...Many populations are targeted in the United States, from aging population, patients with a particular chronic disease, children, patient with AIDS, patients requiring long term care and emergency management. AIDS is stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, patients with AIDS are highly impacted disease in the United States, impacting every city and every state every age and every race. Everyone is aware of AIDS how to prevent it but yet incurable disease once infected by it. Who can have AIDS? Everyone can get AIDS no matter what age, gender or race. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2011 the estimated number of persons diagnosed with AIDS in the United States was 32,052 of those persons 24,088 are among adult and adolescent males, 7,944 are among adult and adolescent females, and 15 diagnoses were among children under 13 years old. The CDC tracks AIDS information on seven racial and ethnic groups; American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander, white and multiple races. In 2011, estimated number of AIDS diagnoses American Indian/Alaska Native 3,787, Asian 9,054, Black/ African American 486,282, Hispanic 202,182, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 901, white 435,613 and multiple races 17,804. Gays and bisexual men of all races are the most severely affect by HIV/AIDS represent approximately 2% of the US population. Young men having sex with men age range13-24 accounted...
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...requires hospitalization. A small number of people can develop complications such as blood stream infections, seizures, kidney failure or arthritis. How does Shigella spread? Shigella is very infectious and spreads easily. An infected person sheds Shigella bacteria in their stool while they are sick and often for more than a week afterwards, and can spread the bacteria if they do not wash their hands well after using the toilet. Shigella spreads from person-to-person by close personal contact (such contacts to infected diapered children) or exposure to faeces of an infected person during sexual contact. It also spreads by eating foods or liquids contaminated by an infected person, or swallowing untreated recreational water (such as lakes or water park play fountains) contaminated with Shigella. Health care providers are required by law to report cases of shigellosis to the local health department. To prevent the spread of Shigella, local health departments are required to restrict activities of people with shigellosis who work in certain settings, such as day care, food-related businesses, and health care workers who have direct patient contact, until they are no longer infectious. How is shigellosis diagnosed and treated? A health care provider diagnoses shigellosis by collecting a sample of stool and sending it to a...
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...the personal/social impact of the disease. Infection by the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is symptomized by the growth of blisters, and usually open sores in later periods of outbreaks, on the infected area, whether on the mouth, eyes, genitalia or less common areas. Once an area is contaminated by the disease, usually through contact with the outbreak of a person suffering the disease, the infected individual will begin to feel a tingling sensation in the area within 1-2 weeks of infection. Eventually red spots will grow in the area and then develop into blisters within a week. These blisters will then burst into open sores which is the period in which the disease is most transmittable. The primary outbreak, of newly contracted HSV, is typically more severe than any of the following outbreaks. The two identified variants of the Herpes Simplex Virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2, share these symptoms but differ in associated areas of the lesion outbreaks, facial region and genital region respectively (though either variation can cause either disease) , and likeness of and periods between recurrences. It has been noted that in some cases of Genital Herpes there is no immediate outbreak upon transmittance of the HSV from host to patient. This fact is especially true of HSV-2 patients, of which 10-25% were unaware that they had contracted the virus as shown by studies. Genital Herpes is more commonly caused by HSV-2 but is known to be caused by HSV-1. Initial outbreaks of genital herpes...
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...the virus that causes AIDS ("The Body Complete HIV and Aids Resource", 2011). However there seems to be a very large number of individuals living with either HIV or AIDS and are unaware that they are infected. HIPAA existence is to provide privacy to patient’s medical history so individual with such disease can be ensure that his or information will be protected and remains confidential (Mair, 2009). HIPAA duty is to maintain confidentiality for a patient which is considered to be a legal and ethical priority for all health professionals. (webmd ,2011). AIDS is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which can spread from person to person because of infectious agent in contaminated blood. The human body’s defense cells called lymphocytes are destroyed by HIV. These cells are contained in the immune system which this body system helps to fight off intruders or infections. When HIV intrude and begun to destroy the body CD4 lymphocytes the body immune system become defenseless and starts to develops acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There has not been a cure for this disease so therefore individuals with this disease cannot fight off infections. There are a several ways that this disease can be transmitted such as unprotected sex (semen) with a person that is infected,...
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...genital tracts and act as source of infection to humans and other animals. • Rodents were the first recognized carriers of leptospirosis and are considered the primary source of infection to human beings. • Cattle, buffaloes, horses, sheep, goat, pigs and dogs are also considered common reservoirs of the bacteria that causes leptospirosis. Pathophysiology • Leptospirosis can be transmitted to humans through cuts and abrasions of the skin, or through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals. As animals are constantly in our environment, there is a particular danger of getting leptospirosis when flooding occurs, such as following a typhoon or very heavy seasonal rains, because of exposure to contaminated water when wading in floodwaters. • Leptospirosis can occasionally also be transmitted through the drinking of water or ingestion of food contaminated with urine of infected animals, often rats. • Human-to-human transmission occurs only very rarely. Risk Factors Outbreaks of leptospirosis have been reported following natural disasters such as flooding. The risk of infection depends on exposure. Some humans have a high risk of exposure because of their occupation, the environment they live in or their lifestyle. The main occupational groups at risk include: • farm and agricultural workers • pet shop workers • veterinarians • sewer workers • abattoir workers • meat handlers • military personnel • survivors...
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...diagnostic solution. From a finger prick and blood smear, Lifelens can digitally illustrate anemia, visualize blood cell rupture and parasites, and detect malaria. This can also reduce the costs of diagnosing malaria and increase the availability of treatment. What is Malaria? Malaria is a disease of warm, humid climates where pools of water constitute perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. The parasite was identified in human blood in 1880, but it wasn’t until 1889 that it was discovered malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. The Plasmodium parasites develop in the gut of the mosquito and are transferred to a human through saliva when an infected mosquito takes a blood meal or bites a human. These mosquitoes, also called Malaria vectors (malaria carrier, transporter, host), bite mainly between dusk and dawn. Once the parasites enter the human body, the parasites multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells. There are four types of human malaria caused by mosquitoes: * Plasmodium falciparum – the most widespread and dangerous of the four: untreated it can lead to fatal cerebral malaria * Plasmodium vivax – less serious * Plasmodium malariae – less serious * Plasmodium ovale – less serious Transmission of Malaria Malaria parasites are transmitted from one person to another by the female anopheline mosquito. Males do not transmit malaria because they...
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...United States Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as, HIV/AIDS. This diseases has made an impact on our community, towns, cities, and worldwide. This disease does not discriminate against age, gender, and race. Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that there are more than one million people living with HIV in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). It is believed that HIV first entered the United States in the year 1969 though one infected immigrant from the Haiti. The first cases of what would later become known as AIDS were reported in the United States in June of 1981. Since then, 1.7 million people in the U.S. are estimated to have been infected with HIV, including over 619,000 who have already died and approximately 1.2 million (1,178,350) adults and adolescents who were living with HIV infection at the end of 2008 (U.S. Statistics, 2010). The impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic spans the nation with HIV diagnoses having been reported in all 50 states. In the general impact that changing demographics may have on the health care market? Product, price, place and promotion play an important role in the health care market. Without product there is nothing to offer. Without the right price the product will not mean anything, and without the right place and promotion, consumers will not be aware of services provided or have access to services. In the health care market offers there is a wide range of services that...
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...CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY CHAPTER 2 : LITRETURE SURVEY 2.1 SURVEY IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES : - Many intelligent systems have been developed for the purpose of enhancing health-care and provide better health care facilities, reduce cost and etc. 2.2 OVERALL ARCHITECTURE OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUES:- The Centralized databases and www (World Wide Web) shares the patient data among the different cities used by doctor /practitioners for diagnosis. Single database system was only accessible to that city but the centralized database is accessed by all the cities. Fig2 shows the sharing knowledge between different cities where...
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...Coagulation defect G. Thrombocytopenia H. Leukocytosis 3. When a diagnostic statement of anemia is not qualified in any way, what should the coder do? I. Review the record for a surgical procedure; and if the patient had surgery, code as anemia due to acute blood loss. J. Review the medical record before assigning an unspecified type of anemia. K. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has been prescribed iron tablets, and code as iron-deficiency anemia. L. Review the medical record to determine if the patient has received chemotherapy, and assign the code for anemia due to antineoplastic chemotherapy. 4. Which of the following statements is true regarding a patient with documented sickle-cell trait? M. The patient has sickle-cell disease. N. Both of the patient’s parents carried the sickle-cell gene. O. The code for sickle-cell disease should be assigned. P. The patient received the sickle-cell gene from only one parent and is a carrier of the trait. 5. How should hemorrhagic disorder due to treatment with anticoagulants like Coumadin or heparin be coded? Q. D68.318 R. D68.32 and T45.515A S. D68.318 and T45.515A T. D68.32 6. A patient was admitted for lower gastrointestinal bleeding that is secondary to recurrent diverticulitis of...
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...wla lngTaenia saginata Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Cestoda Order: Cyclophyllidea Family: Taeniidae Genus: Taenia Species: T. saginata Binomial name Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 Taenia saginata, also known as Taeniarhynchus saginata or the beef tapeworm, is a parasite of both cattle and humans, causing taeniasis in humans. Taenia saginata occurs where cattle are raised by infected humans maintaining poor hygiene, human feces are improperly disposed of, meat inspection programs are poor, and where meat is eaten without proper cooking. The disease is relatively common in Africa, some parts of Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Taenia saginata proglottid stained to show uterine branches. The pore on the side identifies T. saginata as a cyclophyllid cestode. T. saginata is normally 4 m to 10 m in length, but can become very large, over 12 m long in some situations. The body is whitish in colour, divided into the anterior scolex, followed by a short neck and a highly extended body proper called the strobila. Unlike other tapeworms, the scolex does not have a rostellum or scolex armature. It is composed of four powerful suckers. The strobila is composed a series of ribbon-like segments called proglottids. The segments are made up of mature and gravid proglottids. T. saginata is the largest of genus Taenia, consisting between 1000 to 2000 proglottids, and can also have a lifespan of 25 years in a host's intestine...
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...infection of the cervix. It can be either symptomless or cause bleeding on contact and purulent discharge of the vagina [ (Ricci, 2013) ]. Chlamydia: Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium known as Chlamydia trachomatis. This bacterium is hard to detect because many women are asymptomatic and do not seek testing. If left untreated it can cause serious and permanent damage to a woman’s reproductive system; such as it can make it very difficult or impossible for a woman to become pregnant and can also cause fatal ectopic pregnancies and pre-term labor [ (Chlamydia-CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed), 2014) ]. It can also spread to a woman’s uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease, and pelvic pain. If a baby is born to an infected mother, it may contract eye and respiratory infections during childbirth [ (Toro, 2008) ]. Chlamydia is most common among young, sexually active persons aged 14-24. This is nearly three times the prevalence of persons aged 25-39. Chlamydia is 6.2 times more prevalent amongst non-Hispanic black than non-Hispanic whites [ (Chlamydia-CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed), 2014) ]. Anyone who is sexually active can contract Chlamydia. Chlamydia is transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. A person can contract Chlamydia through a male partner, even if ejaculation does not occur. That is why it is always important to wear contraceptive protection during sexual intercourse....
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...Who knew that just a quick kiss, a sip from someone’s cup, or being hit by collateral sneeze particles could spell disaster? “Mononucleosis” (mono), more commonly known as the kissing disease, is a disease that affects a person’s liver. Mono is mainly caused by the “Epstein-Barr virus” [EBV] which is a saliva based virus (Mayo Clinic 5). “Dr. E. Pfeiffer” was the first scientist to fully research this disease “in 1889” (Sleepydust 2). It is quite easy to become infected with EBV, which in turn, may result in the contraction of mono. The majority of people will succumb to this disease at some point during their life, and once they have it, it remains in their body forever. For some people, “…it is possible to be exposed to and infected with EBV without becoming sick,” but this is not always the case (Kids Health Organization 4)....
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...person through prolonged kissing or close bodily contact. Although this disease is spread from sores, the vast majority of those sores go unrecognized. The infected person is often unaware of the disease and unknowingly passes it on to his or her sexual partner. It is caused by a spirochete and is acquired through sexual contact. It may also be congenital in nature. ETIOLOGIC AGENT The infection is caused by a spirochete, Treponema pallidum. * T. pallidum has no other host but man. * From a fresh smear taken from a lesion, T. pallidum appears as a shiny, twirling thread twisting its way in a wave-like corkscrew motion through the debris in the smear. * it is believed that the spirochete can pass through the mucosa even through a crack on its surface may not be visible at the site of entry. 4. The organism is also able to pass through the plancenta and infect the developing fetus within the body of a syphilitic mother. 5. The spirochete does not withstand drying, but withstand considerable temperature variation. 6. Based on studies, the organism has been found alive in a drinking glass a half-hour after the glass has been rinsed with cold water. SOURCES OF INFECTION * Discharges from ovious or concealed lesions of the skin or mucous membranes. * The semen, blood, tears and urine of infected persons. * Mucous discharges from the nose, eyes, genital tract or bowels * Surface lesions contain spirochetes in very high numbers. INCUBATION...
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...| | |PLT 300 Term Paper | |Infectious Diseases | | | | | African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as many call it is a parasitic disease that can be contracted by either human or animals. The disease is transmitted by the tsetse fly which can be found all over Africa but the ones contaminated with the disease are found in region of sub-Saharan Africa. The disease has been said to have been in Africa since way back in the 14th century and one of the first epidemics that was recorded happened in 1901 in which a "devastating epidemic had erupted in Uganda, killing more than 250,000 people, about two-thirds of the population in the affected lake-shore areas" (CDC). According to the World Health Organization the disease covers 36 countries and 60 million people. The majority of the affected population...
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...contaminated with the virus then touch their nose, mouth or eyes. Characterized by high fevers, headaches, feeling of discomfort, some may have diarrhea and body aches most will present with a mild respiratory infections, which may lead to pneumonia (CDC, 2012). People that are exposed to the virus may not show symptoms until 2 to 7 days after exposure, this is the viruses average incubation period. SARS first appeared in southern China in 2002 in the Guangdong Province. The Chinese government did not make the outbreak known at this time. It wasn’t until March 2003 that SARS started gaining attention. The patients were presenting with an atypical pneumonia. It was believed that a businessman carrying the virus stayed in a Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong, at the same time a doctor from the Guangdong Providence was staying. The doctor had treated infected patients in Guangdong before going to visit Hong Kong. Shortly after the visit at the hotel, other quests and staff members started becoming ill. “ Of those were a tourist from Toronto, a flight attendant from Singapore, the businessman who subsequently traveled to Vietnam, and a local Hong Kong resident, who was visiting an acquaintance at the hotel” (Mendoza Monica, 2003). Guests of the hotel did not realize they were carrying the virus due to the long incubation period and traveled into Canada, Vietnam, and Singapore. These people presented with flu-like symptoms and therefore were not...
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