...Unit 6: The Digestive System Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Tatianna Fulton ITT Technical Institute The digestive system is made up of many organs that play a role in the process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which is used for energy, growth, and cell repair. Some of these organs also play a part in creating waste to be eliminated. The beginning of the digestive system starts in your mouth where you chew and breakdown food into pieces small enough to be digested. The throat receives food from the mouth which then goes through the esophagus to get to your stomach. The stomach is where food is held but also secretes acid to continue the process of breaking down food, changing it to a liquid or paste, food then moves to the small intestine where some nutrients from the food is absorbed and helps breakdown food more. The next organ is the large intestine that is responsible for the processing waste so that defecation is easy and suitable to exit through the rectum. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid flows back into your esophagus, the reflux irritates the lining of your esophagus and causes GERD. GERD symptoms include a burning sensation in your chest, sometimes spreads to the throat, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, dry cough, hoarseness or sore throat. If you have to take heartburn meds more than twice a week or experience frequent GERD symptoms, then you need to see a doctor. “When you swallow, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes...
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...The factors which makes Iddan, an engineer with no medical background, to pioneer the development of wireless endoscopy are he as an electo-optical engineer and was working on developing the “eye” of guided missile to its target. His friend at boston gave him information about technology used for viewing the interior lining of the digestive system which had lots of limitations, specially with viewing the small intestine. This small intestine causes serious disorders and only in United States approximately 19 million people suffer from disorders. Existing technology like X-ray and endo-scopes were unable to identify or investigate about small intestine. So the only option left was surgery and which was very crucial if the physician does not know which part of the small intestine is affected. So his friend encourages him to come up with better technology. Due to technology revolution after decade small video cameras which uses image sensors like CCDS (Charge coupled devices) has been developed. With his knowledge from developing the eye of guided missile he tried to make small missile like device which could travel through the intestine without a life line leading to the outside of the body and transmit images wirelessly to a receiver outside of the body. He has also done small experiment on chicken with his developed camera and as he succeeds he got more encouragement but he found battery of that camera get exhausted in few minutes. So he developed a prototype CMOS (complementary...
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...inflammatory conditions involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic disease that affects the colon and rectum, together known as the large intestine. The inner lining of the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcers could form on the surface. Crohn’s Disease is also a chronic disease that causes inflammation in several parts of the digestive tract (Sklar X10). It can affect anywhere in the GI tract. However, inflammation is commonly found in the end of the small bowel and the beginning of the large intestine (Sklar). It is estimated that twenty percent of people worldwide suffer from IBD (Wangen 27). Patients with IBD are offered no cure because there is no identifiable cause for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. However, treatment is offered to IBD patients to suppress or alleviate these symptoms. The treatment process of Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of the testing phase, dietary changes, medication, and surgeries. TESTING PHASE Physicians see about three and half million patients a year; almost thirty percent of people who have an appointment with a gastroenterologist, a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, unfortunately are diagnosed with IBD (Wangen 27). Warning signs for Inflammatory Bowel Disease consists of: extreme abdominal pain, blood in the stool, constant diarrhea, loss of appetite, fever, chronic fatigue, diarrhea at night, rapid weight loss, nausea and vomiting (Pimentel 71). The testing phase for Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients...
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...Introduction The Digestive System • Most nutrients we eat cannot be used in existing form – Must be broken down into smaller components before body can make use of them • Digestive system—acts as a disassembly line – To break down nutrients into forms that can be used by the body – To absorb them so they can be distributed to the tissues • Gastroenterology—the study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders 25-1 25-2 Digestive Function Digestive Function • Digestive system—organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates residue • Mechanical digestion—the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles • Five stages of digestion – Ingestion: selective intake of food – Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body – Absorption: uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph – Compaction: absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces – Defecation: elimination of feces – Cutting and grinding action of the teeth – Churning action of stomach and small intestines – Exposes more food surface to digestive enzymes 25-3 General Anatomy Digestive Function • Chemical digestion—a series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into their monomers (residues) • Digestive system has two subdivisions: digestive tract and accessory organs • Digestive tract (alimentary canal) – Carried out...
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...What is the digestive system? Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller pieces so the body can use them to build and nourish cells, and to provide energy. Digestion involves the mixing of food, its movement through the digestive tract and the chemical breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. Every piece of food we eat has to be broken down into smaller nutrients that the body can absorb, which is why it takes hours to fully digest food. The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract. This consists of a long tube of organs that runs from the mouth to the anus and includes stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, together with the bladder and kidney. The kidney filter all the waste that comes into kidney and it turns it into liquid and the bladder holds them until they come out. Which it goes throw the anus and it is called pee did you know that digestive tract in an adult body is about 30 feet long. What could hurt the digestive system? Smoking - Smoking can harm all parts of the digestive system, contributing to such common disorders as heartburn. Liver Disease-The liver is responsible for processing drugs, alcohol, and other toxins and removing them from the body so it will not kill you or damage you and cigarette, smoking could hurt it too. What is the nervous system? Your nervous system is the control and communication system of the body. Its job is to send and receive messages. Your nervous...
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...I. INTRODUCTION A. OVERVIEW Gallstones are collection of one or more stones in the gallbladder, which is the hollow organ under the liver that stores bile. Cholecystolithiasis is the fifth leading cause of hospitalization among adults. The disease may also be occurring in persons who are obese, who have high cholesterol, or who are on cholesterol lowering drugs. In most cases, gallbladder and bile duct diseases occur during middle age. Between ages 20 and 50, they're six times more common in women, but incidence in men and women becomes equal after age 50. Incidence rises with each succeeding decade. Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract are common and painful conditions that may be life threatening and mostly require surgery. They are generally associated with deposition of calculi and inflammation. B. CLIENT CENTERED Patient R.D. is a 24 year old female, was admitted at Candelaria District Hospital on 17th of August, 2011 with a reported history of recurring right upper quadrant pain for the past 4 months and complaining of severe RUQ abdominal pain that radiates to her back. She nauseated and has had a few episodes of vomiting at home. The pain is less intensed if she walks around bent forward. An ultrasound revealed stones in the gallbladder. She was admitted for the gallbladder stone removal. C. STUDENT CENTERED We, group 2, students of Columban College would like to thank Candelaria District Hospital, and also our Clinical...
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...BODY FLUIDS AND INTESTINAL GAS Waste from digestive tract Frequent discharge of liquid stool Black tarry stools-contain digested blood First stool of newborn Passage of bloody feces Matter EXPELLED from stomach thru mouth Vomitus Vomiting of blood Gas in digestive tract BODY FLUIDS AND INTESTINAL GAS Waste from digestive tract Frequent discharge of liquid stool Black tarry stools-contain digested blood First stool of newborn Passage of bloody feces Matter EXPELLED from stomach thru mouth Vomitus Vomiting of blood Gas in digestive tract OSTOMIES Creation of an artificial opening OSTOMIES Creation of an artificial opening 1--ELIMINATION OF SOLID WASTE ILE---OSTOMY Into ilieum, creating a stoma (mouth) COLO---STOMY --bag Into colon-creating a stoma (mouth) 1--ELIMINATION OF SOLID WASTE ILE---OSTOMY Into ilieum, creating a stoma (mouth) COLO---STOMY --bag Into colon-creating a stoma (mouth) 2---FEEDING (tubes) PURPOSES GASTR--OSTOMY Into stomach wall- through abdominal wall----- GASTRO—JEJUNUM--OSTOMY Between the stomach and jejunum GAVAGE Process of feeding a person through a NASO-GASTRIC tube 2---FEEDING (tubes) PURPOSES GASTR--OSTOMY Into stomach wall- through abdominal wall----- GASTRO—JEJUNUM--OSTOMY Between the stomach and jejunum GAVAGE Process of feeding a person through a NASO-GASTRIC tube RECTUM==RECTO,PROCT-O ...
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...(IBD), making them some of the most common digestive conditions. Both are extremely difficult to treat because of the varied reasons that cause IBS and IBD to occur. What are IBS and IBD? Both conditions are thought to be caused by several factors. These reasons include alterations in the gut microbiota, bacterial overgrowth in the small bowels and microscopic inflammation. Both are chronic diseases; however, with treatment, people can live a normal life. Both diseases can wreak havoc on those who suffer from them with symptoms that can occur with stress, when certain foods are eaten or after an illness. These symptoms include:...
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...The mouth is at the very beginning of the digestive system. The mouth is located on your face right under your nose. I don’t think I could forget or even have to come up with a way to remember this body part because it is not an easy body part to forget and it’s where food enters and sometimes even exits, but you hope that doesn't happen really ever. The mouth is responsible for 3 different digestive mechanisms. Before we ever bit into food the very first mechanism that takes place before food ever hits our mouth is we salivate which later mixes with our food which is chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion takes place by our teeth chewing up the food and propulsion digestion also takes place by our tongue moving the food around and then down our esophagus to go through more digestion. The esophagus is roughly an 8 inch muscular tube connecting your mouth to the stomach. I would remember the esophagus just by remembering that it’s the long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Propulsion is the only mechanism that takes place in the esophagus. The esophagus is constructed of a bunch of tiny muscles that move the food that has been eaten in the mouth to the stomach. The pancreas lays on the right side of the abdomen behind the stomach and the narrow end extends to the left side of the body. I have a feeling I will have to make cards for the digestive system parts so I will remember that the pancreas lays across the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas...
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...| CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY AS AN APPLICATION OF MEDICAL IMAGING ABSTRACT :- Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) recently introduced fills the gap between examinations of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, mainly to examine the small bowel (SB) for sources of obscure bleeding in addition to many other indications. VCE represents a minute endoscope, embedded in a swallowable capsule that is propelled by peristalsis and achieves the journey to the right colon in 5-8 hours. Images captured by the capsule are recorded on a hard drive attached to the patient's belt. Many studies have recently shown that the diagnostic yield of VCE is superior to that of push enteroscopy. It is well known that radiological investigations of the small bowel (SB) have a limited diagnostic yield, are relatively invasive, and often lead to late discovery of diseases, especially malignancy and profuse bleeding, at a worse stage. Also, push enteroscopy is limited by the depth of the insertion of the instrument to the proximal jejunum and, in the retrograde, to the last 50-80 cm of the terminal ileum, with an ability to visualize the entire SB only in 10-70% of cases. Introduction of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is therefore regarded a significant advance in investigating intestinal diseases. INTRODUCTION A few years ago, the assessment of small bowel pathology was a major dilemma, especially when it came to the management of...
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...the nose to the esophagus and into the stomach. However, with EA/TEF it hits a pouch blockade. This blockade can be seen through an X-RAY. Newborns with Pure TEF are usually diagnosed using a barium swallow test. Barium enhances visibility of the digestive tract through X-RAY. In newborns with EA and TEF, gas bubbles accumulate in the abdomen causing abdominal distention. This can be diagnosed with the use of sonogram or X-RAY “Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia Symptoms and Diagnosis”,...
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...The gallbladder is an organ that is a part of the digestive system and is located in the upper right quadrant under the liver. The pear-shaped organ is a hollow sac that stores the digestive element bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile moves from the liver into the gallbladder for storage. When food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the stored bile into the cystic duct and down the common bile duct into the duodenum of the small intestine where bile will help to break down food. Typical symptoms of gallbladder conditions include epigastric pain, abdominal pain, right upper quadrant pain, and/or pain that radiates around the right rib cage and into the back. Some people with gallbladder conditions may have no symptoms or problems at all. However, in some cases, gallbladder conditions can result in serious, even life-threatening complications, such as pancreatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and jaundice. The most common complication of the gallbladder however is cholecystitis. Which is a condition when calcifications and stones build up in the gallbladder lumen potentially causing blockage at any point in the biliary tree. The rarest condition is carcinoma of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is known to be most common in women and in people who have had a history of gallstones or other gallbladder conditions. Early gallbladder cancer often causes no symptoms and is usually discovered unexpectedly when someone has surgery to remove gallstones. About 1 in 5 gallbladder...
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...Parts of the digestive system: Esophagus-is located behind the windpipe in the neck area. Propulsion Appendix- is located underneath the large intestine Pancreas-is located between the stomach and transverse colon Gall Bladder-is located under the liver Transverse Colon-located under the pancreas and above the small instestine. Parotid Salivary Gland- Ascending Colon Descending Colon Stomach- is located next to the liver and under the diaphragm. Propulsion, chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, absorption Pharynx- is located behind the tongue Small Intestine-is located above the rectum and next to the appendix. Propulsion, chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, absorption Large Intestine-Propulsion, chemical digestion, absorption Anal Canal Liver-is located under the diaphragm and above the gall bladder. Rectum-is located under the small intestine Mouth-Propulsion, chemical digestion ,mechanical digestion Propulsion-the act of propelling. Once food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is propelled down the esophagus. To propel is to move the food substance from one point to another point in the digestive process. Absorption-to take something in through the skin or intestine. When we eat, the food is absorbed through the cells and bloodstream . Mechanical digestion-aspect of digestion through mechanical mechanisms or movement. Mechanical digestions begins when we begin to chew our food, and continues as the food substance is moved from different...
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...The gallbladder can be best described as a small pear shaped organ, roughly 3 to 4 inches long and about 1 inch wide), that is connected to the liver by the hepatic duct. The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store bile and concentrate. Bile is a digestive liquid that is secreted by the liver continually. The bile neutralizes acids in partly digested food and it also emulsifies fats. The bile flows from the gallbladder into the cystic duct when the muscular valve in the common bile duct opens. It then falls from the gallbladder into the cystic duct, along the common bile duct, and into the duodenum, which is part of the small intestine. Gallstones are small, pebble like substances that develop in the gallbladder. Gallstones are created when liquid that is stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of rock like material. Gallstones can interrupt the normal flow of bile if they move from the gallbladder and settle in any of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. Gallstones are usually discovered during tests for other health issues. Gallstones attacks are very similar to those of heart attacks, appendicitis, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, hiatel hernia, pancreatitis, or hepatitis. This is why an accurate diagnosis is very important, and if the physician suspects that the cause of the patient’s complaints to be gallstones they are most likely to order an ultrasound examination...
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...The digestive system is the set of organs which transform whatever we eat into substances that can be used in the body for energy, growth and repair. The digestive system consists of the upper and lower alimentary tract. The upper section of the digestive system consists of the oral cavity, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx and oesophagus. The lower alimentary tract is composed of the stomach, intestines and the glands of the digestive system i.e. the liver, gall bladder and the pancreas. The glands of the digestive system are accessory organs because although food does not pass directly through them, they help the process, breaking down the toxins or waste digestion produces. There are four stages of digestion. The first stage takes place in the mouth where the action of teeth and saliva combine; chewing and partially digesting the food so that it will pass more easily along the oesophagus. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which acts on cooked starch. The ball of food that leaves the mouth through the action swallowing is known as a bolus. The tongue pushes the bolus to the back of the mouth towards the pharynx, a muscular tube behind the mouth. The food passes into the pharynx and down to the oesophagus. In the oesophagus the chewed food is carried from the pharynx to the stomach by a muscular contraction known as peristalsis. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease and lubricate the passage of food. The second stage of digestion takes place in the...
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