...Diagnostic Imaging Modalities Skeletal metastases can be evaluated by four clinical imaging modalities: plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and skeletal scintigraphy. Plain Film Radiography Plain film radiographs are commonly used to evaluate symptomatic areas and to confirm findings seen with other imaging modalities. Because of its poor sensitivity (ie, 44% to 50% less sensitive than scintigraphy in detecting breast cancer metastases[3]), it is generally not used as a screening method.[3–5] Considerable bone destruction must be present before a bone metastasis is evident radiographically. An estimated 30% to 75% reduction in bone density is required for a lesion to be visualized on radiographs.[1] Moreover, the radiographic bone survey remains useful in the event of a "skeletal emergency," such as an impending pathological fracture, particularly of weight-bearing bones (Fig 2A). Radiography is invaluable for assessing the extent of cortical compromise and the risk of pathological fracture in tubular bones.[6] For example, lytic lesions that destroy 50% or more of the diaphyseal cortex can result in a 60% to 90% reduction in bone strength, significantly increasing the risk of fracture.[6] Radiographs are recommended for patients with symptoms of pain or tenderness that might be related to a weight-bearing bone (eg, femur or tibia).[6] The radiographic bone survey, however, remains important in staging of multiple myeloma due...
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...Chapter 3 BASIC PATIENT CARE and SAFETY in DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING A patient coming to the Radiology Department from outside the hospital is frequently required to remove all or some items of clothing before a radiographic examination can be performed.We are here to serve for those patients who needs our service.So in this chapter, different care to be performed on patients will be discuss. Care of Patient Belongings Many patients bring jewelry, a purse, or other valuables to the diagnostic imaging department. Body Mechanics Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the center of the earth. Any movement requires an expenditure of energy to overcome the force of gravity. Moving and Transferring Patients The RT is occasionally called on to transfer a patient to or from a hospital ward, or he may have to direct a porter to do this. Assessing the Patient’s Mobility Before the RT begins to move a patient, he must assess the patient’s ability to aid in the process. This assessment can take place with the patient sitting, lying, or standing. Methods of Moving Patients by Gurney by wheelchair Radiation Safety It is the RT’s responsibility to protect himself, the patient, his coworkers, and any other person who is present while a procedure involving the use of radiation is being performed from any unnecessary exposure to radiation. Positioning the Patient for Diagnostic Imaging Examinations It is the proper positioning of the patient...
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...The Future of Cardiovascular Diagnostics THE MARKET, TRENDS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS Extracted on: 20 Apr 2011 Reference Code: BI00021-008 Publication Date: 02 Mar 2010 Publisher: Datamonitor © Datamonitor This content is a licensed product, no part of this publication shall be reproduced, sold, modified or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Datamonitor. The information in this document has been extracted from published research by a registered user of the Datamonitor360 platform. Datamonitor shall not be responsible for any loss of original context and for any changes made to information following its extraction. All information was current at the time of extraction although the original content may have been subsequently updated. Please refer back to the website http://360.datamonitor.com/ to view the most recent content and the original source of the information. To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law we exclude all representations, warranties and conditions relating to the facts of all publications. At time of publication no guarantee of accuracy or suitability, whether express or implied, shall attach to this publication (including, without limitation, any warranties implied by law of satisfactory quality, fitness for purpose and/or the use of reasonable care and skill). Please note that the findings, conclusions and recommendations...
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...def Pixel_RGB(px): setColor(px, makeColor((getRed (px) / 128) * 255, \ (getGreen(px) / 128) * 255, \ (getBlue (px) / 128) * 255)) return def Pixel_Negate(px): setColor(px, makeColor(255 - getRed (px), \ 255 - getGreen(px), \ 255 - getBlue (px))) return def Pixel_Mono(px): Avg = (getRed(px)+ getGreen(px) + getBlue(px))/3 if Avg > 127: setColor (px, white) else: setColor (px,black) return def Pixel_Gray (px): grayScale = (getRed(px) + getGreen(px) + getBlue(px)) setColor (px, makeColor(grayScale, grayScale, grayScale)) return def Pixel_Inc_R(px): R = getRed(px) R = R + 20 setRed(px, R) return def Pixel_Dec_R(px): R = getRed(px) R = R - 20 setRed(px, R) return def Pixel_Inc_G(px): G = getGreen(px) G = G + 20 setGreen(px,G) return def Pixel_Dec_G(px): G = getGreen(px) G = G - 20 setGreen(px,G) return def Pixel_Inc_B(px): B = getBlue(px) B = B + 20 setBlue(px, B) return def Pixel_Dec_B(px): B = getBlue(px) B = B - 20 setBlue(px, B) return def Pixel_Lighter(px): R = getRed(px) G = getGreen(px) B = getBlue(px) R = R + 20 G = G + 20 B = B + 20 setRed(px,R) setGreen(px,G) setBlue(px,B) return def Pixel_Darker (px): R = getRed(px) G = getGreen(px) B = getBlue(px) ...
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...Diagnostic Medical Sonographers “Its a great experience. Everytime i see the belly getting bigger, and i see the sonogram and i hear his heartbeat, i'm like “oh man”(“Jencarlos Canela”). Explaining how great and exciting it is to be a diagnostic medical sonographer. Talking about seeing how fast the baby is growing and how well the heartbeat is beating. Being a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer provides one with a solid salary and benefits, the satisfaction of benefiting society, and the advantages of career experiences. Not only sonogram technician occupations provides one with a solid salary, it also gives manageable working hours. Working hours with this career might not have many supporters but when someone that loves to help people and enjoys the work environment, it will be one amazing career choice. Diagnostic Medical Sonography businesses are open 24 hours, 7 days of the week. this includes night shifts as well as day shifts. The payment in this medical field is very solid and well paid. One that is paid...
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...Intervention | A modern fluoroscope | ICD-10-PCS | B?1 | MeSH | D005471 | A barium swallow exam taken via fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an X-ray source and fluorescent screen between which a patient is placed. However, modern fluoroscopes couple the screen to an X-ray image intensifier and CCD video camera allowing the images to be recorded and played on a monitor. The use of X-rays, a form of ionizing radiation, requires the potential risks from a procedure to be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. While physicians always try to use low dose rates during fluoroscopic procedures, the length of a typical procedure often results in a relatively high absorbed dose to the patient. Recent advances include the digitization of the images captured and flat panel detector systems; modern advances allow further reduction of the radiation dose to the patient. Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Invention of commercial instruments * 2.1 Analog instrument * 2.2 Digital instrument * 3 Risks * 4 Equipment * 4.1 X-ray image intensifiers * 4.2 Flat-panel detectors * 4.3 Contrast agents * 5 Imaging concerns * 6 Common procedures using fluoroscopy * 6.1 Gastrointestinal fluoroscopy * 6.2 Cine * 7 See also * 8 References...
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...Brief History of Medical Imaging Medical imaging has played a very significant role in medicine for over the last one hundred years. It is one of the most important diagnostic tools available to doctors and has revolutionized the medical diagnosis of patients. The use of medical imaging has enabled doctors to see inside a patient without having to cut them open. Medical imaging, especially X-ray examinations and sonography which is also known to some as ultrasound, is essential in an everyday medical setting. Preventive medicine as well as healing medicine depends on the proper diagnosis and treatment by physicians, and the use of diagnostic imaging can help evaluate the course of a disease, as well as assess and document the disease in response to the treatment. Medical imaging has rapidly expanded from the first medical image discovered by Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. During a late night experiment in November of 1895, Roentgen, a physics professor from Germany, was examining Crookes tubes. He noticed that some light had managed to pass through a tube that he had wrapped in thin black cardboard, reflecting on the wall of his dark laboratory. Upon further investigation he found that the light could also be passed through paper, books, and eventually through human flesh. Unintentionally, he had stumbled upon a very important discovery that led to the discovery of what we now call an X-ray. One of the very first x-rays was one...
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...Extraordinary anabasis has been constructed over the past two decades in the development and expansion of modern medical imaging technologies. The evolution of advancements, including computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as considerable innovations to conventional imaging modalities, have revolutionized medical imaging in remarkable strides. These advancements in imaging and informative technology have led to the increased prominence of those who commenced the discoveries, back in the 1800s. Furthermore, there were many remarkable inventions and milestones, through the duration of time, that have transformed the healthcare science admitted today. Perhaps the most paramount topic of discussion...
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...A Critique of the ALARA Concept for Performing Pediatric Head Computed Tomography With the advancement in Computed Tomography (CT) imaging technology and image acquisition is the importance of patient safety, particularly in pediatric imaging. CT has become one of the most popular diagnostic tools used in the clinical environment. In some facilities, CT scans constitute as much as 67% of the patient's annual exposures to ionizing radiation (Furlow, 2012). Physicians and technologists alike must be knowledgeable on how to perform the ALARA principle on their patients in order to deliver the least amount of radiation dose possible while achieving diagnostic quality images. Image Gently Campaign Image Gently and the Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging has launched a campaign to increase the awareness of the importance of applying the ALARA principles when imaging pediatric patients with Computed Tomography. The Image Gently web site is a source of valuable information for parents of pediatric patients, physicians, technologists, and radiologists. The web site offers pediatric protocols as well as tracking mechanisms for parents of pediatric patients to keep track of their child's dose from clinical CT examinations. The web site offers educational resources for technologists through on-line presentations for continuing education in pediatric CT scanning describing techniques that technologists can employ to reduce dose to their pediatric patients. ...
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...The effects of ultrasound waves on biological tissues are called bioeffects. Ultrasound is a non-ionizing form of radiation, they have an extremely low frequency which is why ultrasound waves are not known to cause harm to human tissue. There are different categories of bioeffects; these categories are known as thermal effects and mechanical effects. Thermal bioeffects depend on the duration of exposure and the frequency. In brightness modulation and in color mode a wider area is scanned so the heat can be distributed over that space. In amplitude modulation, motion mode, and Doppler modes, one line is scanned repeatedly to gather information which in turn makes that line have a concentrated amount of heat, increasing the likelihood of thermal bioeffects occurring. Thermal Index (TI) is the on screen measurement of the amount of energy absorbed by the body over a certain period of time. Thermal bioeffects are used as a form of medical heat therapy sometimes by applying low frequency ultrasound to joint and muscle sprains or tendonitis. Also thermal bioeffects have been used to thermally kill tumors or stop bleeding. Mechanical bioeffects are the effects of the ultrasound wave that are non-thermal, produced by force. The force that is usually produced is something called cavitation. Cavitation can occur if the Mechanical Index (MI) is the measure on screen of the potential for cavitation to begin in the tissue. There are two types of cavitation; stable cavitation that the gas bubbles...
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...Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body or parts and function thereof for medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose, or examine disease or medical science, including the study of normal anatomy and physiology. Radiographers are responsible for providing safe and accurate imaging examinations using a variety of imaging modalities and techniques therefore allowing for the appropriate management and treatment of patients. They use their professional judgement to decide how to achieve a diagnostic outcome. During the period of an examination, radiographers take responsibility for the physical and psychological well being of the patient. Responsibilities of the Radiographer: 1. Applying the principles of patient safety during all aspects of medical imaging procedures, including assisting and transporting patients 2. Performing diagnostic radiographic procedures. 3. Corroborating patient's clinical history with procedure, ensuring information is documented and available for use. 4. Maintaining confidentiality of the patient's protected health information 5. Preparing the patient for procedures, providing instructions to obtain desired results, gaining cooperation, and minimizing anxiety. 6. Administering medications at the physician's request according to policy. 7. Selecting and operating imaging equipment, and/or associated accessories to successfully perform procedures. 8. Positioning patient...
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...medical imaging procedures Radiology is a very interesting subject and has a long history. X-Rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. X-rays were first produced in a vacuum tube where electronics travelled at the speed of light, 186,000 miles per second. Electromagnetic rays have high energy and very short wavelengths, which are not visible to the human eye. In 1913, an American radiologist named Gustav Bucky made the very first radiographic grid. With one-hundred radiologists per million Americans, approximately eighty-percent of radiologists are men. Full-time radiologists average a fifty-hour work week. The top four areas of radiology consist of: body cross/abdomen imaging, interventional/vascular imaging, breast imaging/women’s imaging, and neuroradiology. Before your examination, a radiographer will explain the procedure to you and answer any questions you may have. A Radiologic Technologist is a skilled professional with specialized education of anatomy, radiation protection, patient care, radiation exposure, and positioning. It is part of their duty to determine how much radiation is necessary to produce a diagnostic image. Radiographic testing is a non-destructive testing that uses X-rays and/or Gamma-rays for detecting internal imperfections and for detecting corrosion. Over the years cardiac imaging has undergone revolutionary development during recent decades. Coronary angioplasty and subsequent introduction of non-invasive imaging techniques...
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...Dental X-Rays More Than Just a Picture Mary Elise Golowic Wayne County Community College District – DEN 100 Abstract Many dental instruments used today are similar or identical to the day they were created, although it is not the case with the diagnostic tool used by dentists known as oral radiographs or dental x-rays. This paper will explore what a diagnostic radiograph is, how the x-ray is performed, how it provides dental professionals an aid in the finding of cavities, abscess and infection under tissue prior to having the ability to see it with the naked eye saving the patient time, money and possible pain, also with touching on how today’s technology has improved the dental professionals ability to detect many abnormalities from bone loss to tumors by using the ability to view medical issues prior to physical or visual signs are present (ADA 2014). Today, x-rays have become state of the art; occlusal radiographs, panoramic and intraoral views, or even the newer digital x-rays have become valuable tools in the care and treatment of dental health. Dental X-Rays More Than Just a Picture Diagnostic radiographs or dental x-rays, are a type of image of the teeth and mouth that are used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structures in order to assess whether or not there is disease, foreign objects, or structural damage. X-rays are a form of high energy, electromagnetic, radiation that can penetrate the body to form an image on film. Structures...
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...Katrina Kemp Radt 100 Christine McLarty 01/19/2013 IMAGING MODALITIES Sonography and Nuclear Medicine are two departments that I am very interested in. Sonography is a high frequency sound wave that produces images on a monitor to view the anatomy of your body. Nuclear Medicine is the branch of medicine that uses radioactive substances in research, diagnostics and treatment. They are both very different from each other, but have some similarities. A difference of the two is the different machines they use and methods to treat and diagnose a patient. One similarity to these fields are that they both are one to one with the patient and you get to know the person a little better as they open up to you and tell you what is going on as they tell you their life stories. Sonography and Ultrasound is the same thing; it just has two names it can go by. In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, three physicians discovered that sound waves were sent though the body with echoes from different tissues that would form different images of the anatomy of your body. Ultrasound is a sound beam that transfers energy from one point to another like an x-ray beam. These sound waves can only pass through matter and are small vibrations. If there is not matter for the waves to travel through, there is nothing for it to vibrate on and therefore the sound would not exist. There are three components used in Ultrasounds; transducer, the ultrasound beam and an image display on a cathode ray...
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...Alternative Phantoms………………………………………………………….. 2.6 Alternative Procedures…………………………………………………………………… 2.7 Occupational Dose……………………………………………………………………….. 2.8 Patient Dose………………………………………………………………………………. 2.9 Action Limits………………………………………………………………………………. 2.10 SMPTE Pattern…………………………………………………………………………. 2.11 Monitors Used for Interpretation………………………………………………. 3.0 Technologist’s QC Section…………………………………………………………… 1.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM 1.1 INTRODUCTION A well-designed, documented, and executed quality assurance program in a medical imaging department is essential to producing consistent, high-quality diagnostic images. This facility, Atlantic Urology, qualifies as a diagnostic imaging facility because it deploys a 32-slice Siemens computed tomography machine to evaluate and diagnose many of their patients, including scans involving intravenous contrast and scans without the intravenous contrast. This facility’s imaging department includes one full-time CT technologist, one part-time CT technologist, and one in-house part-time radiologist. A committee should be established in order to develop and execute the quality control program. This manual has been...
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