...Module 1: Digital Photography Critical Analysis Digital Photography 1. Introduction A sailor planting a wet one on a nurse, Man walking on the moon, a student standing up to a line of tanks, and the horrifying moment a plane crashed into a skyscraper. Figure 1 –"V-J Day, Times Square, 1945", a.k.a. "The Kiss" “Man on the Moon, Apollo 11, 1969” "Tiananmen Square, China, 1989" “9/11 Attacks, New York City, 2001” All of these iconic images from history would be nothing but memories without the invention of photography. The power of photography has allowed us to see distant places, events before our lifetime, people from foreign lands and tragedies including war; all through the view of a lens. In just under 200 years, photography has transformed the world we live in enabling us to see not only beyond the boundaries of time and location but also beyond the range of human vision through macro, infrared and high-speed photography. Figure 2 – High Speed Photography, Bullet shot through an apple 1 Module 1: Digital Photography Critical Analysis Photography has changed a lot since its inception, what once was a painstakingly slow process involving specialized equipment and chemicals has become a revolutionary digital medium accessible by virtually anyone. 2. A Brief History of Cameras While the founding ideas behind what would become photography date back as far as the ancient Romans, the real history of cameras starts in the 17th century. Photography’s...
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...KODAK and the Digital Revolution 1. Evaluate Kodak's strategy in traditional photography. Why has the company been so successful throughout the history of the industry? Kodak had several core competencies to its advantage. Of primary importance were its “user-friendly” qualities, cost, extensive advertising that helped built its name; perceived quality of its products and its customer focus that lead to strengthening an important core competency i.e. customer satisfaction. Kodak’s leadership also came from marketing and its relationships with retailers (for shelf space and photo-finishing) and also its investments in R & D. During its heyday, its technological capabilities and its rapid design to market cycle times were success factors. Kodak used a razor-blade strategy wherein film was regarded as the consumable so it sold cameras for low cost and profited from increased sales of films. 2. Compare traditional photography to digital imaging. What are the main structural differences in the industry? (Use the 5-forces model) | Traditional | Digital | Rivalry among competing firms in industry | Initially none until 1976 when Fuji came in | High- many companies producing different brands at all price category | Bargaining power of suppliers | Low – since Kodak was their main consumer | ...
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...Business Excellence Executive Summary With the slogan "you press the button, we do the rest," George Eastman put the first simple camera into the hands of a world of consumers in 1888. In doing so, he made a complicated process easy to use and accessible to nearly everyone. Since that time, the Eastman Kodak Company has led the way with an abundance of new products and processes to make photography simpler, more useful and more enjoyable. Its reach increasingly involves the use of technology to combine images and information--creating the potential to profoundly change how people and businesses communicate. Kodak continues to expand the ways images touch people's daily lives. The company ranks as a premier multinational corporation, with a brand recognized in virtually every country around the world’’ (kodak.com). However, despite numerous efforts in acquiring new competences and turn around its business model, Kodak has so far failed to impress consumers and stakeholders alike. Facing stiff competition and shrinking profit margins, Kodak seems not able to find its rightful place in the new digital age. This report will shed some light as to why Eastman Kodak has been struggling for years and how it could overcome the challenges it currently faces. kodak manufacturing plant around 1930 RECENT PAST Kodak being a centennial company, it was necessary to take as much distance as possible when trying to analyze its historical strategic choices. Thus, this study will span 25...
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...from a photographic company into a world leader in digital imaging. At this time, K was the US market leader in still digital cameras (#3 worldwide) & led the retail market in printed digital photographs and digital dental imaging -However, K posted an operating loss of $600 m and net loss of $1362 m for this year (traditional film business was declining faster than they’d anticipated, and the digital business—with intense competition, compressed product cycles, and declining product prices—failed to fill the gap), and share prices were tumbling -Perez’s response: accelerate reallocation of resources from film business to digital imaging; massive layoffs; cut manufacturing capacity by 2/3; phase-out of film; focus on creating digital image management software Background 1980–1993: K diversified into healthcare, commercial imaging systems for printing, image storage and retrieval systems, data storage (floppy disks), photocopiers, Photo CD systems, and early digital cameras 1993–2005: K’s new management decides to focus on traditional imaging business and spin off or sell healthcare businesses; create greater coherence among its digital imaging projects -new digital strategy comprised the following themes: 1. An incremental approach: hybrid strategy where K only introduced those aspects of digital imaging that could offer advanced functionality for users (digital cameras offered poorer resolution than film, but digital imaging offered potential for image manipulation and...
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...process the company‘s offerings. For instance, prioritize marketing efforts according to the following process (1 = highest priority): (1) take great pictures with Kodak digital cameras, (2) print quality pictures for less with Kodak photo printers (3) store your pictures at the KodakGallery, where you can create unique keepsakes (4) display your pictures in our industry-leading Kodak digital frames. Instead of overwhelming the consumer with all the options Kodak has to offer, focusing the message on one product at a time can be more effective for Kodak‘s target consumer. We feel that additional emphasis should be placed on digital cameras, with the other products—printers, frames, and Kodak Gallery—supporting digital cameras as complementary products that round-out the digital imaging experience. Kodak‘s 120-year history as the premier provider of photography products lends itself to this strategy of emphasizing digital cameras. This focused strategy can be accomplished through changes in each of the components of the marketing framework, while keeping in mind the desired positioning for Kodak‘s product-line. Because Kodak is targeting the novice photographer segment, it is important that its products incorporate easy-to-use attributes and automatic features that deliver high-quality photos. Currently, Kodak‘s digital cameras compete well on the number of functions offered yet do not necessarily...
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...inception of the company, they aim to sell to low priced hardware together with a high price films. Furthermore, innovation is the heart of the Kodak identity and helped them displace competitors. 2. Technological differences between traditional imaging and digital imaging resulted in an organizational and structural changing. Traditional imaging was primarily a horizontal organization from film to paper whereas digital imaging resulting in a vertical organizational structure. This new structure attracted many new entrants. Thus the customers were provided with many new products and value propositions. As the exhibit 9 show highlights, the worldwide traditional imaging sales have dropped over the years. Thus, digital imaging has led to segmentation of customers based on prices, quality of images, user friendliness and type of storage. Each company should focus on a particular segment and try to maximize its appropriation and thereby the profit margins. 3. In 1981, Kodak did not see the Sony Mavica as big threat because they felt people liked color print and was slow to respond because of their historical revenue model. Film were generating a lot of profits for Kodak and they did not believe that launching a digital camera will generate a high profit. It’s the reason why the moved their core business toward a B to B model. They believe that their skills and expertise in the chemical field...
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...Kodak’s current position in digital imaging? Would Kodak’s position be different had the company adopted a different digital imaging strategy in the eighties and the nineties? Evaluate Kodak’s strategy starting in the mid-eighties. In 1983 Kodak’s stated objective was to invest in digital imaging R&D, but the company’s structure and culture were not aligned to promote this innovation. From the 1980s through the early 1990s, Kodak did not have a clear opinion and view of how digital imaging would drive the industry or how to commercialize any of their R&D findings. As a result, Kodak continued to seek ways in which it could marry chemical-based and electronic image to preserve the company’s cash cow, selling high-margin consumables (photographic film and paper). Through 1993, Kodak had spent $5 billion in digital imaging R&D but had little to show for it besides an image sensor that competitors had used to compete for the low-end consumer market and theKodak’s Photo CD device, which was ultimately unsuccessful. Management failed to focus on the merits of developing digital on a stand-alone basis. For example, the Photo CD utilized digital imaging but required it to be used in tandem with traditional photography. Kodak’s pricing was too steep and the product was inappropriately targeted, against the advice of Kodak’s own invention team, to the consumer market rather than the commercial market. As a result, Kodak missed out on establishing an initial digital imaging market position...
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...solutions and services for businesses and photographic film products. Fujifilm on the other hand, was founded 1932 and is based out of Tokyo Japan. They are popular for production, servicing, development and photographic products as well. Fujifilm has expanded to become an innovative leader in a variety of business fields while Kodak has focused on solutions and services for business. After the Second World War, Fujifilm started to diversify its products. Kodak on the other hand went through a struggle due to lack of innovation. Kodak’s main business segments are digital printing and enterprise, graphics, entertainment and commercial films. Fujifilm on the other hand was aiming to produce photographic films but overtime they have diversified into new markets and built a strong presence around the globe. In terms of innovation and product development Kodak had significantly concentrated on the market of digital imaging. Kodak at point of time came to a conclusion that they needed to focus on getting the pros who are passionate about their work on their team to embrace innovation. By doing so Kodak would seek for software engineers, chemical, mechanical and process engineers to be a part of their company. They strongly believed that if the engineers and pros worked...
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...solutions and services for businesses and photographic film products. Fujifilm on the other hand, was founded 1932 and is based out of Tokyo Japan. They are popular for production, servicing, development and photographic products as well. Fujifilm has expanded to become an innovative leader in a variety of business fields while Kodak has focused on solutions and services for business. After the Second World War, Fujifilm started to diversify its products. Kodak on the other hand went through a struggle due to lack of innovation. Kodak’s main business segments are digital printing and enterprise, graphics, entertainment and commercial films. Fujifilm on the other hand was aiming to produce photographic films but overtime they have diversified into new markets and built a strong presence around the globe. In terms of innovation and product development Kodak had significantly concentrated on the market of digital imaging. Kodak at point of time came to a conclusion that they needed to focus on getting the pros who are passionate about their work on their team to embrace innovation. By doing so Kodak would seek for software engineers, chemical, mechanical and process engineers to be a part of their company. They strongly believed that if the engineers and pros worked on the...
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...threats create a high demand for a content protection technique such as digital watermarking; which is one of the most efficient ways to protect the digital properties in recent years. Image watermarking techniques are frequently applied in the transform and spatial domains to achieve desired secure and robust protection. This paper provides an overview of the wavelet-based watermarking techniques available for medical images until now. In this paper the major methods have been analyzed along with their advantages & disadvantages. Keywords: Discrete Wavelet Transform, Medical image watermarking, ROI, NROI, I. INTRODUCTION D igital watermarking has emerged as a research area that was originally focused on copyright protection. Also, it has been implemented in lot of domains, such as video, audio, image, and 3D graphic model. Despite the fact there are only a few medical oriented watermarking studies in the literature to date, digital watermarking will be a valuable tool for copyright protection with medical confidentiality protection, patient and examination-related information hiding, data integrity control and source identification, in Hospital Information System(HIS) and picture archiving and communication system(PACS) based on Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine(DICOM) standard pave the way to store medical image and search for data base and give remote medical treatment [1]. Digital watermarking is the technology that embeds directly additional information...
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...Total Training for Adobe Photoshop CS5 Extended – Essentials Assessment Answer Key Chapter 01: The Big Picture 1. What are the three primaries used to create all of the possible color combinations? 2. What does a lossy file format accomplish? 3. How does an imageʼs pixels affect file size? Chapter 02: Setting Up Like a Pro 1. What tool can we use to precisely straighten an image along a horizontal or vertical edge? 2. How do you undock a tab group into separate panels? 3. What are keyboard shortcuts and how can you modify them? Chapter 03: Global Editing 1. How does an on-image adjustment tool work? 2. How do you constrain a crop to a specific proportion? 3. What is a histogram? Chapter 04: Making Selections 1. Name two methods for constraining a selection with the Rectangular Marquee tool to a square. 2. What modifier key do you press to temporarily set the Quick Selection tool to subtract mode? 3. In which panel do you store and retrieve saved selections? Chapter 05: Non-Destructive Editing 1. What benefits do adjustment layers offer? 2. What does painting with black on a layer mask accomplish? 3. What is a snapshot? Chapter 06: The Fixer-Upper 1. What advantage does the Healing Brush offer compared to the Clone Stamp tool? 2. What is image noise and what causes it? 3. What does activating the Aligned checkbox accomplish in the Clone Stamp and Healing Brush tools? Chapter 07: Type Design 1. How do you add a text box? 2. How does...
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...Digital cards can get corrupted. Scanners Advantages: Scanners are reliable as they solely rely on themselves. They are more environmentally friendly. They are easy to use. Disadvantages: A high quality scanner which would be used in digital graphics will be very expensive. Printers Advantages: You can put what is on the computer onto paper. You can see everything on hard copy whatever you see in computer monitor using print preview. You can store all the information in your file for future reference. Disadvantages: Waste paper in some cases. Older printers may take longer to print. Lastly, if the ink runs out you need to pay to refill it. Computer Monitor Advantages: LCD monitors use little electricity. You can use multiple monitors without it affecting the computer. They come in high resolutions, which help when doing Digital Graphics as it makes it clearer, what you are doing. Disadvantages: Monitors are expensive. They are fragile. PDA’s and Mobile Phones Advantages: You do not have to pay for the extra expense of a camera. They are becoming more advanced and quicker. Disadvantages: The batteries can run out. The camera (on the phone or PDA) is usually...
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...\subsection{Upload} \subsubsection{True} First at all we consider the scenario in which a user downloads \emph{true} data on Storage Manager. A user who wants to get a data \emph{i} belonging to Level \emph{j}, accessing with the true password for that level. The Storage Manager verifies the user's credentials contacting the Password Cache Repository. He accesses to the desidered level and then he uploads two files: a true one and a fake one. The fake data are required to make possible the deniable encryption. Then he sends files to the Storage Manager. \\ It splits the file in several chunks. SM will send them to sites chosen haphazardly. The site controls its map of free block, then inserts in a free block the chunk and it updates the map of free blocks. It returns the location of the block sending it to SM. \\ The SM sends the second chunk repeating the same operation examined for the first chunk. In conjunction with that operation, SM sends information received from the second site to the first one in order to create chaining amongs blocks. \\ The operation is repeated for every chunks, hence, to the i-th chunk, the i-th site contacts SM telling the information of the block. The Storage Manager sends to site (i-1)-th allowing to continue the creation of the chaining between site i and site i-1. \\ Finally SM chooses haphazardly a location of fake data with no ID and it stores the data into the chosen blocks giving an unique ID. The ID is easily calculated as \emph{ID\ped{data}}...
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...Abstract. The speech signal enhancement is needed to obtain clean speech signal from noisy signal. For multimodal optimization we better to use natural-inspired algorithms such as Firefly Algorithm (FA). We compare the firefly algorithm with particle swarm optimization technique. The proposed algorithm contains three module techniques. Those are preprocessing module, optimization module and spectral filtering module. The signals are taken from Loizou’s database and Aurora database for evaluating proposed technique. In this paper we calculate the perceptional evolution of speech quality (PESQ) and signal to noise (SNR) of the enhanced signal. The results of firefly algorithm and PSO are to be compare then we observe that the proposed technique is better than the existing technique. Key words - speech signal enhancement, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Firefly Algorithm, Perceptional Evolution speech quality (PESQ), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Introduction Speech is mostly importantly used for human communication. The goal of speech signal enhancement is to improve the quality of speech is degraded by the noises. Speech enhancement [1] aims to improve the performance of speech communication systems from the noise speech. Mostly speech signal enhancement applications in the areas of speech recognition and speaker identification systems. Speech signal enhancement applied in mobile radio communications, speech to text converting systems, low quality recordings, speech recognition...
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...company, specifically the MAPP plan, as well as solutions for more sustainable options for future structures. It has come to my attention that there are some major flaws lying inside our organizational architecture. These flaws lay in the foundation of Kodak`s organization structure and so we cannot move forward until these basic errors are corrected. We are seeking companywide success and must act as a company to achieve this. Throughout its history we`ve experienced dramatic economic upturns and downturns. We are currently trying to pull ourselves out of bankruptcy and I believe the way to do so is through changes in our organizational architecture. These changes alone will not lead to success, as we still face problems in the digital technology area however they will certainly contribute positively. This means making changes in performance-evaluation methods, reward systems and responsibility assignments. Our previous attempts; decentralization in 1984 and the MAPP plan in 1987 have been widely unsuccessful. This means we must look closely at what went wrong within these plans, and restructure accordingly. Now, I’d like to specify what the flaws were in our initial organization restructure plans. 1987 saw Kodak change the assignments of decision rights within our company. Clearly between 1983 and 1987, Kodak leadership realized the need for more change, and we restructured the management’s evaluation and reward systems with the MAPP program. I believe we at Kodak...
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