...The discipline of cross-cultural psychology is a means for identifying and comprehending what is similar and different as far as individual’s behavior, thoughts, emotions, and motivations across cultures (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cross-cultural psychology extends the ability of connecting with other individuals through a vast admiration and knowledge. To have a clear understanding of cross-cultural psychology, one must possess knowledge and a definition of cultural and cross-cultural psychology and examine their relationship. Also, in cross-cultural psychology it is of importance is to understand critical thinking’s role and the methodology of cross-cultural research. Definitions of Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology Cultural Psychology To understand cultural psychology, one must understand its definition. Therefore, it pursues discovering consequential links among the psychology of individuals and their culture. This is a systematic relationship between psychological and cultural variables (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology’s key message is that the behavior of humans only has meaning in a sociocultural context where such behavior takes place. Its key focus is studying how, whether, and when individuals have the tendency of internalizing the qualities of his or her culture (Shiraev & Levy, 2010). Cultural psychology also takes a stand as for advocating the notion that an individual’s mental processes, which are the result of an individual’s interaction...
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...NURSING PHILOSOPHY, 1 NURSING PHILOSOPHY NURSING PHILOSOPHY, 2 Nursing philosophy Definitions Philosophy Philosophies encompass a multitude of value statements and beliefs. Philosophies are based on knowledge derived from reality, personal values, existence, reasoning, and relevant presentation of concepts. According to Alligood (2014), they address concepts such as person, environment, health, and nursing. Philosophies are derived from different theoretical works which affirm general ideas pertaining to those works. Philosophies are all based on individual ideas which conceptualize different views of nursing. Alligood (2014) suggests that philosophies broaden everyday views of nursing. Nursing Philosophy Nursing philosophy is a representation of philosophy as it directly relates to nursing. According to Alligood (2014), specific nursing philosophies encompass theory guided nursing practice. The three different philosophies of nursing that each has their own value system are Nightingale’s, Watson’s and Benner’s. Each philosophy addresses its own concept of nursing care and factors that are associated with that. Alligood (2014) suggests nursing philosophies give us different views to consider when applying nursing care. Each philosophy serves its purpose as an interpretation of a rationalized value system of ideas of nursing care. Metaparadigm A metaparadigm is a knowledge type of nursing. The core basis of nursing is...
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...Critical Thinking: How to Read and Analyze Arguments Jim Wohlpart Spring 2007 Critical Thinking: A Definition Critical thinking is a mode of thinking where the thinker consciously analyzes an issue or problem, while at the same time assessing the thinking process. Critical thinking presupposes rigorous standards and mindfulness in their use. It depends upon effective communication and problem-solving abilities, as well as a commitment to overcome our inherent egocentricism and sociocentrism. Finally, it improves with practice. (Adapted from CriticalThinking.org) Critical Thinking: Not! I believe I have omitted mentioning that in my first voyage from Boston, being becalmed off Block Island, our people set about catching cod and hauled up a great many. Hitherto I had stuck to my resolution of not eating animal food, and on this occasion, I considered with my master Tryon the taking of every fish as a kind of unprovoked murder, since none of them had or ever could do us any injury that might justify the slaughter. All this seemed very reasonable. But I had formerly been a great lover of fish, and when this came hot out of the frying pan, it smelt admirably well. I balanced some time between principle and inclination, till I recollected that when the fish were opened I saw smaller fish taken out of their stomachs. Then thought I, if you eat one another, I don’t see why we mayn’t eat you. So I dined upon cod very heartily and continued to eat with other people, returning only now...
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...Individual’s resistance to change. BUS610: Organizational Behavior January 8, 2014 The components of conflict the relationship between an individual’s resistance to change and motivation along with job satisfaction, and work performance all have significant values which can be attributed to the basic knowledge of understanding the ethical and social responsibility through which moral ethics is a priority. This takes a higher standard than the basic ordinary social standards in society. In this discussion it will be discuss the self-interest in terms of incorporating the following theories lack of understanding, lack of trust in management, differing assessments of the need for change and Low tolerance for change. “Self-actualization consists of feeling that one's life work is helpful or meaningful to other people, and that the work fulfills personal needs for growth, achieving one's potential, and being true to oneself.” Baack, D. (2012). To identify and describe whether this actions is ethical or unethical would be to look at a situation that is “a workplace free of physical and emotional danger fulfills this need. Esteem results from being held in high regard by peers, through respect, prestige, and recognition. Company awards, favorable performance reviews, and promotions generate esteem by others.” Baack, D. (2012). The components of conflict between the relationship of motivation and job satisfaction, and work performance all have significant values which can...
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...unique product of the nature. In comparison with the other animals, they have most developed nervous and mental system which is very helpful to produce sounds and symbols (letters and numbers) that make possible the communication and recording of their questions, observations, experiences and ideas. To satisfy the curiosity and solving problems of daily life they involve in investigation. In modern times the complexities of human beings are increasing. To reduce such complexities, they have to conduct different research activities. Research is the essential part of graduate and post graduate program. Without conducting any academic research the objectives of the course will not be fulfilled. But conducting research is not as easy as we thought. It is a systematic investigation to acquire new knowledge, information's, facts, appropriate solution to a problem, deduce theory and generalization. It helps scholars to expand the area of knowledge and further study. There are various micro steps should be followed by the teachers for effective academic research. Before conducting research, the researcher have to submit the research proposal for approvable. When the research proposal is approved by the department then the research should be conducted consultation with the research guide. 2. Research proposal The preparation of research proposal is an important step in the research process. It provides a detail plan strategy to conduct an academic research. A research proposal...
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...Name: Course: Date: Education in the modern world As the world becomes more civilized and connected, global competitiveness makes it the duty of every global citizen and government to reconcile the true meaning of education to the standards and practices applied in learning. Without this societal reflection, a country or person risks lagging behind as the world progresses. This paper seeks to understand education and its place in the 21st century society. The first step in this quest is to ask the question, what is education? There exist a myriad of definitions on education. Key to every definition is the transfer of knowledge, values and skills. This knowledge transfer requires an knowledgeable guide or tutor to impart what they know to a willing learner. This is a process of illumination for the learner. As Will Durant eloquently states, “Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance” (Durant). Every great kingdom throughout history has placed a premium on education. From the library of Alexandria in ancient Egypt to the depth of information on the internet, education remains at the heart of every successful society. Currently, modern formal education has largely failed to provide value to learners. The most common forms of modern formal education employ rote memorization. Knowledge imparted does not go beyond the testing stage. Another failure by modern learning institutions is their over emphasis on the academic aspects of education. These institutions forget that...
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...o m a h t o . I started business life in finance (at the Bank of England in London), and in those early days I did not give brands a second thought. My life was dominated by financial facts and figures. And for the first 10 years of my career, I believed that these metrics were essentially all that were needed to manage and run a successful business. This view survived my transition into management consulting—at least initially. But the more I worked on developing value-based business strategies for companies, the more I came to appreciate the need to expand beyond a purely financial approach. If (as management consultant Peter Drucker famously observed) the purpose of business is to create and keep a customer, then strategy necessarily involved understanding and catering to the functional and emotional needs of customers. MM July/August 2008 ❘ 21 EXECUTIVE Brand equity is a widely accepted concept—but its definition is frustratingly elusive. Here we’ll explore the different perspectives that marketing, finance, and accounting have on the topic— and how these can be reconciled. Doing so is important because of the critical role that brand briefing equity plays in the demonstration of marketing accountability. This article puts forward four arguments that marketers can use to show how brand equity is a critical measure for demonstrating marketing’s role in adding to business value. My desire to develop a systematic approach about how to do this led me...
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...Lewis and Sigmund Freud. Dr. Armand Nicholi extensively explores the worldviews of both Lewis and Freud in his novel, The Question of God. He does this by examining both of their life experiences, from childhood to death. Through meaningful moments and various human interactions, Freud and Lewis develop their personal view about the world and the question of God. With these views, both assert their differing ideas on the meaning of life, suffering, and love. Although...
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...the concept of caring is because it is very essential when it comes to health care. This paper tries to make clear the concept of caring in the field of nursing and it makes use of the Walker and Avant outline to support the concept. It starts with recognizing the concept and its functions. It then identifies three emerging attributes of caring will be identified and a description of each will be given. At last, the paper will recognize antecedents, the effects or consequences and describe the empirical referents. The importance of analyzing Caring as it relates to Nursing Practice Caring is thought to coincide with good nursing practice. As guided by the concept analysis framework of Avant and Walker (2011), an attempt is made to gain better understanding of the constituent properties of caring. This includes the evaluation of various definitions of caring, key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and the perception of caring from the patients and nurses point of view. Then, drawing a conclusion of the significance of caring, thereof. Caring is the central concept in the discipline of nursing, therefore caring is the principle objective of the nursing profession. If it is delivered correctly, caring can preserve life or allow a patient to have a peaceful death (Burhans & Alligood, 2010). Rhodes, Morris and Lazenby (2011) refer to caring as having three types. They are ‘deep care’, ‘intentional care’ and ‘identity constituting care’, which all pertain to...
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...University website at www.students.utas.edu.au/plagiarism. Critical reflection on my coaching experience: An ongoing journey Coaching is a relatively new professional field that has increased in popularity during the past decade (Tompson et al, 2008). Despite several different definitions of coaching and ways to understand or categorize coaching practice, all coaching’s approaches have a common denominator: the goal of achieving changes in the client. Depending on the coach’s beliefs and methods and also on the client’s objections, the nature and expression of the changes will be varied and may be defined in two ways: perceptual or cognitive; (Meyer 2010) and concrete behavioural changes (Kress, 2008). In March 2012 I commenced a course that involved participating in coaching relationship external to my current organisation. Prior to the commencement of this relationship I completed a 360° feedback survey on core leadership and management competencies. Findings from the survey facilitated the development of an individual action plan that assists me to extract optimal value from the program. This exercise also informs and guides the coaching process. The stated aim of this coaching relationship is to promote and accelerate my personal and career development. This is achieved through regular face to face meetings and telephone conversations. These occasions promote open communication between my coach and I and critical reflection. Theorists suggest states that to be effective in...
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...Introduction We make many decisions every day. What will we eat? Will we go to work? Should we fill up our gas tank even though it’s a little past half full? These are all decisions that occur frequently and require little to no effort. With the small decisions comes the bigger ones. These decisions are life altering. Should we buy a house? Should I look for a new job? Or what type of car should I buy? Those type of questions take a little more time and effort to come to the most solid conclusion. When faced with a challenging decision a person enabled with critical thinking skills will form a better overall outcome. “Sometimes, the simple act of setting out your problem, objectives, alternatives, consequences and tradeoffs, as well as any uncertainties, risks or linked decision factors, will fully clarify the decision, pointing the way to the smart choice.” (Hammond, Keeney, Raiffa, p. 13) Critical thinking ensures that decision making is seamless. Vehicle Shopping About a year ago I was...
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...EDUCATION Critical thinking and analysis: a model for written assignments Sharon L Edwards W hat is critical analysis? In the author’s personal experience this question has been answered by the following statement: ‘It is being critical of the literature.’ However, this does not answer the question. A literature search also failed to provide any information on critical analysis. The justification for developing a model for critical analysis, however, was not solely the lack of available literature. Other reasons included: to provide a definition of the terms; and to help both educationalists and students interpret the concepts involved. Nurse educationalists and nursing students lack a clear understanding of the critical processes and this could severely diminish the profession’s ability to articulate issues that are imperative to the advancement of nursing practice in the future. This article recommends a model of critical analysis that can be used by students and educationalists. It suggests that critical thinking and analysis are interrelated and complementary, but not synonymous. It gives examples of the model’s components in order to clarify their meaning. The model will hopefully give students a premise on which to base their assignments, and nurse educationalists will be able to incorporate it into their teaching practice. It will also provide an element of reality to critical analysis which will prevent it from becoming so abstract and idealistic as to render...
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... Some issues need to be addressed when a person sets out to study the topic of religion. It must first be acknowledged that every aspect of religion when viewed by two biased individuals will have varying conclusions, people gather biased ness as they age, gain worldly experiences, and can comprehend ideas on a more complex level. The ability to comprehend a different cultures rituals, prayers, pilgrimages or doctrines, inevitably becomes tainted by the observer’s current knowledge or prejudices. The textbook definition of a tradition is, “the handing down of a practice, custom, or story that is memorized and passed down from generation to generation, with or without a writing system” (Stein, Hauck, & Su, 1988, p. 1392). The traditions held sacred by different faiths can sometimes be easily comprehended and studied and other times confusing and only surmised. The amount and type of documentation or the lack thereof with each religious tradition is a critical factor when studying religions. The insight gained when studying religion and its traditions can play an important role in the relationships between two of the same faith, two of opposing faiths, a person and his or her divine, the history of his or her religion, and his or her belief in what is sacred. When referring to the sacred, it does not always mean the Deity or Gods a person worships. It can mean a sacred place like the Incan city of Machu Piccho, or the Buddhist Monestary, Jokhang Temple. These two...
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...evolved into different branches from radical feminism to liberal feminism for example, and is used on a political platform. It is fact that both Mary Wollstonecraft and Hannah More are examples of women who philosophised about women’s rights and their place in society. They both produced published works discussing women in society focused upon educational reform, and many have debated the extent to which they should be considered feminists. However, although their views contradicted each other, based on the modern day definition of feminism, both Wollstonecraft and More should be considered feminists for numerous reasons. Firstly, it is indisputable that Mary Wollstonecraft was a feminist and even as far to be considered as the “founder of western feminism”. In Wollstonecraft’s writings, a new female value is consciously introduced and effectively infused into a movement across the late eighteenth century. There are many books that focus on Wollstonecraft’s thought alone as they all depict the influences and meanings of feminism to Wollstonecraft. They all commonly convey significance, individuality and authenticity, as well as emphasising the need to display itself for the attentions of others in trying to establish a movement. Battling against male superiority all her life, Wollstonecraft’s views become more defiant in her later life and at the end of the eighteenth century. The...
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...Three Issues Considered The first question I will address is “Are science and philosophy closely interrelated, or are they different in their goals and methods? Science supposes that there is only one proper basis of knowledge, it is experiment and rational analysis of nature. Philosophy tends to say that there are many ways of understanding, just as there are many forms of knowledge and many beginnings of that knowledge. In the beginning there were sciences but no actual scientist. They were all known as philosophers. Philosophy invented intellectual thought and rigorous reasoning which in turn is what invented the sciences. Philosophy continues to influence science by questioning the science's weaknesses. Some people think that the sciences can stand apart from philosophy. That philosophy is all questions, never giving a real answer. Where as, science is a methodology that is based on research and experimentation. “The specific sciences cannot and should not break their connections with true philosophy” (Spirkin, A.). By doing this they would have no questions for them to research and experiment. According to Wolff, the Milesians who are considered philosophers were also scientist. Thales who is known as the first philosopher was an astronomer. By his knowledge of the stars he could predict the weather (Wolff, 14). “Following Thales were the Milesians Anaximander and Anaximenes, who expanded and developed speculative theories about the basic components of nature and...
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