...Given better access control policy models, formal proofs of cryptographic protocols, approved firewalls, better ways of detecting intrusions and malicious code, and better tools for system evaluation and assurance, the problems can be solved. In this note, I put forward a contrary view: information insecurity is at least as much due to perverse incentives. Many of the problems can be explained more clearly and convincingly using the language of microeconomics: network externalities, asymmetric information, moral hazard, adverse selection, liability dumping and the tragedy of the commons. risk of forged signatures from the bank that relies on the signature (and that built the system) to the person alleged to have made the signature. Common Criteria evaluations are not made by the relying party, as Orange Book evaluations were, but by a commercial facility paid by the vendor. In general, where the party who is in a position to protect a system is not the party who would suffer the results of security failure, then problems may be expected. A different kind of incentive failure surfaced in early 2000, with distributed denial of service attacks against a number of high-profile web sites. These exploit a number of subverted machines to launch a large coordinated packet flood at a target. Since many of them flood the victim at the same time, the traffic is more than the target can cope with, and because it comes from many different sources, it can be very difficult to stop [7]. Varian pointed out...
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...Trusted computing base: hardware, software, amd firmware. 1 or more coponents enforce a unified security policy. uses a concept called reference monitor mediates any access by a user to any object such as data and resources, can never be bypassed, cannot by corrupted the best design isolates the reference monitor so it can't be altered by other objects or processes. You monitor it to see that it is working and that it is doing only what it is supposed to do. If you couldnt verify this the monitor wouldn't be very useful because you wouldn't know if malware had gotten around it. A trusted system can be expected to uphold any requirements that the data owners would have for reliability, security, and effectiveness. Otherwise you couldn't trust it. Who owns the data in this system? A user might own a data object but the reference monitor decides which subjects have access to any objects based on security clearance. Subject: A subject is a person or a process that is trying to gain access to the object. Object: An object is that specific thing in a trusted system that some person or process is trying to access. Ring of Trust: The center ring is also called the center host can access anything in any of the outer rings and is the most trusted. A host on the outermost ring is the least trusted and it can't do much. A host in one of the middle rings can access anything in a more outer ring, but nothing in a more inner ring than itself. Rule 1) Each host always trusts any host...
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...for any other purpose without the written permission of the submitting parties. Also, be aware that no contact can be made with the offerors under any circumstances to discuss this solicitation. The technical evaluations must assess the qualities of responses based solely on the factors and sub factors as specified in the solicitation, reproduced in Attachment (1) for your convenience, and the TEP report must discuss and substantiate in detail the TEP’s findings regarding each evaluation criteria. All TEP members’ evaluations must adhere strictly to the subject RFP’s evaluation criteria. There must be no comparison of offerors’ responses in the initial review. The following individuals have been designated as members of the Technical Evaluation Panel (TEP) for No changes to the TEP membership are permitted unless requested and approved, in writing, by the Source Selection Authority (SSA). Attachments: (1) Technical Evaluation Criteria (2) Guidelines for Interrogatories (3) Do’s and Don’ts during the evaluation process (4) Certification on Use and Disclosure of Responses (5) Past Performance Questionnaire (6) Scoring Plan (7) Sample Evaluation Memo cc: Solicitation File: I. GENERAL INFORMATION The purpose of the...
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.................................................................................. 3 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 4 2.1. Classification .................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM)....................................................................... 5 3. Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 5 3.1. Alternatives ...................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Criteria............................................................................................................................... 6 3.3. Decision Matrix ................................................................................................................ 7 3.4. Simple Additive Weighted Method (SAW) ...................................................................... 8 3.5. Weighted Product Method (WPM) .................................................................................. 9 3.6 Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOSIS) ........................ 10 3.7. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) ................................................................................ 11 3.8. Analysis with...
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...future where ideas and projects have a shelf life and have to happen very quickly, often as a matter of survival. There is everything from simple, agile approaches to very complex mathematical and computer modeling solutions that attempt to simplify Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). The longer you look, the more you begin to realize just how complicated this subject is. MWV didn’t get all it’s vendors the same way. Vendors were evaluated in different ways, some more some less. Many different approaches or methodologies were used to evaluate the criteria. Different tools were also used. There are many different criteria that were considered or ignored. It seems like the list of criteria just grows and grows over time. Dickson (23 criterion) and Weber (10 criterion) and then Zhang introduced and summarized supplier selection criteria from publication reviews starting in 1966. . Sim, Omar Chee and Gan in A Survey on Supplier Selection Criteria...” further categorize criteria into qualifying, selection and additional factors, and distill six main categories in this order: price, delivery, quality, services, supplier relationship and management, and organization status. I think that the best set of criteria for my organization and business area will vary from project to project but touch on these main categories. We should use use an...
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...the stakeholders for selecting certain projects using weights obtained by AHP as inputs to (ZOGP) model. This is first done by identifying the projects from each individual stakeholder's viewpoint. Further, an aggregate model that simultaneously combines the viewpoints of the three stakeholders is built assuming that the three stakeholders have equal weights. Results show that the aggregate model does strike a balance not only among the conflicting criteria, but more importantly, it strikes a balance among the different stakeholders. Therefore, the aggregate model would make it easier for stakeholders to reach a consensus. Keywords: Multi Criteria Optimization; Project Prioritization; Integrated AHP-ZOGP; Multi-stakeholder. 1. Introduction Traditional methods used in project selection usually justify the projects using low level capital budgeting which works well for investments with clearly defined benefits as monetary values, but do not work well for longer term strategic investments [1]. This is because intangible criteria, such as environmental, social cannot be converted into exact monetary values [2]. Thus traditional methods ignore intangible benefits and long-term perspectives. Alidi [3] used analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the initial viability of industrial...
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...My specific contributions to the ODD project were to provide a comparative diagnostic analysis covering DSM-IV-TR and DSM V criteria. The symptoms did change a little between the two and in the DSM V the criteria is broken down into sub-classifications which are angry-irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness. This change highlights that the disorder reflects both emotional and behavioral symptomatology. Also for the DSM V the sub-classifications need to be happening for at least six months as evidenced by at least four symptoms from any of the following categories, and exhibited during interaction with at least one individual who is not a sibling, compared to the DSM-IV-TR where, a pattern of negativistic, hostile,...
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...Current Issues and Possible Solutions Regarding the Borderline Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Although definitions of mental illness have changed over time, many problems still exist within the world of mental health. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, used to diagnose mental illnesses, is not perfect. Borderline Personality Disorder is one of many disorders addressed within this manual, and problems exist within the diagnosis of this disorder too. As it currently stands, the DSM diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder is not sufficient because of issues with under diagnosis, potential misclassification, stigma and gender bias. Before discussing if the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual...
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...The DSM-IV is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association. It provides a holistic approach to mental health by categorising disorders into five axes, that provide a broad range of information about the individual’s functioning, (Sue, Wing-Sue, Sue & Sue, 2012). In distinguishing abnormal from normal, the behaviour must be clinically significant and associated with intensive distress, impairment, social dysfunction or increased personal or public risk, however it must be unrelated to grief caused by recent personal loss, (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Holt et al, 2012). The distinct criteria and descriptive information in the DSM-IV, enables clinicians to make quick diagnoses based on an individual’s symptoms. It can also be used in legal proceedings, to determine the mental state of individuals and ensure they receive appropriate sentencing in psychiatric care rather than prison. It is versatile and the only manual that strictly focuses on mental health which is why it is referred to as the Gold Standard of clinical diagnosis. The DSM-IV has also played a vital role in the development of research and treatments for mental health, which has improved many patients’ quality of life. Keenan et al. (2007) examined the reliability of the DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms, in 3-5 year old children. The mothers were interviewed about their...
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...instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affect. Contents Introduction 2 DSM-IV Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder 2 Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorders 4 Instruments Available for the Assessment/Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder 5 Problems Related to Assessing and Classifying/Diagnosing 16-20 Year Olds 5 Conclusion 8 Bibliography 9 Introduction I will discuss the problems related to assessing and classifying / diagnosing 16 to 20 year olds with patterns of impulsivity, instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affect. These criteria are directed toward a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (here forth referred to as the DSM-IV-TR) personalities are defined as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself. Personality traits are prominent aspects of personality that are exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts. Only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either significant functional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute a Personality Disorder.(Association, 2000) The manifestations of personality disorders are often recognized in adolescence and continue throughout most of adult life. DSM-IV Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder According to the DSM-IV-TR the fundamental feature of borderline personality...
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...people diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder include, sales, management, and business professionals, as well as con artists. This is not an exhaustive list of careers for the antisocial person, as it is common practice for an antisocial person to be a career criminal, and in the most severe cases a serial killer. APD has been defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association as a person having, “a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others” (1994, p.645). The criteria outlined in the DSM-IV notes that APD behavior is indicated by at least 3 of the following characteristics: 1) failure to conform to social norms, 2) deceitfulness, 3) impulsivity, 4) irritability, 5) reckless disregard for safety of self or others, 6) consistent irresponsibility, and 7) lack of remorse (1994, p. 645). It is essential to isolate the cause or causes of antisocial behavior because people with APD account for such a large portion of the criminal population. In The Antisocial Personalities, David Lykken notes, “that these criteria identify more than half of the men we refer to as common...
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...DSM-5 Although DSM-5 has made some positive revisions compared with its previous editions, critics still argued that the DSM-5 led to the diagnostic inflation even worse. As the chair of the DSM-4 task force, Frances argued that DSM-4 already caused serious overdiagnosis, and the DSM-5 caused the inflation even worse (2012). The major criticisms towards the DSM-5 were diagnostic hyperinflation and over-medication in treatments caused by the guide of this manual. Also, the problem of its ambiguous language was still not solved. Lastly, the purpose of the DSM-5 was questioned because critics doubted whether the DSM-5 was a guide for psychiatrists or a tool for making profits. First, the changes from the DSM-4 to the...
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...illnesses. Also, the media are oftentimes blamed for the rise in the incidence of eating disorders due to the fact that media images of idealized slim physical shape of people such as models and celebrities motivate or even force people to attempt to achieve slimness themselves. The media are accused of distorting reality, in the sense that people portrayed in the media are either naturally thin and thus unrepresentative of normality or unnaturally thin by forcing their bodies to look like the ideal image by putting excessive pressure on themselves to look a certain way. Eating disorders are classified as Axis I disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association. There are various other psychological issues that may factor into eating disorders, some fulfill the criteria for a separate Axis I diagnosis or a personality disorder which is coded Axis II and thus are...
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...that IRR between health professionals were low as .11 between different raters. This suggests that when independently assessing patients the diagnosis was rarely consistent between them, meaning the DSM tool is unreliable in accurately and consistently diagnosing schizophrenia. There are also cultural differences about the interpretations of schizophrenia which poses a threat to reliability of the diagnosis of schizophrenia. For example Copeland et al gave a description of a patient showing clinical characteristics associated with schizophrenia to US and UK psychiatrists. From the US psychiatrists 69% diagnosed the patients as schizophrenic compared to only 2% of the UK. This suggests that the diagnostic criteria had a different meaning in a different culture and therefore the diagnostic criterion is not reliable when used in a different cultural setting. And contains culture bias; as behavior in one country can be seen as relatively normal within the context of that culture but possibly a symptom of...
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...Description of the selected disorder Antisocial personality disorder is a personality disorder code 301.7. Antisocial personality disorder is an Axis II: Developmental and Personality disorder. (DSM-IV-TR, 2011)The DSM-IV says Personality disorders are clinical syndromes that have long lasting symptoms and have a significant effect on how a person lives. Axis II includes Paranoia, Antisocial, and Borderline Personality Disorders. (DSM-IV-TR, 2011) The DSM-IV groups the 11 personality disorders into three clusters based on common characteristics. Antisocial falls into cluster B. The common characteristics of this cluster are: “dramatic, emotional and erratic.”(Sadock& Sadock, 2002, p. 775) The other personality disorders that are categorized in this cluster are: Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic. A person with antisocial personality disorder will, disregard and violate the rights of others and show no remorse. They will be deceitful, aggressive, irresponsible and unsocialized. A person with antisocial personality disorder as a child will steal, harm animals, start fires, and most likely get in trouble in school. A lot of times the student ends up expelled. Into adult hood this person cannot hold down a job or maintain a healthy relationship; the person will be incarcerated for petty crimes, but also violent crimes with no regard for authority or rules. A person with antisocial personality disorder will think there is nothing wrong with them, but blame everyone for his...
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