...During sixteenth and seventeenth century early modern Europe, demonic possession was a common occurrence, explained predominantly through religion and psychiatry. Demonic spirits were known to inflict the mind and cause an individual to act out of the ordinary. Although possession is more commonly associated with mental illness in today’s world, it can still be seen in modern religion and psychiatry. However, emphasis on the church was much more popular in early modern Europe, as it was believed that any individual who was possessed was in dire need of an exorcism from a priest. This alludes to the importance and authority of the church during this time period. Furthermore, a gender bias existed in regard to demonic possession and exorcisms, as it was far more likely for a woman to be declared possessed than a man. This study looks at the concept of demonic possession in early modern Europe and argues that during the Reformation Era, both Catholics and Protestants utilized the concept of demonic possession to legitimize their religion to society and their respective followers. Religious conflict during the sixteenth and seventeenth century helped to cement the...
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...The main characteristics of the role of women in Europe changed for the worst during this period. To what extent do you agree with this view of the role and position of women in the Early Modern period? During the Early Modern period changes involving society and religion began taking place, creating a society that was beneficial to elderly men, whilst restricting women in most aspects of their lives, including life partners and even their ability to become financially independent. This all leads to the conclusion that their role in society ultimately changed for the worst during this period. Although some evidence does point to the fact that men sometimes experienced oppression and a lack of independence over their own lives. During the Early Modern period, women and their sexuality definitely changed for the worst. During this time people believed anatomist Vesalius about how a woman’s genitalia was the same as a man’s except it was outside in, this was presented in a book called De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, 1543. This led to the belief that women weren’t equal to men because as the Bible states Eve was made from Adam’s rib, and because of the fact men were supposedly created first, this implied importance for their role in society. Galen was one of the main people that disagreed with Vesalius and believed that men and women were sexually equal. However it is possible that Galen’s view wasn’t as supported because religion at the time supported Vesalius and...
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...crusade and discuss the extent to which it accomplished its objectives. Why did it succeed or fail? Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades 2. How did anti-Semitism manifest itself in medieval Europe? Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe; Mark R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages; Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the Thirteenth Century 3. What was the position of prostitutes in medieval society? Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution of heretics increase during the high and later Middle Ages...
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...World War I From 1914 until 1918, World War I, with its center in Europe, was fought. All the major powers in the world were represented, fighting against each other in 2 types of alliances: the Allies (led by Russia, France, Italy and United Kingdom) and the Central Powers (led by Germany and Austria-Hungary.) 70 million professional and unprofessional soldiers fought, with an approximated loss of 10 million people. This war caused huge upheavals in the European society, and I will now look into three different aspects that can be seen as a step in the direction of the modern Europe, that we have seen after World War II and continuously until today. Once World War I started, a lot of men, many of them with passion for their own countries, left to defend their fatherlands. As the men went to the trenches, the women that were left at home had to start working or volunteering to keep the wheels spinning. What typically had to be done were jobs such as making uniforms for the soldiers, and working in hospitals that took care of hurt soldiers. According to the reading Four Weeks in the Trenches, Kreisler’s wife volunteered her services as a Red Cross nurse (Kreisler, page 11.) It was not completely revolutionary that the women were working, but now the job they did really got appreciated. It paid off after the war, and in countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the United States and the Soviet Union, the women was granted the right to vote in political contexts. Consequently...
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...HISTORY Name Class Date During the early Middle Ages, magic was seen as a science that was practical and required certain intensive study and skills. Magic was, therefore, part of the culture, and there were professional magicians who were found all over even in king’s courts. The magicians even could take apprentices. They were a significant part of the society. As the European society became more self-conscious and articulate, the notion that magic was a science began to fade and was linked with heresy and other negative thoughts like sorcery. The society came to reject the notion of safe and learned magic. There was even a purge to get rid of all magicians that were in England. If one were caught, practicing magic, spiritual and temporal punishments was accorded to them. The magician became to be treated and known as the latter day witches. The book looks into the complex that came from the transformation from the magician, to the witch and the various laws that came into effect during the Medieval times about the two. The book aids us in placing our understanding of medieval magic that was later known as witchcraft. Although heresy was part of the bad image that magic was furnished with hearsay, another was the long-standing Christian teachings that were about magic especially the learned magic that was rampant during the time. This led to later developments of magic turning into witchcraft. The earlier magic was tied to the culture and the way a people...
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...Even though women have been creating art since the beginning of the Homo sapiens species it was not until the late 1960’s and 1970’s when female artists began to receive the recognition they deserved for their talent and art. Early women in the world of art have been faced with challenges due to gender biases, often being encountered with difficulties when it came to training, traveling, selling their art, as well as even receiving credit for their own work. However, even with so many obstacles facing early women artists, some managed to be an exception and become successful fine artists of their time. What did this handful of women do differently to become successful and break barriers for their time? Dating back to the prehistoric area up...
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...Witch Craze in Europe Between 1520 and 1650, the Reformation had a huge impact on European countries and the way the people perceived religion. Due to increasing disagreements within the community and the Catholic Church, there became a need for the Church to reform; this Reformation became a catalyst for the witch-hunt by increasing society’s fear of the devil and social anxiety. These witch-hunts mainly targeted women, seeing as they were considered to be midwives and healers, they became legally more vulnerable to these hunts. It can be seen that witchcraft was the embodiment of a fear of instability, so in countries where the Catholic Church had much more stability, there are evidently less witch-hunts. The witch-hunts died out as the religious situation across Europe settled down and stabilized. Beginning in the early fourteenth century until about 1650, early modern Europeans were in the process of a religious reformation. The Reformation heightened awareness of evil within European culture and caused more harm than good to society. As fears arose, new beliefs emerged and in an attempt to understand these fears, people began to look for other ways to combat this new presence evil. Ironically, the very means people sought to protect themselves was what increased the paranoia of witchcraft leading to the death of many. By combining the reformation within the church and the already rooted ideas of witch craft and magic, Europeans soon began to use witch hunts as...
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...____________________ Period: _____ APWH WORKBOOK Unit Four: 1450 to 1750 CE “The Early Modern Period” Due Date: _________ Score: ____/30 [pic] This packet will guide you through the fourth unit in AP World History and prepare you for the reading quizzes, vocabulary quizzes, essays, and the unit test on January ___, 2010 You must complete ALL of the pages in the workbook by yourself to get credit; incomplete or incorrect work will result in a zero for the whole packet. Unit 4 Vocabulary Terms Quiz #1 1. Scientific Revolution (p. 410) 2. heliocentrism (p. 410) 3. sacrament (p. 396) 4. Renaissance (p. 405) 5. bourgeoisie (p. 413) 6. republic (p. 422) 7. Protestant Reformation (p. 406) 8. Jesuit (p. 409) 9. joint-stock companies (p. 415) 10. mercantilism (p. 468) Quiz #2 1. caravel (p. 384) 2. conquistadors (p. 394) 3. Columbian Exchange (p. 431) 4. maritime (p. 402) 5. manumission . (p.467) 6. coerced labor systems (p.475) 7. plantation cash crop (p.470) 8. tariffs (p.469) 9. indigenous (p.393) 10. encomiendas (p. 439) 11. serfs (p.529) 12. mestizo (pp. 442 – 45) Historical Thinking Skills: Periodization, Causation, Contextualization Timeline Exercise: Annotate the timeline with two facts about the important effects of each event Unit 3: 1450–1750 (Early Modern) 1453 Ottomans captured Constantinople; end of Byzantine ...
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...1. Which of the following states did not become a colonial power in the period 1450–1750? a. Italy b. Russia c. Spain d. France FEEDBACK: Italy was not a unified state in the period 1450–1750 and thus did not have colonies. (See the chapter introduction in your textbook.) 2. Which of the following statements most accurately describes Europe’s global position in 1450? a. Europe had climbed to relative equality in Eurasian commerce. b. Europe had little trade contact with Africa or Asia. c. Europe remained marginal in Eurasian commerce. d. Europe had come to dominate Eurasian commerce. FEEDBACK: The determination of European elites to progress beyond their marginal position in Eurasian commerce was a main incentive for European exploration after 1450. (See section “The European Advantage” in your textbook.) 3. What was the single most important factor that aided the European conquest of the Americas? a. Gunpowder b. Disease c. Horses d. Superior organization FEEDBACK: The peoples of the Americas had no immunity to European disease and up to 90 percent of the population died after contact with the Europeans, greatly easing the process of conquest. (See section “The Great Dying” in your textbook.) 4. Which of the following is an old-world crop that was soon established in Europe’s American colonies? a. Tobacco b. Potatoes c. Corn d. Rice FEEDBACK: Rice is a Eurasian product that soon became an agricultural staple in many locations in the...
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...Metsys (1514) AP European History J.F. Walters (2010) 1 Commercial Revolution: Essential Questions 1. How did developments in the late Middle Ages impact the Commercial Revolution? 2. What contribution did Luca Pacioli make to the Commercial Revolution? 3. What was the nature of banking in the Commercial Revolution? 4. What was a joint-stock company? 5. What was the Domestic System” in England? 6. What was the Price Revolution and what were its results? 7. What were the principles of mercantilism and what impact did it have on economics and politics? 8. In what ways did the Commercial Revolution sow the seeds of capitalism? 9. What was “Tulip Mania” in the Netherlands? AP European History • The Commercial Revolution • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton 2 The Commercial Revolution Journal 12/A: What important economic changes in the early modern centuries does the term “Commercial Revolution” signify? ––Palmer Chapter 12 • pp. 106-114–– Directions; Using sentences or detailed bulleted notes, identify & explain the evidence Palmer uses to support the thesis listed above. AP European History • The Commercial Revolution • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton 3 Background to the Commercial Revolution • Commercial Revolution basics ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ • change from a town-centered (medieval manorial) to a nation-centered (early modern European) economic system in spite of name, the economic change of the Commercial Revolution was slow in nature Commercial...
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...2013 17th Century European Witch craze Abstract The 17th century was the height of witch craze in Europe, where many were executed and persecuted for witchcraft. Approximately eighty five percent of those executed for witchcraft were women and this frenzy continued in Europe all the way to the early twentieth century. The loss of life was so severe that it has been referred to some researchers as a holocaust. Did this hysteria against witchcraft reduce their numbers? No. The more violently they were executed, the more in number they became. Most of those executed were women and this form of massive attack on women signifies a type of genocide; one that focuses on gender rather than on a religious or ethnic group. In Reformation Europe, women were overwhelmingly tried as witches. In France and Germany, more than eighty percent of those executed as witches and in England, ninety two percent of those executed for witchcraft were women and in Russia, approximately ninety five percent were also put to death (Trevor 214). The practice of witch hunts subsided by late seventeenth century and by early eighteenth century, witchcraft trials were rare. The causes for the decline of witch hunts are numerous and complex. This paper will attempt to analyze the witch craze phenomenon concentrating on several questions: why did women suffer the majority of the executions? Why did the witch craze end in the seventeenth century? Why was there a sudden increased attention to black magic...
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...contribution gender identity made to the ‘witch craze’ of 16th century Europe. The texts analysed provide varying insights into the issue and its causes, helping to shed light and add reason to the seemingly incomprehensible acts of the European witch trials. Mencej, Mirjam. 2011. “The Role of Gender in Accusations of Witchcraft: The Case of Eastern Slovenia”. Český Lid 98 (4). Institute of Ethnology, Czech Academy of Sciences: 393–412. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/stable/42640635. Mirjam Mencej pieces together the childhood memories of many different people from a small village in Eastern Slovenia in order to understand how...
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...methods of economic analysis but its analysis is presented in plain English. He argues that the first industrial revolution occurred in northwestern Europe because its high wages during the early modern period encouraged technological innovation. Although high wages were initially a consequence of the demographic disaster of the Black Death, they were reinforced during the early modern period by the economic success of the region around the North Sea, first, in European trade and manufacturing, especially in wresting the textile industry from the Italians, and then in world trade. According to Allen, the first industrial revolution took place in Britain instead of the Low Countries primarily because of Britain’s abundant and cheap coal resources, combined with the central government’s ability to use mercantilist policies and naval power to reap the greatest benefits from an expanding European and world trade. Once it had taken the lead from the Dutch, and defeated the French, Britain used its comparative advantage to consolidate its dominant position through free trade until the late Victorian period when its technological innovations spread to its competitors. While he agrees that the political, cultural and scientific context of British industrialization was important to its primacy, his approach does not claim, as many interpretations have, that British, and later European and American,...
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...Beyond Consumerism: New Historical Perspectives on Consumption Author(s): Frank Trentmann Source: Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jul., 2004), pp. 373-401 Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3180734 . Accessed: 21/03/2011 08:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sageltd. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Sage Publications, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access...
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...periodically payment by another. The origin of the concept of life insurance, as we know it, can be traced to ancient Rome. Caius Marius a military leader created a burial club among his troops, so in the event of the unexpected death of a clubs member, other members would pay for the funeral expense. The history of life insurance dates back to 3000BC. Learned scholars expression “Yagaksheman” found in the Rig Veda refers to a sort of social welfare insurance; the ancient Aryans seem to have developed such a concept. Edwin W Kopt in his treatise origin developed and practices of livestock insurance , credits India with being the mother of insurance practices, and opines that the development started in India and after that spread to ancient Babylon. Insurance began as a way of reducing the risk of traders, as early as 5000 BC in china and 4500 BC in Babylon. Life insurance dates only to ancient Rome; burial clubs covered the cost of member’s funeral expenses and helped survivors monetarily. Modern life insurance started in late 17th century in England, originally as insurance for traders: Merchants, ship owners and underwriters met to discuss deals at Lloyds coffee house, predecessor to the famous Lloyds of London. The first insurance company, the society for the assurance of widows and orphans, was founded in London in 1699. After repel of the royal charter in 1720 providing monopoly to the London assurance and the royal exchange assurance companies was phenomenal. Competing companies...
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