltreatment of adolescents has reached epidemic proportions within the United States. According to Bright (2008), “One in four children/adolescents experience at least one traumatic event before age 16” (p. 11). A study commissioned by Finkelhor, Ormrod, & Turner (2005) concluded the exposure to “physical abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence, community violence, and natural disasters is a common occurrence among children in the U.S.” (p. 314). Reports of...
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...deficit in coping skills. Treatment criteria of children and adults are the same, with the exception that children may display irritability rather than depressed or sad mood, and loss of weight may be seen as a failure gain appropriate weight milestones. Diagnosis and treatment should take into account developmental stage, suicidality, severity of depression, and social and environmental factors. The recommended therapies for mild depression include interpersonal therapy and cognitive behavior therapy and serve as appropriate adjuvant to medical treatments for those with moderate and severe depression. This paper explore depression among children, outlines different types of diagnosis, as well as the parameters for rare situations in which practitioners can try antidepressants when psychotherapeutic options fail and the depression is in severe stage. Introduction About 2.8 percent of children younger than 13 years suffer from depression at any given point in time (Clark, Jansen, & Cloy, 2012). The incidence of depression among children is a major concern because of the damaging and acute consequences associated with the disorder. Research shows that 60 percent of adolescents with depression experience recurrences throughout adulthood (Clark, Jansen, & Cloy, 2012). Moreover, adults with history of depression have high chances of committing suicide compared to those without history of the disorder (Clark, Jansen, & Cloy, 2012). The symptoms of depression in children...
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...What is the Impact of divorce on children and adolescents? RUCHISMITA Initial Reactions of Children to Divorce 1. Divorce is an intensely stressful experience for all children, regardless of age or developmental level; many children are inadequately prepared for the impending divorce by their parents. A study in 1980 found that less than 10% of children had support from adults other than relatives during the acute phase of the divorce. 2. The pain experienced by children at the beginning of a divorce is composed of: a sense of vulnerability as the family disintegrates, a grief reaction to the loss of the intact family. 3. Many children do not realize their parents' marriage is troubled), loss of the non-custodial parent, a feeling of intense anger as the disruption of the family, and strong feelings of powerlessness. 4. Unlike bereavement or other stressful events, it is almost unique to divorcing families that as children experience the onset of this life change, usual and customary support systems tend to dissolve, though the ignorance or unwillingness of adults to actively seek out this support for children. Developmental Considerations in the Response of Children 1. A major focus of the scholarly literature on divorce is the grouping of common reactions of children by age groups. 2. Preschool (ages 3-5): These children are likely to exhibit a regression of the most recent developmental milestone achieved. Additionally, sleep disturbances and an exacerbated fear of...
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...important to be mindful of the framework of sexuality in general. The term homosexuality is used to depict the comprehension of sexuality however; in today’s society; the preferred verbiage to define individuals is being gay or lesbian. Homosexuality and Life-span Development Sullivan and Schneider (1987) argue that homosexual coming out in youth has to be seen from a non-derogatory developmental perspective. In an attempt to react to the unique pressures found in adolescents showing an increasing gay or lesbian identity, psychologists and counselors must become familiar with the distinctive development of gay and lesbian adolescents, in addition to the sexual identity development literature in general. Reviewing the developmental issues of gay and lesbian adolescents creates thoughts concerning developing services to assist them. Often times, adults are hesitant to pay attention to adolescent communications concerning sexuality. These feelings begin to arise during what Erik Erikson has defined as stage 5: Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion and more often than not, when adolescents refer to themselves as gay or lesbian, it is written off as experimentation, an adjustment reaction, or simply a phase (Niolon, 2011). While homosexual experimentation is quite common during this phase of life-span development, and that a number of it is...
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...The Case Study PSYC 210: Developmental Psychology Spring D 2015 Antonio Robinson L270221508 APA In the case study presented, a situation was highlighted in which a child’s impulsivity caused a deadly outcome to occur. Observance of behavioral experiments and theories, over the years, has given the understanding that a child’s behavior is influenced by what they see, hear, and are taught from other children and adults. As brain functioning develops, children learn how to process simple thoughts and emotions into more complex reasoning skills. They will also become more experienced, thoughtful, and less impulsive as they mature. Children will experience multiple stages of development and growth until they finally reach adulthood. In the case of the 6 year old mentioned above, the child cannot be held responsible for the crime that was committed because the factors that determine brain development and functioning have not fully matured. Legally, no child under the age of 7 can be held accountable for their actions until all of the biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial portions of brain and behavioral functioning have fully matured. First of all, the biosocial aspect of development in early childhood relates to brain development and thought processes. A majority of the brain is already present and operational by age 2 (Berger, 2014, p.219), however, the prefrontal cortex of the brain is considered to be the last part to mature. This region of the brain helps with...
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...Lifespan and Personality Development Adolescence There are many factors that affect the physical, cognitive, social, moral and personality development in an adolescent. Adolescence as defined in the dictionary, is the transitional period between puberty and adulthood in human development extending mainly over the teen years (RHCD, 1980). Adolescence is the time that can bring various changes physical, social and emotional. Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty. This usually occurs during the ages of twelve to twenty years old. Puberty is the period during which the reproductive system matures. This process is characterized by the increase in sex hormones (RHCD, 1980). Heredity and the environment both plays a significant role in the development of various human traits. Genes are determinants of heredity, and each individual carries genes from the mother and father. Characteristics such as height, weight, skin color, eye and hair color are all determined through the balance of genes in the body. Genes are responsible for cognitive and mental processes as well as physical features (ehow.com). Adolescents undergo a wide range of physical changes in a very short time, which is a result of biological and hereditary factors, but environmental influences are also significant. There are rapid height and weight gains, which generally takes place earlier in girls, more body fat is generated in girls where muscles are developed in boys. Changes in hormone levels trigger...
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...Adolescent development Deborah Christie, consultant clinical psychologist Middlesex Adolescent Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London. Russell Viner Copyright and License information ► This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. In the care of adolescent patients, all aspects of clinical medicine are played out against a background of rapid physical, psychological, and social developmental changes. These changes produce specific disease patterns, unusual presentations of symptoms, and above all, unique communication and management challenges. This can make working with adolescents difficult. However, with the right skills, practising medicine with young people can be rewarding and fruitful. These skills are needed by everyone who works with young people in the course of their work. As a young person enters adolescence, their parents are still largely responsible for all aspects of their health. By the end of adolescence, health issues will be almost entirely the responsibility of the young person. The challenge is to maintain an effective clinical relationship while the health responsibilities transfer from the parents to the young person.person. Figure 1 Specialised clinical communication skills are needed to take an accurate history, bearing in mind new life domains not applicable to children (sex and drugs) and adding communication and engagement of the family to the standard adult consultation. Physical examinations of adolescents...
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...Module code: HRPYC81 Research report for Project: 4805 Assignment number: 27 Title of Study: The Determinants Of Moral Development In Curbing Adolescents’ Moral Decay. Surname: Zondo Initials: G. L. Student number: 43097855 Examination period: October/November 2015 1 The Determinants Of Moral Development In Curbing Adolescents’ Moral Decay. Abstract The study explored the determinants of moral development in curbing adolescents’ moral decay. These determinants included identity development, gender, parental (mother) relationship with adolescent, and ethical and moral values. A mixed-model method (both quantitative and qualitative) was used to conduct the study. Participants were sampled through convenience sampling. The sample of a total of 1387 from the pooled data was used for the quantitative part of the research. While for the qualitative study a sample of 20 adolescents (10 boys and 10 girls) who were high-school students (in grade 10 and 11) from 12 to 18 years of age from Gebeni High School in Swaziland was used. The researcher aimed to investigate the extent of determinants of moral development in curbing adolescents’ moral decay and to make recommendations on the development of socialization structures to curb adolescents’ moral decay. Findings revealed that the determinants played a major role in adolescents’ moral development. However, further research is needed to be conducted with a lager sample for the qualitative study. 2 From a scholarly point of view...
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...Expectation of Development in Early Adolescence Amy Whalen Carrington College, Reno Expectation of Development in Early Adolescence Bone fractures are a common occurrence during the childhood years. Children are vulnerable to injury because of the daily activities they perform, the risks they take, and the rate of growth. This can impact the growth and development both physiologically and psychologically for the child. Adolescents can view this type of injury as an impact on their social development and can see their recovery as a slow process that is robbing them of their time with their peers. Although it is crucial to focus on the healing process physiologically for an adolescent, it is also important to ensure the teen is developing appropriately through the psychological stages of life. The developmental stages introduced by Erikson, Freud, Piaget, and Kohlberg help to determine a child’s path into adulthood. This patient is a fourteen year old male that lives at home with his parents and is a freshman in high school. The patient appears to be well nourished, his stated age, and aware of his surroundings. When the patient was playing soccer when he was involved in a collision with his opponent. He was struck in the right leg and fell to the ground with severe pain. The patient was transported to the emergency department by his coach for apparent trauma to the right leg. After being evaluated by the emergency room physician, the patient was diagnosed with a...
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... Ney Brown PSY104: Child and Adolescent Development Instructor: Daniella Atwell August 20,2012 “Child Development Theory” 2 Child development occurs from birth and continues throughout adulthood, and during their life span they go through many different changes, including language, physical growth, and cognitive abilities. Interest in this field has been very important to researchers because they want to know what happens during child development as well as the influences on development. There are a few theorist who have their views on child development and they are Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Understanding child development has become very important today as we all want to Know what a child actually goes through during their development, and later on in life because most of these things will affect them later on in life. Many people don’t realize the many different stages a child goes through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of development describes every aspect of development, by using stage approach, and other theories focus on cognitive and social growth, and with social development,...
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...Describe two (2) developmental changes that occur in “adolescence” Adolescence is generally viewed as a transitional stage between childhood and adulthood, where the adolescent has to face developmental changes, such as biological, psychological, cognitive, emotional, social, moral and spiritual changes. Physical Changes During adolescence, boys and girls experience physical changes: • For both sexes height and weight increase, underarm and pubic hair begins to grow, leg and arm hair becomes thicker and more apparent, perspiration increases, and levels of oil in the skin become high. • In girls, breasts become larger, nipples stand out more clearly, and the genitals grow and get a little darker and fleshier. On the inside, the uterus and ovaries also grow. At some point during the process, menarche (a girl’s first menstrual period) begins. • In boys, the testicles and penis become larger. At some point, the boy gains the capacity to ejaculate sperm. He also begins to have spontaneous erections. Most boys also experience nocturnal emissions which are spontaneous ejaculations of semen that occur during sleep. Cognitive Changes During adolescence (between 12 and 18 years of age), the developing teenager acquires the ability to think systematically about all logical relationships within a problem. The transition from concrete thinking to formal logical operations occurs over time. Each adolescent progresses at varying rates in developing his/her ability...
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