...Diphtheria Treatment: If the health care provider thinks you have diphtheria, treatment should be started immediately, even before test results are available. Diphtheria antitoxin is given as a shot into a muscle or through an IV (intravenous line). The infection is then treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and erythromycin. People with diphtheria may need to stay in the hospital while the antitoxin is being received. Other treatments may include: * Fluids by IV * Oxygen * Bed rest * Heart monitoring * Insertion of a breathing tube * Correction of airway blockages Anyone who has come into contact with the infected person should receive an immunization or booster shots against diphtheria. Protective immunity lasts only 10 years from the time of vaccination, so it is important for adults to get a booster of tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine every 10 years. Those without symptoms who carry diphtheria should be treated with antibiotics. Expectations (prognosis): Diphtheria may be mild or severe. Some people may not have symptoms. In others, the disease can slowly get worse. The death rate is 10%. Recovery from the illness is slow. Complications: The most common complication is inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis). The nervous system is also frequently and severely affected, which may result in temporary paralysis. The diphtheria toxin can also damage the kidneys. http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001608trt...
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...Respiratory System & Disease Jeff Farmer Anatomy& Physiology II Casey Veatch March 14, 2012 As we live our busy lives, there are many things that we take for granted. Things like having running water, weather that’s live-able, weekends, TV with 100 channels, and NFL football. But one very important thing that we all take for granted is the involuntary process of our respiratory system and breathing. The automatic breathing regulation system allows you to breathe so you don’t even have to consciously think about it even when you’re asleep. Respiration is the process of taking in and using oxygen. There are three different phases of respiration: external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration. External respiration is the intake of oxygen from the environment and the release of carbon dioxide. In internal respiration, oxygen is carried to the cells and carbon dioxide is carried away from the cells. In cellular respiration, oxygen is used in chemical reactions within the cells ( Tortora, 2008). Air enters the body through the nose. From here it is warmed, filtered, and passed through the nasal cavity. Air passes the pharynx, then through the upper part of the trachea containing the larynx and moves into the bronchi that carry air in and out of the lungs (West, 1993). Ventilation is the mechanics of breathing in and out. When you inhale,...
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...Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. –It can lead to breathing problems, paralysis, heart failure, and even death. Tetanus (Lockjaw) causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. –It can lead to “locking” of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in up to 2 out of 10 cases. Pertussis (Whooping Cough) causes coughing spells so bad that it is hard for infants to eat, drink, or breathe. These spells can last for weeks. –It can lead to pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring spells), brain damage, and death. (Diphtheria page 1) Doctors provide the Dtap immunization to children every year and know what questions the parents ask along with concerns the parents...
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...Bronchopneumonia-bronchitis+pneumonia Causes: * Staphylococcus aureus * Haemophilus influenzae * Klebsiella pneumoniae Prevention: Vaccinations can be very helpful in preventing bronchopneumonia. Treatment: Antivirals can help reduce the length of your illness and the severity of your symptoms. Epiglotittis-inflammation of epiglottis Cause: A bacterial infection is the most common cause of epiglottitis Prevention: * Wash your hands frequently or use alcohol sanitizer to prevent the spread of germs. * Avoid drinking after other individuals and sharing food or utensils. Treatment: * intravenous fluids for nutrition and hydration until you’re able to swallow again * antibiotics to get rid of a bacterial infection Erysipelas- is a bacterial infection in the upper layer of your skin. Cause: * cuts and ulcers in your skin * surgical incisions * insect bites Prevention: * Always keep wounds clean. * Treat athlete’s foot if you have it. * Use moisturizers to prevent skin from drying and cracking. Treatment:Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are the usual treatment for erysipelas. Nali Fungal Infection-can affect any part of the body, from the skin to the eyes. Cause: Fungi that are already present in or on your body can cause nail infections. Prevention: * using antifungal sprays or powders regularly * washing your hands after touching infected nails * dry your feet well after showering especially...
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...FDA still monitors the vaccine reactions for many years. The first vaccine was not discovered until 1798 by Edward Jenner and was used for vaccination against the smallpox virus. Later on, over a 100 years, Louis Pasteur proved that a disease could be prevented by infecting a person with the weakened germs. Dr. Pasteur used a vaccine on a boy in 1885 to prevent rabies as the child had been bitten once before by a rabid dog. By the 1900’s, there were two human virus vaccines, smallpox and rabies, and three bacterial vaccines against cholera, typhoid, and plague. In the mid-20th century, Jonas Salk, MD, and Albert Sabin, MD, discovered the inactivated polio vaccine as well as the live polio vaccine Vaccinations for fatal diseases such as diphtheria, measles and...
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...to the Centers for Disease Control. Along with cholera, diphtheria was also common along the Oregon Trail. Turner Garrison writes, “Diphtheria usually showed up first in the nose and throat, but could also surface as skin lesions. A gray, fibrous material would grow over airways, causing difficulty breathing, and sometimes uncontrollable drooling, as well as a deep cough and chills. Diphtheria was most common on the trail during winter months.” However, diphtheria is not a problem today. Turner Garrison continues, “According to the United States National Library of Medicine, there are less than five cases a...
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...BIO 205- Final Exam: Study guide The Final Exam will include chapters covered in Topics 6, 7, and 8. There will be 40 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Here is an outline of the materials you will be tested on: Topic 6 Review Topic 6 quiz- study guide. Chapter 5 * Define pasteurization and explain the different methods with examples Chapter 20 * Explain any 2 mechanisms of acquiring resistance to antimicrobial drugs with one example for each. Topic 7 Chapter 21: streptococcal infections, Diphtheria, Common cold, Mycoplasmal pneumonia, Pertussis, TB, Influenza * Causative agent of strep throat * Toxin production in C. diphtheria * Vaccine for the common cold * Diseases of the lower respiratory tract * The characteristic virulence factor of S. pneumoniae * Mycoplasma * Mucociliary escalator * Treatment for diphtheria * Antigenic DRIFT vs. antigenic SHIFT * Explain why common cold is not treated with antibiotics. Chapter 22: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lyme, Varicella, Rubeola, Rubella, Mumps, warts, mycoses * The antimicrobial aspect(s) of the skin * Staphylococcal skin infection * MRSA * S. pyogenes- M protein * Lyme disease * Varicella * Shingles * MMR vaccine * Mycoses * Skin bacteria: humans living in the tropics vs in the desert * List and describe 3 microorganisms that are found in the normal microbiota of human skin...
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...Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, Vol. 31, No. 22 6516-6523.The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae A. M. CerdenÄo-TaÂrraga et. al A. M. CerdenÄo-TaÂrraga et. al. (2003). The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Nucleic Acids Research 31, 6516-6523. (A. M. CerdenÄo-TaÂrraga et. al., 2003) Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive,non-spore forming, non-motile, pleomorphic rod belonging to the genus Corynebacterium and the actinomycete group of organisms. The organism produces a potent bacteriophage-encoded protein exotoxin, diphtheria toxin (DT), which causes the symptoms of diphtheria. This potentially fatal infectious disease is controlled in many developed countries by an effective immunisation programme. Corynebacterium diphtheria was shown to be the cause of the acute, communicable disease diphtheria after being isolated from diphtheritic pseudomembranes in the late 19th century The virulent and toxigenic strains are lysogenic, and produce an exotoxin formed by two polypeptide chains, which is itself produced when a bacterium is transformed by a gene from the β prophage.[9] Nonpathogenic species of Corynebacterium are used for very important industrial applications, such as the production of amino acids,[19][20] nucleotides, and other nutritional factors (Martín, 1989); bioconversion of steroids;[21] degradation of hydrocarbons;[22] cheese aging;[23] and production of enzymes (Khurana et al....
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...risks of childhood vaccinations are common for almost all medications. A reported reaction to an immunization shot is very rare. However, in many of the cases that have been reported, the reaction was as minor as swelling and redness near the injection site. Although the risks are low every parent should be well-informed before making the decision to have their child receive vaccinations. The rewards of getting your child vaccinated out way the risks substantially. Many of the shots children take are combined immunities in one shot. The reason for this is so the children have fewer shots to take in their lifetime. The DTP shot consists of three different vaccinations. The DTP shot is combined of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis. Diphtheria is a deadly respiratory infection. Diphtheria was a major epidemic in the United States before vaccines were routine nearly 175,000 people contracted this infection (Howard). Tetanus is an acute infectious disease contracted through a penetrating wound. Pertussis is best described as whooping cough. The MMR vaccination also contains three different vaccines, measles-mumps-rubella. These are all diseases that can be life threatening to children and adults. The...
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...This disease is rare in the United States and the European continent but very common in areas where children are not well nourished, not vaccinated, and live in very congested or unclean conditions. Diphtheria often targets children under the age of 5 or older individuals over the age of 60. A sore throat is one of the earlier signs of diphtheria with a low-grade fever and swollen neck glands. The bacteria often create a thick coating in the back of the throat, nose, or airway and is usually fuzzy gray or black in color that causes breathing problems and dysphagia (Ben-Joseph, 2016). About 40-50% of those that are untreated with this disease end up dying. One of the leading prevention for this disease is assuring that children get vaccinated at an early age with DTaP and non-vaccinated adolescents and adults received the Tdap. Boosters of Td every ten years are recommended from there on. Children and adults that are affected will be treated in the hospital after the medical provider confirms the diagnosis...
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...how much aluminum contained in recommended vaccines might stay and predict how harmful it is. Consequently, aluminum accustomed in a body by inoculating vaccines could bring about harmful influence for patients. The final group of people promote to inoculate vaccines only specific severe diseases. Some vaccines are likely to cause serious side effects, but they can protect patients from infectious severe disease such as DTap vaccine. Dtap is abbreviation of serious diseases, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. Diphtheria and pertussis are transmitted illness, and tetanus is transmitted through wounds. According to the CDC, all of them have a risk of death, and the children who inoculate this vaccine can avoid diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in their childhood. (CDC, 2007) The immunity for these diseases also requires for adults, so the medical administration promote to inoculate Tdap vaccine which has same effectiveness as DtaP vaccine. The CDC points out that reports of instance for tetanus and diphtheria have declined by about 99% and for pertussis by about 80% since Tdap vaccination released. (CDC, 2015) The immune system for specific infectious diseases require for all generations because vaccines can lessen the possibility of infected serious diseases. On the other hand, the vaccine which is not effective are not required to inoculate such as influenza vaccine. According to Brendan Flannery, PhD, the research conducted from November 2, 2017 to February 3 shows that the...
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...war, and the Underground Railroad was big. Ed’s and Henry’s family knew of the Underground Railroad, and their house was actually opened to slaves for food and places to sleep. This may or may not have had an impact on Henry, because he joined the Wisconsin River Volunteers on September 8, 1861 just one day after it was formed. This was recruitment for the war, and Edmund also joined while their other brother, Albert, was refused. Henry stayed with the military until August 1863 when he contracted Diphtheria. Diphtheria, derived from the bacteria Corynebacterium Diphtheriae, is an severe infection that can lead to death. Spread from coughs or sneezes, Diphtheria usually affects your nose or throat. The throat is covered in a grey or black casing, which can cause problems with breathing. In some cases it may even cause skin lesions. This sudden disease effects quickly, and can release toxins which will attack vital organs. The United States actually recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921, some of which resulted in 15,520 deaths. When Henry contracted this illness, he was given a thirty day leave of absence and was shipped off to Cairo, Illinois and was left to make his way to Kilbourn City. His leave was extended to sixty days after that, and he slowly got better. When he was no longer sick, he started heading back to his regiment, but he contracted a fever in Fort Pickings, Memphis. A doctor there warned him to stay, and tried to make him stay so he could get better. Henry...
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...Immunization Record for Students Attending Post-Secondary Schools in Minnesota Student Name (Last, First, M.I.) | Date of Birth | Student ID Number | Date of Enrollment (Mo/Yr) 10/2015 | Minnesota Law (M.S. 135A.14) requires proof that all students born after 1956 are vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps, and rubella, allowing for certain specified exemptions (see below). Any non-exempt student who fails to submit the required information within 45 days after first enrollment cannot remain enrolled. This form is designed to provide the school with the information required by the law and will be available for review by the Minnesota Department of Health and the local health agency. All students: Return this completed form to _______________________________________ by ______________. Check here if you were born before 1957 for the age exemption. You don’t have to complete the rest of this form. All other students who are not age-exempt: Complete parts 1, 2, 3, and/or 4 below. Part 1: Students graduating from a Minnesota high school in 1997 or later | I have previously met the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and Td (tetanus, diphtheria) requirements because I graduated from a Minnesota high school in 1997 or later. Student’s signature ___________________________________________________________ Date ____________________ | Name of high school: | City: | Date of graduation: | Part 2: Transfer student from another Minnesota college ...
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...can be treated with antibiotics like penicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive rod bacterium that forms spores and produces neurotoxin botulinum. Clostridium botulinum is a food borne illness that grows bacteria on food, which is toxic and when ingested causes paralysis. Antitoxins can treat botulinum by blocking the toxin from circulating in the blood. Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive rod bacterium that looks like a ball with a stick connected to it. Clostridium tetani produces toxins found in gastrointestinal tract of animals and is responsible for respiratory failure. Clostridium can be treated with penicillin. Corynebacterium diphtheria is a gram-positive rod shaped bacteria which produces toxins. Corynebacterium diphtheria is known to cause diphtheria in humans, which causes a thick covering in the back of the throat that can lead to difficult breathing, heart failure and paralysis. Antibiotics like penicillin and erythromycin can treat the disease by destroying the toxins. Hemophilus influenza is a gram –negative cocci shaped bacteria that forms no spores and is facultative anaerobic. Hempophilus influenza cause many different disease like pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, cellulitis, otitis media, and purulent pericarditis. Haemophilus influenza can treated with antibiotics like amoxillin-clavulante amoxicillin-clavulanate, azithromycin, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and clarithromycin...
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...County: | United States | Nigeria | India | Income and Economy Population below 1.25 a day (the share of the population living on less than 1.25 per day-measure of extreme poverty: | In the United States, 0% of the population lives below 1.25 a day | Estimated since 2011, 54.37% of population lives below 1.25 per day | Estimated since 2010, 32.68% of population live bellows 1.25 per day | Gross Domestic Products (GDP per capital): | The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year is 53,042 | The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year is 5,602 | The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year is 5,418 | Programs, findings, and finance Total expenditure on health: | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 17.6% | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 5.4% | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 3.7% | Availability of funding assistance from other countries: | The U.S provides other countries with funding, but does not receive any form of funding from other countries. | *PEPFAR approved funding (456,652,000) *Number of people receiving ARV treatment from programs supported by funds (673,729) *Global funds to fight Aids, TB and malaria: -Aids (485,224,677) -TB (123,999,673) -Malaria (640,835,826) | *PEPFAR approved funding (36,500...
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