...the end of the road? On differences between women and men in leadership behaviour 428 Jon Aarum Andersen Received May 2010 Revised October 2010 Accepted November 2010 Faculty of Social Sciences, Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway, and Per H. Hansson Department of Education, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Abstract Purpose – This study aims to explore behavioural differences between women and men in managerial positions and suggest explanations for differences and similarities. Design/methodology/approach – In order to eliminate any effects of organizational differences on leadership behaviour, this study had public managers responding to questionnaires that measured their leadership style, decision-making style, and motivation profile. Findings – Statistical analyses of data from three groups of Swedish public managers (n ¼ 385) revealed virtually no significant differences in behaviour between female and male managers. Regardless of whether there is a female or male majority of employees or a female or male majority of managers, no effect on leadership behaviour occurs. Originality/value – A number of studies indicate that managers’ behaviour is different in different types of organizations. This study suggests, therefore, that, independent of gender, organizational and demographic characteristics modify leadership behaviours, thus explaining similarities in leadership behaviour. Keywords Women, Men, Gender, Leadership behaviour...
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...The Difference between Men and Women in Society Over the year’s stereotypes, views and places of men and women in society have changed a lot, some for better and some for worse. Some people tend to believe and follow the crowd maybe because certain things were taught to them growing up and hearing it again from others drills it deeper into their minds. Others possibly could be due to the fact that they are not open minded about things like equality and giving other people chances to move above where they sit. Unfortunately that is how the majority of society is and it doesn’t always change for the better. Men and women both are the same in certain aspects but treated so different in many others. A general setting in where this happens is in society. Before I get into what they are I want to talk about where they come from and what they are influenced by. The main contributor to this subject is the media. Things like music, television, movies, internet and even things like blogs can set an idea or thought and then kick it into motion. The thing that differs how an idea from present time to past time spreads is the media. In this time we have many more influences on society then 50 years ago. Our parents and elders are also a huge part of where we get our views on men and women I society because they get it from their parents and so on, it all goes back so far. Our culture is also so influential on everything we believe nowadays and our culture is what set the ideas for our grandparents...
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...Communication in the Workplace: The Difference between Men and Women Jaime Vance Sullivan University 1Q-CMM401X-A2-07-Principles of Conflict Management-Winter 2014 February 8, 2014 Abstract Communication in the workplace has the potential to be difficult for everyone at times. It is not always easy to navigate communication successfully while working with varying individuals. Even in a workplace where women and men share equal standing, knowledge and experience, differing communication styles may prevent them from working together effectively. In the end, however, men and women can learn to communicate effectually, working together towards a common goal of success. Communication in the Workplace: The Difference between Men and Women It is not a new concept: Men and women perceive the world differently. They communicate in different ways, have varying perceptions of the same experience, and see the world through dissimilar eyes. Yet, these differences do not have to serve as barriers to effective communication. Rather, these differences can be an asset for successful workplace communication. Gender barriers, while evident, do not have to be barriers from successful communication in the workplace. In order to best navigate the road to cross-gender communication success, it is best to pinpoint these evident differences, using them to an advantage, making these differences common knowledge and tools for best practices. Gender barriers themselves can be “inherent...
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...For males, begin to have an erection while for females, they begin to have vaginal lubrication in the clitoris. When REM sleep causes arousal, it usually lasts a lot longer for men then it does for women. Although there is already a difference between the arousals that REM sleep causes for men and women, there is another differences between young adults and the elderly. Young adults usually experience it for more then half of their sleep cycle whereas the elderly only experience it for a quarter of their sleep cycle and if the elderly do experience an arousal, it tends to awaken them from their sleep. 1c. Researchers tend to examine awakened and relaxed people to observe their alpha waves, which with high amplitudes that are fast. When a person begins to fall asleep, the first set of waves that the researchers study are the, theta waves. These waves have an even higher amplitude then the alpha waves. However, their frequency is much slower. Sleep spindles and K complexes are when the EEG waves all...
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...Differences 1 Reasoning for differences of life expectancy between men and women Latesha Mays Dr. Davis SOCI 402 May 9, 2006 Differences 2 Reasoning for differences of life expectancy between women and men In most countries the life expectancy at birth of women is longer than that if men. Historically it has been assumed that this was generally due to biological reasons. But on the basis of my graveyard data which consisted of 50 cases of people from High Point North Carolina, tables and graphs, the relationship between race, gender, and average age of death are summarized with four empirical generalizations that I got from the data. I will only present three to adequately summarize the data because only three have similar commonalities to express why women live longer than men. The first empirical generalization was on the basis of the gender table. The data showed that males have a 36 percent average age of death and females have a 64 percent average age of death and therefore males have 28 percentage points lower average age of death than females. The second empirical generalization was on the basis of the race and gender graph. In this graph females had a higher median age of death than any other category. The last empirical generalization expresses a graph that shows the data of race and sex. The data showed that white females have a significantly higher median age of death than men and black females...
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...* Ways To Overcome The High House-Loans Rejection Rate We all know it's tougher to get a home loan these days compared with just a few years ago. Banks tightened their credit standards dramatically during the credit crunch, and lenders now accept only 55% of all mortgage applications. according to the latest annual statistics from the Mortgage Bankers Association: Overall lending by U.S. banks plunged by 7.4% in 2009, the sharpest decline since 1942, based on FDIC data. And so far in 2010, banks have yet to ease lending standards. Here are ten reasons people get turned down for a housing loan and some advice on how to overcome these obstacles. 1. BAD OR LOW CREDIT SCORE * You cannot build a house if the foundations are flimsy, When it comes to loan approvals, banks use a similar analogy. If you have a low credit score, you will be denied a home loan rejection even if you fulfill all other conditions. Credit score is considered to be the most important factor by the banks while disbursing a loan." * Credit score reflects a consumer's behavior towards the financial transactions. In some ways, it is a mirror to his financial habits and underwriters base their decision and develop risk-based pricing based on the credit score," says Anil Sachidanand, MD & CEO, Aspire Home Finance Corporation. So, if a person has defaulted or delayed the payment on any kind of loan or credit cards, it will have a negative impact on the credit score. Other factors like being guarantor...
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... Critically evaluate Plato’s defense of women’s political equality with men. Atar Derj Critically evaluate Plato’s defense of women’s political equality with men. Women’s Political Equality with Men Women’s Political Equality with Men Plato’s defence of women’s political equality with men What is “Equality”? Equality is very hard to define since people disagree on its real meaning, as stated Dworkin: “People who praise it or disparage it disagree about what they are praising or disparaging” (2000, p. 2). So before going into the argumentation about women’s political equality with men, the term equality should be defined first to avoid any misconception. Equality means the correspondence between persons or circumstances which have the same qualities in at least one feature. However, equality is different from the term similarity that refers to the approximate correspondence. Thus, when they say men are equal, it doesn’t mean that they are identical or the same, but it rather mean that they are similar in some points. When a judgment of equality is made, it is more about the difference between the compared things. Whenever equality is implied in a topic, the question “equal in respect to what?” follows (Rae 1981, p.132 f.). Equality...
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...know if there is a difference in the proportion of men and women who are left handed and let’s say in your sample 10% of men and 5% of women were left-handed. How it’s Calculated (Without the gory details) 1. You collect the data. For example, you ask 120 men and 140 women which hand they use and get this: |ACTUAL DATA |Left-handed |Right-handed | |Men |12 |108 | |Women |7 |133 | 2. Calculate what numbers of left and right-handers we would expect IF men and women were the same. In this case, IF men and women were equally left and right handed, we would have expected these numbers in our sample of 260 people (Ask if you want to know how this is done): |EXPECTED IF NO DIFFERENCE |Left-handed |Right-handed | |Men |8.77 |111.23 | |Women |10.23 |129.77 | 3. The computer calculates a Chi-square (pronounced Ki-square) value. The Chi-square value is a single number that adds up all the differences between our actual data and...
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...woman and a psychologist who has treated women and couples in the last two decades, I find that as I get older, I make a lot more comments to both male and female patients about how the sexes differ. Let’s take an every day example. A woman complains that her husband or male partner does not listen. What does this mean? Women often complain that a male counterpart wants to provide advice when she talks about a problem. We women can feel unheard in this situation, as we would like our partners to remark on the content of our feelings. Sound familiar? When I am talking with patients, I often try to normalize the above example as one way that men and women are different. Although it may be that a couple is not compatible because of difficulties communicating, I am rarely worried about a partnership based on different communication styles. Rather, I try to educate men, women and couples about the differences in perceptions regarding what is ideal communication. Because a man offers advice does not mean that he does not care. A man offering pragmatic sensibilities seems to be evidence that he is listening! When I say this to my women patients, they are often relieved.Haut du formulaire Bas du formulaire Yet, I find myself sometimes experiencing a curious anxiety when I point out sex and gender differences between women and men. The way men and women listen and talk is just one example. I can get even more anxious when I imply that men process emotions differently and they respond...
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...Introduction Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus was written by marriage counselor and seminar leader John Gray. He provides a unique and practical way for men and women to communicate effectively. This allows them to relate better by acknowledging the differences between them. The book offers real life stories that entertains the reader, but also allows them to gain insight about the opposite sex. The book focuses on the differences between men and women. Not only does the book offer examples of how men and women react differently, but it offers suggestions on how to communicate more effectively (Gray, 1992). Summary This book was recognized by New York Times as the number one best seller in 1995. The knowledge gained from Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is not only beneficial for personal relationships, but it can also be utilized in the professional setting as well. The knowledge that is demonstrated in this book can be applied to all arenas of one's life. This book allows men and women to recognize the differences between communication styles; which is one of the most important factors to have in order to work effectively (Gray, 1992). Definitions John Gray, author of Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus conveys through several definitions. One definition explains how men go to their “caves” when they stress or de-stress. Men have a tendency to become withdrawn and want to be left alone. Women on the other hand talk about issues. She...
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...The chances we are given are not determined at first sight . Hitler took the Jews from their homes and forced them into trains than they were on their way to Auschwitz. Not only men were in Auschwitz there were also woman to with their children. There are many things in common between men and woman in Auschwitz, but there are also many differences. Men and woman were both sent to the same camp and if the woman could work the German soldiers would assign them a job as well with the men. One difference between men and women in Auschwitz is that if women were chosen to work they were raped and abused. From the article “Womans Sexualtity in WW2 concentration camps state's “Rape, too, prevailed in the lives of many women. Sexual abuse”. Which...
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...other? There are many differences such as intelligence, opinions, appereances, personalities, and genders which, in my opinion, are the most basic ones. Genders represent the differences and also similarities between female and male, or women and men. In general, men undertake different responsibilities, tasks and women too. From history to modern time, the border –differences- between women and men hasn’t changed exactly yet. However, many people pretend not to see the similarities between men and women. In my opinion, it may be claimed that there are some differences and similarities between men and women in terms of responsibilities and tasks. First of all, we can say that there are some resemblance between men and women in terms of their responsibilities. According to many ancient and modern philosophers, people born in equal conditions. Their appereances may exactly be different, but they have same intelligence, opinions such as beliving God, living in a good way, helping each other, etc. However, their social environment changes from people to other people. Then the differences begin since people continue their own individual way, and the basic reason of these differences is being a man or woman. In addition, many married couples share their duties in their homes equally and similarly. For example, in many countries, men and women prepare meals with helping each other. Especially, in developed country, they help each other since both women and men work in their job. Moreover...
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...biologically, the statement ‘men and women use language differently’ proposes the idea that we are different in so many other ways. It is said that women are more verbal than men who prefer action over words. However, it is difficult to generalise because individual differences plays a role and factors such as age, context, class, background, occupation and education will affect the amount of talk a person delivers and how much dominance they will have in the conversation. Table 1 shows how men and women cooperate in conversations with the use of turn taking, speaking time and interruptions. The average number of seconds all the women spoke for is 22.9 seconds and for men it is 60 seconds – clearly illustrating the idea that men like to speak more to get their opinions out in the world. Women are said to go along with this because they don’t want to hurt anyone’s feelings and so would want them to continue. Also, we can see that men tended to interrupt more. Man F interrupted 8.0 times and Woman B interrupted 0.0 times. This clearly shows the gender inequalities between men and women, men being the ones that don’t care about feelings and women being the over-sensitive type in terms of supporting everyone’s opinions. On the other hand, we can see from the table that men interrupted eachother more. This may be because they have more subject knowledge and want to prove that. However it has been said that subject knowledge has no impact and is not the reason why men interrupt, so why do...
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...Issues: Communication Differences in Interpersonal Relationships Cynthia Burggraf Torppa, Ph.D., Extension Educator, Family and Consumer Sciences, Morrow County, Heart of Ohio EERA, Ohio State University Extension, The Ohio State University A lot of media attention has been devoted to the idea that women and men communicate very differently—in fact, it is sometimes stated that women and men communicate so differently from one another that they must come from different planets! Although at times differences in women’s and men’s communication styles seem to be constant and overwhelming, they are really quite minor. For example, both women and men can be nurturing, aggressive, task-focused, or sentimental. What is important to think about, however, is that women and men sometimes perceive the same messages to have different meanings. In fact, it may be as a result of the differences in message interpretation that the “battle of the sexes” occurs. Studies indicate that women, to a greater extent than men, are sensitive to the interpersonal meanings that lie “between the lines” in the messages they exchange with their mates. That is, societal expectations often make women responsible for regulating intimacy, or how close they allow others to come. For that reason, it is argued that women pay more attention than men to the underlying meanings about intimacy that messages imply. Men on the other hand, to a greater extent than women, are more sensitive to “between the lines meanings”...
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... Sex - the biological differences between men and women Sex Role - behaviors, attitudes and motivations a culture considers appropriate for men and women Sexual Orientation - attraction to members of the opposite, same or both sexes Gender is a set of social and cultural practices that both reflect and reinforce assumptions about differences between men and women Major sociological emphasis - 3 Points 1. Gender is a social institution. Like family and religion it affects the roles men and women play in society 2. Gender influences differences in “Power” – “Power to” (get jobs, earn, get education) – “Power over” (assert will against others) 3. Gender is a cultural construct, expectations for men and women vary widely II. Sex Role Expectations A. Men -Independent -Aggressive -Sex Initiators -Career Focus -Suppress Emotions -Success = Achievements B. Women -Nurturing/Friendly --Self-Conscious about Appearance -Social Poise -Passive -Submissive -Focus on Marriage and Children -Success = Relationships Athletic ability: • Men have greater upper body strength but, athletic ability, strength and endurance are largely of function of physical activity, training, genes and hormones Intelligence: • Recent studies contradict stereotypes. Differences in math, verbal and mechanical test scores are very small • Many studies show greater variation within sexes than between Stereotyping • Studies tend to emphasize the differences rather than the similarities ...
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