...Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes cell Cell theory states that all organisms are made of one or more cells. There are two basis types of cell: prokaryotes, which do not contain a nucleus, and eukaryotes, which have a true nucleus. The difference between the structure and functioning of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is so great that it is considered, by some, to be the most important distinction among groups of organisms. However, if we are to believe the endosymbiosis theory and that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes there must also be some fundamental similarities. A significant similarity is the fact that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use the same genetic material (DNA) and genetic code to store and translate genetic information. But this genetic information is arranged very differently within the two types of cell. In eukaryotes the DNA is packed into chromatins and sequestered within a double membrane bound organelle, known as the nucleus, and is easily seen using a microscope. On the other hand, prokaryotes lack this distinct nucleus and nucleur membrane but instead have a nucleoid, which is an irregularly shaped region within the cell where the genetic information is localised in the form of a, usually circular, double strand of DNA. Prokaryotes and some eukaryotes are also known to have additional small satellite structures of DNA called plasmids. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes also contain ribosomes which are the organelles responsible for accurately translating this...
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...been studied and linked to the evolution process. From the beginning of the eukaryote cell unto the prokaryote cell there has been changes and the same goes for DNA. Changes in DNA sequences has contributed to different yet similar species over great periods of time. The cell which first existed in its prokaryote form of bacteria can be divided into two domains, domain Bacteria and domain Archaea. Prokaryotes are organism with a single cell and does not have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. There are no organelles within the prokaryote cell and it reproduces on its own. This cell can reproduce two daughter cells out of one parent cell by cloning itself. This is done by asexual reproduction or as spores and can multiply into billions of cells without the assistance of other cells. Cells produced by binary fission produce two separate cells and cells produced as spores produce more than two cells at a time. These types of reproduction does transfer genes but they are not replicated between the cells it produces. Each new cell now have the growth potential of the original cell. The Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than the eukaryotic cell (which will be discussed further along) and have great diversity. This cell (prokaryotic) preexisted long before the eukaryotic cell and have a far greater variation of metabolism sources than that of the eukaryotes which is the reason for their differences. The sources used can be through photosynthesis, organic and inorganic compounds...
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...enzyme, which is found in living organisms. Catalase is very important enzyme that protects cell from hydrogen peroxide; it is very damaging to the cell. Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide, into harmless water and oxygen gas. To avoid death cells produce catalase, this results from faulty ETC. Anaerobic respiration occurs in environments without oxygen gas. Anaerobic respiration only occurs in prokaryotic organisms; anaerobic respiration will have different final electron acceptors, compared to aerobic respiration. Fermentation is another process that does not use oxygen to break down glucose. Many types of fermentation exist; two major types are alcoholic fermentation and acidic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation only occur in eukaryotes, while acidic can occur in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Hypothesis: If both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms possess cytochrome c oxidase, then both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms both will test positive for oxidase. Eukaryotic organisms are more likely to test positive for catalase compared to prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic cells take time to reproduce, compared to prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are more likely to die off, compared to eukaryotic, because prokaryotic cells are less protected compared to eukaryotic cells. Reproduction rate of prokaryotic compared to eukaryotic is twice the rate, complexity of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic are very high. Prokaryotic are more likely to reproduce...
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...reproduction It is considered that sexual reproduction in eukaryotes first appeared about a billion years ago and evolved within ancestral single-celled eukaryotes.[2] The reason for the initial evolution of sex, and the reason(s) it has survived to the present, are still matters of debate. Some of the many plausible theories include: that sex creates variation among offspring, sex helps in the spread of advantageous traits, that sex helps in the removal of disadvantageous traits, and that sex evolved as an adaptation for repairing damages in DNA (see Evolution of sexual reproduction). While there are a number of theories, there are two main alternative views on the evolutionary origin and adaptive significance of sex. The first view assumes that sexual reproduction is a process specific to eukaryotes, organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria. In addition to sex in animals, plants, and fungi, there are other eukaryotes (e.g. the malaria parasite) that also engage in sexual reproduction. On this first view, the adaptive advantage that maintains sexual reproduction (in competition with asexual modes of reproduction) is the benefit of generating genetic variation among progeny. Furthermore, on this view, sex originated in a eukaryotic lineage. The earliest eukaryotes and the bacterial ancestors from which they arose are assumed to have lacked sex. For instance, some bacteria use conjugation to transfer genetic material between cells; and while not the same as sexual reproduction...
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...Part 1 - Cells [20 points] Specimen Number | Organism | Eukaryote or Prokaryote | Where Organism is Found | How Organism Obtains Nutrients | Image 9 | Spirogyra | Eukaryote | Freshwater, free-floating | Autotrophy | Image 7 | Diatom | Prokaryote | Oceans, freshwater, soils and damp places | Heterotrophy | Image 6 | Paramecium | Eukaryote | Freshwater, brackish and marine environments, often very abundant in stagnant basins and ponds | Heterotrophy | Image 2 | Lactobacillus | Prokaryote | Vagina and the gastrointestinal tract | Heterotrophy | Image 10 | Euglena | Eukaryote | Fresh and salt waters, abundant in quiet inland waters | Both (Mixotrophy) | Image 11 | Trypanosoma | Eukaryote | Generally found in intestine, but normally occupy the bloodstream or an intracellular environment | Heterotrophy | Image 13 | Volvox | Eukaryote | Ponds and ditches | Autotrophy | Image 4 | Radiolaria | Eukaryote | Found as zooplankton throughout the ocean and their skeletal remains | Heterotrophy | Image 1 | Amoeba | Eukaryote | Stagnant water | Heterotrophy | Image 12 | Plant cells with nucleus (chloroplasts absent) | Eukaryote | Plants | Autotrophy | List two similarities between plant cells and animal cells 1. Both plant and animal cells have a nucleus. 2. Both plant and animal cells have ribosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi apparatus. List two differences between plant and animal cells 1. Animal cells do not have a cell wall or...
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...the similar components they have and their function of the two cells (prokaryotic and Eukaryotic) and then it will talk about the different components and their function in the cell. It will relate the structure to function in two specialised eukaryotic cells and the structure of the cell membrane to its function of movement of substances into and out of the cell. Regarding to the cell theory all living things are made of cells and all organisms may be classified as prokaryotes (before nucleus) or eukaryotes (true nucleus). Prokaryotes was developed first, they are small (size 1 to 10um) and they consist of one cell (unicellular) and it has no nucleus but instead it as a nucleoid which contains the genome (DNA of the cell). (Boundless 2015) (Look figure1) Eukaryotes come from prokaryotic cells and they are large (size 10 to 100um), highly structured, they consist of many cells (multicellular), has a nucleus which is the brain of the cell and it is enclosed in a nuclear envelope. The prokaryotic and Eukaryotes both have a Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Cell Wall (in Eukaryotic it is present only in Animals) and Cytoplasm. The cell membrane is a thin flexible bilayer round the outside of all cells and it's made by phospholipids and proteins. Its function is to separate the contents of the cells from the outside environment. (AQA Biology 2012) The Cell Wall is composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN (polysaccharides and proteins) and its function is to maintain the overall shape of the cell. Cytoplasm...
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...output and use energy to metabolize. Q3. Explain why a large surface-area-to-volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells. A large surface-area-to-volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells because it needs a surface area large enough to allow sufficient amount of nutrients to enter and for wastes to be eliminated, therefore the cell is small in size but have a large surface. If a cell were to be large in size, the surface area becomes insufficient to exchange the materials that the volume of the cell requires. Pg. 66 Q. 1-2 Q1. Explain the major differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotes have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc. Prokaryotes are unicellular whereas eukaryotes can form multicellular organisms. Most prokaryotes have a single loop of DNA for their genome while most eukaryotes have multiple pieces of DNA inside the Nucleus, Mitochondria, etc. Q2. Describe the functions of the bacterial cell envelope, cytoplasm, and appendages. The cell envelope includes the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the glycocalyx. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins. The cytoplasm is a semifluid...
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...kill bacteria. What issues and types of instruments are involved in visualizing bacteria and viruses with a compound light microscope? Reflection- transmission-absorption with florescence-refraction. Condenser-is a lens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. iris diaphragm-regulates the amount of light on the specimen. objective lenses- magnifies ranges from 10x to 40x, ocular lenses. stage- supports the slide for viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences between a hanging drop slide vs a smear in examining a microbe? Hanging drop- often is used with dark-field illumination. A drop of culture is placed on a coverslip that is encircled with petroleum jelly. The coverslip and drop are then inverted over the well of a depression slide. The drop hangs from the coverslip, and the petroleum jelly forms a seal that prevents evaporation. This...
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...prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Prokaryotes are generally known as bacteria. They are grouped into two domains Archea and bacteria. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic ones and their organelles are not membrane bound. The ribosomes in prokaryotic cells are much smaller than in eukaryotic . The genetic material in prokaryotes is one single, ring-shaped chromosome with no nuclear membrane. Most prokaryotes have cell wall made mostly by peptidogylcans. Cell division is through binary fision. Eukaryotic organisms are divided into 4 kingdoms: the protista, the plants, the fungi, and animals. The cell size is much larger and has membrane bound organelles. The genetic material in eukaryotes it is in the form of rod-shaped chromosomes. It has a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane containing this genetic material. If there is a cell wall it is very simple chemical. Cellular division is through mitosis. Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells is through meiosis. Plant vs animal Major difference between most plant and animal cells are that plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells do not. In plant cells there are some organelles not present in animal cells, such as a large central vacuole, different plastids including chloroplasts and animal cells have centrioles that plant cells do not. Multicellular organisms There are several advantages of being a multicellular organism. A single celled organism has difficulty adapting while multicellular organisms can...
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...Cells, Exchange and Transport Cell Structure State the resolution and magnification that can be achieved by a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope; | Light microscope | TEM | SEM | Resolution | 200nm | 0.1nm | 0.1nm | Magnification | X1500 | X250 000 | X100 000 | Explain the difference between magnification and resolution; Magnification: How much bigger the image is than the specimen. Resolution: How detailed the image is and how well a microscope can distinguish between two different points. Explain the need for staining samples for use in light microscopy and electron microscopy; Objects need to be stained because they can sometimes be viewed as completely transparent under a microscope. The stain is taken up by some parts more than others and the contrast makes the different parts show up darker than others. Calculate the linear magnification of an image; Magnification = length of image/ length of specimen Describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts, plasma (cell surface) membrane, centrioles, flagella and cilia; Nucleus: Large organelle Nucleolus: spherical structure inside...
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...Week 1 – HOW LIFE WORKS: Biology – Science of How Life Works; study of life; attempt to understand processes of life. How life works - many levels. Three levels: -Molecular mechanisms within the cell -Integrated actions of many cells within an organ or body -Interactions among different organisms in nature Life Processes – Microscopic and macroscopic levels: All methods of scientific study use the Scientific Method Scientific Method – Systematic approach to finding out how things work. (i.e., structured and disciplined way to study things) Deliberate way of asking questions about things we don’t yet understand. Start with observation – Sensing the world around us with our 5 senses or with augmented abilities such as scientific instruments; – seeing a particular event or occurrence; Scientists then make proposed, tentative explanations < - - i.e., hypothesis (a predictive guess) and plan out detailed experiments or detailed observations to see if the tentative explanation is correct (i.e., true). Test that tentative explanation [pic] Make some observations of the image above. Ideas: -What motivates this behavior? -Is the bird feeding? -Does the bird choose this flower because of its color? -Does the flower benefit from the bird’s behavior? Observations made and the questions they raise allow us to propose tentative explanations, or hypotheses. ...
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...contributes to natural selection and evolution individuals with the better combinations of genes survive and reproduce 8. Evolution change in genetic makeup of a population 9. Why it’s important to take all your antibiotics so all of the bacteria can be eliminated, some of the bacteria can become stronger. 10. Taxonomy classification of life’s diversity 11. What our species name is homo sapiens 12. Order of taxonomic categories – mnemonic device! Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 13. 3 domains bacteria, archaea, eukaryote d. Basic differences e. What our domain is f. What domain universal ancestor likely is in archaea 14. General order of scientific method 15. Definition of hypothesis tentative explanation based of previous knowledge 16. Why larger sample size is better gives more meaningful results 17. Difference between independent, dependent and standardized variables Independent-manipulated Dependent-measured Standardized-held constant for all substance 18. Placebo and double blind...
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...Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use A) a light microscope. B) a scanning electron microscope. C) a transmission electronic microscope. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 2) The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that A) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy. B) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy. C) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells. D) A and B E) B and C Answer: C Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 3) A primary objective of cell fractionation is to A) view the structure of cell membranes. B) identify the enzymes outside the organelles. C) determine the size of various organelles. D) separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. E) crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released. Answer: D Topic: Concept 6.1 Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension 4) In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is A) the relative solubility of the component. B) the size and weight of the component...
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...principle of inheritance Principle of segregation Two alleles per offspring, one from each parent Independent assortment Distribution of one pair of alleles does not influence another pair Genes don’t blend Eukaryotic and prokaryotic Prokaryotic – are one celled organisms. Two kinds- bacteria and archaea Cells structure is simple Eukaryotes- every organism that has more than one cell. Cell structure is more complex than prokaryotes Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells are one celled organisms they were the first organisms on the planet First appeared around 3.7 bya Have a free flowing nucleoid with no nuclear envelope Cytoplasm- gel like, holds all of the cells internal structures (organellas) Ribosomes- you should know. Flagella- used for locomotion as well as a sensory tool (also present in eukaryotes) Pili- help with attaching to surfaces and the transfer of dna Eukaryotic First appeared 1.5 bya Has a nucleus contained in a nuclear membrane Many more organelles Mitochondria Mitochondria Responsible for producing energy Separate dna called, mitochondria dna, which is only passed down through the mother Eukaryotes Two types of cells in complex organisms Somatic cell (body cell) Diploid-has full set of paired chromosomes (46) Gamete cell (sex cell) Haploid-only has half of the chromosomes (23) Cell division Required for an organism to, Grow, Mature, Maintain tissues, reproduce Mitosis and meiosis Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ...
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...more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae v. Tuberculosis- mycobacterium tuberculosis g. Microbes affect all organisms h. Modern sanitation, vaccination, and effective antimicrobial treatments have reduced incidences of the worst disease i. Food transmitted pathogens- contaminated food carries bacteria vi. I.E E.coli, salmonella j. Antibiotic resistance bacteria- bacteria that can’t be...
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