...significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Rudolf Diesel and his invention diesel engine is the object of the paper. The goal of the paper is to analize this invention, talk about Rudolf Diesel and his theory of diesel engine, its advantages and disadvantages, types and working principles. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in submarines, ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in electric generating plants. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Contents INTRODUCTION 4 1. Rudofl Diesel. Biography 5 2. HISTORY 6 3. How diesel engines work 7 3.1. Early fuel injection systems 7 3.2. Mechanical and electronic injection 8 3.3. Direct injection 8 4. Types 9 4.1. Size Groups. 9 4.2. Basic Types of Diesel Engines 9 4.3. Gas generator 10 4.4. Modern High- and Medium-speed Engines 10 5. Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition...
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...The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber is initiated by the high temperature which a gas achieves when greatly compressed (adiabatic compression). This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture. A Diesel engine built by MAN AG in 1906 The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburnt fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2] Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks, heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s...
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...INTRODUCTION 1.1 History of IC Engines: The machines that produce power or energy are called engines. The engines work as prime movers meaning “producers of motion”. There are other machines which are run by prime movers. Engines have become well known these days because of widespread popularity of automobile – the cars, trucks, buses and motor cycles are machines that are used for transport almost by everybody and everywhere. Doubtless no other engineering wonder can claim such wider use and engines provide the power for automobile. There are of course other uses of these engines also. Engines in general are reciprocating and rotary, the latter are commonly recognized as turbines, though there are some which are not turbine. An engine which was first introduced perhaps used a hot air which expanded on top of a piston. It was steam at high pressure which was then used against the piston which was pushed and moved in a cylinder linearly. The engine piston was connected to a crank through connecting rod caused the crank to rotate about its axis. Thus rotary motion is generated. An engine would definitely need an expanding medium which will push the piston when expanding. The expanding medium will have to be at higher temperature and pressure. The heat required for increasing the temperature and pressure of expanding medium can be given to the medium outside the cylinder in which the piston moves. In such a case the engine is called external combustion...
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...Diesel Engine Repair Bring your truck to a diesel specialist for your next diesel engine repair If your truck is in need of diesel engine repair, you should take it to a highly skilled specialist. There are significant differences between diesel engines and gas powered engines. Diesel engine repair specialists are familiar with the types of problems associated with diesel engines - their parts are different, and therefore so is the diesel engine repair that may be needed. A diesel truck engine is comparable to the engine of a truck powered by gas. Although they are both internal combustion engines, there are several differences between the two. The primary difference is how the combustion takes place. A diesel truck engine has fuel...
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...Running head: TATA FIAT Tata Motors and the Fiat Auto: Joining Forces Tata Motors and the Fiat Auto: Joining Forces Tata Motors (TM) and Fiat Auto S.p.A (Fiat) are large auto manufacturers. It is described as the transformation of TM from a commercial vehicle manufacturing company to a leading passenger car company in India, and its forays into global markets. The case details the growth of Fiat, the problems the company faced, and the strategies it adopted to tackle these problems. It discusses the alliance between the two companies, and the benefits and costs from the alliance for each company. India The fiat Group’s association with the Indian automobile market began in 1905 when it appointed Bombay Motor Cars Agency as the sales agent for its cars in India. In the 1950s, the Fiat Group entered into a license agreement with India-based Premier Automobiles Ltd. (PAL) to manufacture its cars. Fiat Auto formally entered the Indian market in 1997 through a joint venture with PAL. The joint venture would benefit both parties; TM would gain in terms of better accessibility to technology, design, and global markets, while for Fiat Auto, it would mean a larger presence in India, one of the world‘s fastest growing auto markets, without heavy investments. Also, with Honda, Toyota, GM, Mitsubishi, M&M/Renault, Nissan, Skoda, etc., chalking out plans to enter the small car segment, especially the premium small car segment, it seemed likely that the TM-Fiat Auto joint venture...
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...Case Analysis Report Management 101 Submitted To: Rumana Afroze Lecturer, Department of Business Administration East West University Submitted By: |Name |Section |Student ID | |Ali N Huq |8 |2009-3-10-016 | |Asif Khan Ahad |8 |2010-1-10-236 | |Imtiaz Ahmed |8 |2010-1-10-235 | Submission Date: 18.04.2011 Table of Content |Serial |Name of Topic |Page | |1 |Executive Summery |v | |2 |Acknowledgement |3 | |3 |Company Profile |4 | |4 |Analysis ...
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...numerous features that make the car worth every penny. Maruti India is one of the pioneers of the automobile revolution in India. * Chevrolet beat: The Chevrolet Beat is a small, convenient car that offers looks that set it apart, great drive-ability, compact size and a stunning value-for-money proposition. Available with a choice of petrol and diesel engines, the Beat caters to a wide audience. Apart from being frugal, the Beat's USP lies in its design and futuristic interior styling as well. * Tata vista: The Tata Indica is a supermini car produced by the Indian manufacturer Tata Motors since 1998. It is the first passenger car from Tata Motors and it is also considered India's first indigenous developed passenger car. * Volkswagen polo: The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, saloon and estate variants. Analysis on the basis of product, price, place, promotion PRODUCT: * Tata Indica Vista * Maruti Swift * Chevrolet Beat * Volkswagen polo 1. Volkswagen polo: Highlights Engine capacity 1199 cc Fuel Economy (ARAI) 22.07 Kmpl Power 75PS @ 4200rpm Torque 180Nm @ 2000rpm Body Style Hatchback Segment B2 Ideal for ...
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...The benefits of cost-benefit analysis to improving business decisions Cost-Benefits Analysis (CBA) is the process of using theory, data, and models to study products, exchanges, and activities for measuring relevant ideas and alternative solutions in order to support decision-makers in choosing the most appropriate alternative. This paper explores how CBA may best be used, focusing on the effectiveness of CBA during the early phase of a program life-cycle in ensuring that there are worthwhile alternatives in making investment decisions. It also examines the measures and the methodology used to develop a CBA, addresses the accuracy and reliability of CBA, and identifies techniques available to support decision-making in the early phase of a program’s life-cycle. It also notes, however, that because not all costs and benefits can be quantified, measures other than CBA should also be considered in making business decisions. The effectiveness of CBA lies in its ability to provide increased understanding of the consequences of proposed public programs. CBA must be understood as one means to support decision-makers in making the best decisions for the public good. The value of CBA will vary with the importance of mandates, policies, and regulations. For example, CBA offers a well-established and tested approach, supported by substantial research, for identifying and assessing corporation. A CBA can enable decision-makers to make prioritized decisions about business programs. It...
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...Organizational Planning Week 3 MGT/521 Nicholas Roberto Jr University of Phoenix Mr. Thompson Caterpillar is a manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. A strong portfolio of brands supports Caterpillar’s business growth and diversified geographic presence helps the company mitigate the overall risk associated with the range of external factors in the marketplace. The company operates globally with major presence in North America, Asia Pacific and Europe. Its headquarters is located in Peoria, Illinois and employs roughly 120,000 people. Caterpillar’s Mission, Vision and Goals are as follows… “Our mission is to enable economic growth through infrastructure and energy development and to provide solutions that support communities and protect the planet”. “Our vision is a world in which all people’s basic needs – such as shelter, clean water, sanitation, food and reliable power – are fulfilled in an environmentally sustainable way and a company that improves the quality of the environment and the communities where we live and work”. “Our strategy is to provide work...
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...insurance to clients through an overall merchant network Caterpillar is the world's driving producer of development and mining hardware, diesel and regular gas motors, mechanical gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. With more than US$89 billion in resources, Caterpillar was positioned number one in its industry and number 44 overall in the 2009 Fortune 500. Some of the key steps that lead to Caterpillar becoming the industry leader in earth-moving machinery are the strategic decisions, strong foundation and sustainability. The story of caterpillar dates back to the late 19th century when Daniel Best and Benjamin Holt each were experimenting with ways to fulfil the promise steam tractors held for farming. Prior to the merger that formed Caterpillar Tractor Co. in 1925, The Hold Manufacturing Company and C.L. Best Tractor Co. had individually pioneered gasoline-powered track type tractors. The first Diesel Sixty Tractor was produced in 1931. By 1940, Caterpillar’s product line had expanded to include motor graders, blade graders, elevating graders and electric generator sets. During World War 1, Holt’s track-type tractors were in great demand by the Allies for pulling and supply wagons through harsh conditions. Troops in World War 2 also relied on Cat equipment, including track-type tractors, motor graders, generator sets and special diesel engines for M4 tanks. The post war period ushered in numerous new products and the company’s first foreign subsidiary. In 1950, the establishment...
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...Cummins Inc., is a world leader in manufacturing, designing, servicing, and selling diesel engines and diesel technologies around the globe. Cummins works with its customers through a distribution network of both company owned and independent distributors. Clessie Lyle Cummins built his first steam engine in rural Indiana. With the backing of banker William G. Irwin in the year 1919, Clessie founded the Cummins engine Company in Columbus Indiana. These men together built the first company that would take advantage of the technology developed by the German Engineer Rudolf Diesel from the late 1800’s and Cummins is still thriving today. Cummins Inc. has three overarching business objectives: 1.) Achieve Financial target over the quarters. To succeed and grow into the future, we must demonstrate performance by consistently meeting or succeeding our financial targets. 2.) Be the first choice of customers. Cummins success depends solely on our customers. As we succeed in our ability to help them, they will view Cummins as a partner in their success and we will then become their first choice in our competitive market place. 3.) Be a great place to work. The ability of Cummins Inc. to achieve these objectives is based on our workforce. Cummins Inc. must be able to attract, develop and retain the skills need to pursue the first two objectives. The subset or divisional leadership that I will be analyzing is the Eastern Distribution center materials planning team which...
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...Assignment 6: PRICING a) Computation of Economic Value of an offering Mercedes Benz is launching its luxury SUV (called the CDL class) in a market dominated by Lexus GL. The CDL class uses diesel and obtains 25 miles per gallon. The Lexus model, priced at $48000, uses premium gasolene and obtains 20 miles per gallon. Both the models need to be serviced annually but the CDL being a diesel engine requires annual service that is costlier by $100. The life of a diesel engine is typically longer – hence the residual value of a 10 year old CDL is estimated to be $1600 higher than the Lexus. Assume (i) the average cost of premium gasolene to be $3.00 per gallon (ii) the average cost of diesel to be $3.25 per gallon (ii) the average customer drives 12000 miles per year and (iii) there is no time discount. What should be the price of the CDL such that the economic value of Benz CDL over Lexus GL (during a 10 year use horizon by a customer) is completely appropriated by Mercedes Benz? The economic value of CDL: Price of substitute=48000 Cost saving=(12000/20*3-12000/25*3.25-100)=140 Revenue enhancing=residual value=1600+residual value of GL Use horizon=10 EV of CDL=48000+140*10+1600+residual value of GL=51000+residual value of GL The economic value of GL: Price of substitute=X Cost saving=(12000/25*3.25-12000/20*3+100)=-140 Revenue enhancing=residual value=residual value of GL Use horizon=10 EV of GL=X+(-140)*10+ residual value of GL=X-1400+residual value of GL To make...
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...Volkswagen Research “The Volkswagen emissions scandal explained” http://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/sep/23/volkswagen-emissions-scandal-explained-diesel-cars * “Volkswagen has been cheating in emission tests by making its cars appear far less polluting than they are. The US Environmental Protection Agency discovered that 482,000 VW diesel cars on American roads were emitting up to 40 times more toxic fumes than permitted - and VW has since admitted the cheat affects 11m cars worldwide.” * “…far more harmful NOx emissions, including nitrogen dioxide, have been pumped into the air than was thought – on one analysis, between 250,000 to 1m extra tonnes every year. The hidden damage from these VW vehicles could equate to all of the UK’s NOx emissions from all power stations, vehicles, industry and agriculture.” * “VW’s “defeat device” is not a physical device but a programme in the engine software that lets the car perceive if it is being driven under test conditions - and only then pull out all the anti-pollution stops.” * ““Clean diesel” engines cut emissions through techniques such as adjusting air-fuel ratios and exhaust flows, and in some (though not most VWs) injecting a urea-based solution to render NOx harmless. When running normally, requiring greater performance, VW’s controls would not operate in the same way.” * “How does the defeat device know it's being tested? The EPA tests have known practices and profiles. In many...
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...Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a Caterpillar, and Holt seized on the metaphor. "Caterpillar it is. That's the name for it!" Some sources, though, attribute this name to British soldiers in July 1907. Two years later Holt sold his first steam-powered tractor crawlers for US$5,500, about US$128,000 today. Each side featured a track frame measured 30 inches (760 mm) high by 42 inches (1,100 mm) wide and was 9 feet (2.7 m) long. The tracks were 3 inches (76 mm) by 4 inches (100 mm) redwood slats. Holt received the first patent for a practical continuous track for use with a tractor on December 7, 1907 for his improved "Traction Engine" ("improvement in vehicles and especially of the traction engine class; and included endless traveling platform supports upon which the engine is carried"). Holt's track-type tractors played a support role in World War I. Even before the U.S. formally entered WWI, Holt had shipped 1,200 tractors to England, France and Russia for agricultural purposes. These governments, however, sent the tractors directly to the battlefront where the military put them to work hauling artillery and supplies. When World...
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...motorcycles. Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959 and eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Toyota, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford, Nissan, and PSA in 2011. From a company who was a supplier of piston rings to Toyota and becoming their competitor there is a lot of story behind. A firm possesses a Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) when it has value-creating processes and positions that cannot be duplicated or imitated by other firms that lead to the production of above normal rents. An SCA is different from a competitive advantage (CA) in that it provides a long-term advantage that is not easily replicated. As an example, Honda's expertise in engines. Honda was able to exploit this core competency to develop a variety of quality products from lawn mowers and snow blowers to trucks and automobiles. Time: Building resources usually takes time and continuous reinforcement, thereby giving first mover an advantage that is difficult to overcome. Honda was always a company which tries new technologies in their cars. Honda installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the early 1980s way ahead of their competitors. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the...
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