...socioeconomic disadvantage Although the overall level of health and Data source and definitions wellbeing of Australians is relatively high compared with other countries, there are significant disparities in the health outcomes of different populations within Australia. In particular, people who live in areas with poorer socioeconomic conditions tend to have worse health than people from other areas. Previous analysis has shown that disadvantaged Australians have higher levels of disease risk factors and lower use of preventative health services than those who experience socioeconomic advantage.1 This article mainly uses data from the ABS 2007–08 National Health Survey. The analysis is restricted to all people aged 15 years and over unless otherwise stated. The ABS has developed four indexes to rank the level of social and economic wellbeing of a region. The analysis in this article uses the Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) of Disadvantage based upon the 2006 Census of Population and Housing. The SEIFA index of relative disadvantage combines a number of variables (such as income, education and unemployment) of people, families and dwellings within an area, and ranks these areas on a scale of relative disadvantage. In this article the scale is divided into quintiles – with the first quintile representing the areas of greatest relative disadvantage and the fifth quintile representing the areas of least relative disadvantage. This article...
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...•behaviourism-the study of behaviour in an objective way. •social learning theory/cognitive behaviourism •attachment theory •evolutionary theory •behavioural genetics •Piaget’s theory of cognitive development •Erikson’s theory •developmental systems Define and describe the following research methods •correlational study •experimental study •cross sectional study •longitudinal study Study Questions 1. Define cohort and briefly summarize at least one major difference in how different cohorts, past and present, are experiencing childhood, old age, and adulthood (pp. 5-9). Cohorts are the birth group we grow up with through life. The past childhood cohort was growing up in a time when there wasn’t terrorism, internet, and when a child would quit school to help his fathers business. Nowadays, children are exposed to the media, social cliques and must stay in school for the duration of there childhood years. 2. Summarize the impact of socio-economic status, culture and ethnicity, and gender on development (pp.9-12). In the developing world, people are struggling for survival and their living standards are very bad, while in the developed world, things are the opposite. Culture and ethnicity place a huge tax on the development of man or woman. There are many different types of culture and ethnicity based on our parents’ background in most cases. In a Collectivist culture, one might be accustomed to hiding his feelings and always allowing the...
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...Introduction The provision of parental leave and benefits in Australia is vastly different from the Canadian parental leave policy on many dimensions. This paper compares the Canadian 2011 Employment Insurance Maternity and Parental Benefits (EI) scheme to the parental leave provisions provided for in the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, in an attempt to assess the extent of major differences in the platforms and to extract any advantages and disadvantages of the systems. The provisions and use of unpaid parental leave vary due to eligibility criteria and segmentation of the workforce. Canadian maternity, paternity and parental leave is administered on the provincial level, creating differences in leave guarantees across provinces. A separate “federal jurisdiction” covers employees of companies working in inter-provincial or international commerce or for the federal government, regardless of their province of residence (Doucet, Lero & Tremblay, 2013). Since the ten provinces and three territories deliver the programme, they modify some details. These variations are minimal. In this analysis, we have taken the median amount of leave guaranteed by these 13 jurisdictions. At present, sections 67 to 85 of the Australian Fair Work Act 2009 (FWA) set out the legislative provisions for parental leave. Australia provides three types of child-based leave: maternity, paternity and adoptive leave. Substantive Differences in Parental Leave Provisions between Australia and Canada ...
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...1. For each of the following products, identify the segmentation base that you consider to be the best one for targeting consumers: (Explain your choices) 1. - coffee ~ Behavioural- Attitudes and Preferences regarding the product 2. - soups ~ Behavioural- Attitudes and preferences regarding the product 3. - home exercise equipment~ Psychographic and Demographic personality, lifestyle and sociocultural values 4. - mobile phones ~ Demographic- Lifestyle usage and purchase behaviors, empiricial personal features 5. - Non-fat frozen yogurt~ Behavioural- Attitudes and Preferences regarding the product, usage and purchase behaviors, lifestyle 2. Why are the following segmentation approaches not successful? 1. - Segmenting a market on the basis of personality-~because people’s personality will most likely change over time. A person with the same personality doesn’t usually have the same interest in a certain product thus buy the same product. 2. - Advertising Ski boards in Time Magazine~ Time magazine are usually for people that are in the financial world or economic world not in the sport world so they’re most likely wouldn’t interest in the sport products. 3. - Developing an insurance plan for all quadruplets born in Hong Kong~ Quadruplets are very rare in Hongkong thus very small market so therefore it would not be profitable. 4. 5. 3. Under what circumstances and for what types of products should a marketer segment the market on the basis of : ...
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...Chapter 1 - Knowledge of objectives is a prerequisite for the design of any MCS and, indeed, for any purposeful activities – objectives do not have to be quantified and do not have to be financial - Strategies define how organizations should use their resources to meet these objectives – a well-conceived strategy guides employees in successfully pursuing their organizations’ objectives; it conveys to employees what they are supposed to be doing - Strategic control involves managers addressing the question: Is our strategy valid/is our strategy still valid, and if not, how should it be changed? - Management control focuses on execution and it involves addressing the general question: Are our employees likely to behave appropriately? Do our Employees understand what we expect of them? Will they work consistently hard and try to do what is expected of them (will they pursue the organization’s objectives in line with the strategy)? Are they capable of doing a good job? - Managers addressing strategic control issues have a focus primarily external to the organization; they examine the industry and their organization’s place in it - Managers addressing management control issues have a primarily internal focus; they reflect how they can influence employees’ behaviors in desired ways Causes of Management Control Problems 1. Lack of Direction – some employees perform inadequately simply because they do not know what the organization wants from them; therefore, one function involves...
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...Introduction The aim of this report is to highlight whether it is practicable to report prospective financial information in company financial statements and as well as to provide several recommendations. The sections of this report consist of six sections which are mainly why having financial reporting is not enough, going beyond historical financial reporting, qualitative characteristics of prospective financial information, uncertainties underpinning prospective financial information, other recommendation and conclusion. Why financial reporting is not enough The “Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements’ the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) stated that the purpose of financial statements is to provide users information about the entity’s financial position, performance and changes to its financial position and financial statements show the financial effects of historical events and do not provide non-financial information. [5] Hence, both internal and external users need both historical and forward-looking information in order to make better financial decisions. Internal users like the Management can use forward-looking information to analyse out an adequate valuation on whether to increase, hold or sell their investment. Likewise, external users like investors who want reasonable return on their investment can use forward-looking information to evaluate the sustainability of future entity performance and analysing the feasibility...
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...WHAT IS ADMINISTRATIVE LAW? Broadly, AL might be defined as the legal control of govern’t More narrowly, AL consists of those legal principles at define the authority and structure of administrative agencies, specify the procedures agencies must follow, determine the validity of administrative decisions and define the role of reviewing courts and other organs of govern’t in relation to a.a. Each particular field of regulation has its corresponding substantive and procedural law. AL as such deals with the general principles and rules that cut across the particular substantive fields and apply t a.a. generally. These principles include 3 basic bodies of law: (1) constitutional law; (2) statutory law, including above all the APA; (3) a form of federal com mon law, embodied in judicial decisions that do not have a clear constitutional or statutory source. REGULATION Aa are engaged in regulation. Regulatory agencies develop and enforce prohibitions or obligations with which private firms and/or individuals must comply (some agencies aren’t regulatory, but benefactor: they’re engaged in disbursing govern’t benefits). PROBLEMS THOUGHT TO CALL FOR (ADMINISTRATIVE) REGULATION One can imagine a govern’t without agencies, but no govern’t can avoid “regulation”. The common law is in fact a regulatory system, although outside the definition set out above: it depends on the creation and enforcement , by law, of a set of rights, notably those creating private property and enforceable...
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...Understanding consumer behaviour before launching a product i.e. Tablet. Table of contents: * Understanding consumer behaviour * Advantages * Disadvantages * Conclusion * Appendix Understanding consumer behaviour Studying consumer behaviour helps a company to set up its goals and marketing strategies. To understand a consumer’s psychology in order to improve an organisation’s marketing tactics is essential; it helps firms and organisations to study the behaviours, choices and needs clients make to consume a product or service. Hawkins (2007, pg.22) stated, “The consumer decision process intervenes between the marketing strategy and the outcomes. That is, the outcomes of the firms marketing strategy is determined by its interaction with the consumer decision process. The firm can only succeed if consumers see a need that its product can solve, become aware of the product and its capabilities, decide that it is the best available solution, proceed to buy it and become satisfied with the result of the purchase.” Marketers use a number of ways to analyse consumer behaviour including behavioural, emotional and cognitive. Solomon (2013, pg. 3) concluded that various factors influence consumers to make choices to buy products including their friends, social media, society and culture. Kumar (2009, pg. 181) proposed that it is very important to keep the values, beliefs and morals of customers in mind. Especially, while introducing gadgets like mobile phones, laptops...
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...The impact of early education as a strategy in countering socio-economic disadvantage Research paper for Ofsted’s ‘Access and achievement in education 2013 review’ Professor Chris Pascal and Professor Tony Bertram UK Research Team: Sean Delaney, Selma Manjee, Marjory Perkins and Manja Plehn International Research Team: Alice Bennett, Carol Nelson, Sarina Razzak and Maureen Saunders Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) © Centre for Research in Early Childhood (CREC) 2013 The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of Ofsted. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to Elizabeth Boulton at publishing@ofsted.gov.uk or Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2 6SE This publication is available at www.ofsted.gov.uk/accessandachievement. No. 130155-RR-005 In June 2012, Sir Michael Wilshaw, HMCI, stated his determination to address the issue of narrowing the gap of educational achievement between disadvantaged pupils and others. To support this intention, The Centre for Research in Early Childhood has been commissioned by OfSTED to conduct a review looking at the impact of Early Childhood Education (ECE) initiatives to combat social and economic disadvantage, both in the UK and internationally. This paper: Examines the impact of nati...
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...Behavioural Finance Martin Sewell University of Cambridge February 2007 (revised April 2010) Abstract An introduction to behavioural finance, including a review of the major works and a summary of important heuristics. 1 Introduction Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets. Behavioural finance is of interest because it helps explain why and how markets might be inefficient. For more information on behavioural finance, see Sewell (2001). 2 History Back in 1896, Gustave le Bon wrote The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, one of the greatest and most influential books of social psychology ever written (le Bon 1896). Selden (1912) wrote Psychology of the Stock Market. He based the book ‘upon the belief that the movements of prices on the exchanges are dependent to a very considerable degree on the mental attitude of the investing and trading public’. In 1956 the US psychologist Leon Festinger introduced a new concept in social psychology: the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, Riecken and Schachter 1956). When two simultaneously held cognitions are inconsistent, this will produce a state of cognitive dissonance. Because the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, the person will strive to reduce it by changing their beliefs. Pratt (1964) considers utility functions, risk aversion and also risks considered as a proportion of total assets...
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...1.0 Content No | Detail | Page | 1.0 | Content | 1 | 2.0 | Task 1 | 2 – 4 | 3.0 | Task 2 | 5 – 6 | 4.0 | Task 3 | 7 – 10 | 5.0 | Task 4 | 11 – 15 | 6.0 | Task 5 | 16 – 17 | 7.0 | Reference | 18 | 8.0 | Coursework | 19 – 25 | 2.0 Task 1 2.1 The various advantages and disadvantages Multinational firms is the firm that their businesses that conduct operations and sell to customers in multiple countries. Obviously, multinational corporations can provide developing countries with critical financial infrastructure for economic and social development. But, these may also bring with them relaxed codes of ethical conduct that serve to exploit the neediness of developing nations, rather than to provide the critical support necessary for countrywide economic and social development. When a multinational invests in a host country, the scale of the investment (given the size of the firms) is likely to be significant. Indeed governments will often offer incentives to firms in the form of grants, subsidies and tax breaks to attract investment into their countries. This foreign direct investment (FDI) will have advantages and disadvantages for the host country. There are some advantages while facing the multinational corporation. One of the primary advantages that multinational companies enjoy over companies that limit their operations to smaller geographical regions is that they have a larger pool of potential customers. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration...
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...Behavioural Finance Martin Sewell University of Cambridge February 2007 (revised April 2010) Abstract An introduction to behavioural finance, including a review of the major works and a summary of important heuristics. 1 Introduction Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets. Behavioural finance is of interest because it helps explain why and how markets might be inefficient. For more information on behavioural finance, see Sewell (2001). 2 History Back in 1896, Gustave le Bon wrote The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, one of the greatest and most influential books of social psychology ever written (le Bon 1896). Selden (1912) wrote Psychology of the Stock Market. He based the book ‘upon the belief that the movements of prices on the exchanges are dependent to a very considerable degree on the mental attitude of the investing and trading public’. In 1956 the US psychologist Leon Festinger introduced a new concept in social psychology: the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, Riecken and Schachter 1956). When two simultaneously held cognitions are inconsistent, this will produce a state of cognitive dissonance. Because the experience of dissonance is unpleasant, the person will strive to reduce it by changing their beliefs. Pratt (1964) considers utility functions, risk aversion and also risks considered as a proportion of total assets. Tversky and Kahneman...
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...and Torres Strait Islander Report’, statistics show that “15% of the Indigenous population fall in the mortality rate between the years of 1998 and 2015”, “33% of Indigenous children in the population fall into this mortality rate between the years of 1998 and 2015”, and there is a reported “39% of the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian’s health outcomes that can be explained by social determinants.” Moreover, the “35-44, age set died at almost 5 times the non-Indigenous rate.” There is a gap of approximately 17 years amongst the life expectancy rate of Aboriginal and Indigenous populations. The causes of the health gap have been further looked into by ‘The Indigenous Burden of Disease Survey 2011’, which identified behavioural aspects that continue to exist due to failure of addressing the root causes. Bringing improvement in the health conditions of Indigenous and Aboriginal population has been a continuous issue for the Australian Government. The health condition differences in Aboriginal and non-aboriginal populations has remained at an unacceptable level across the nation for a long period of time (Gudykunst, 2013). The health gap has been considered a human rights concern by the committees of the United Nations and has been acknowledged in this way by the government of Australia. Social determinants help in the recognition of health and determination of inequality. A normal tenet of the law related to human rights that every right is interrelated and...
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...influenced by Confucianism and Taoism, but within that tradition are many different subcultures. The spoken language also varies greatly from region to region. Most Chinese people attach a great importance to cultivating, maintaining, and developing connections. These social values, which are the key elements for understanding Chinese social behavioural patterns and their business dynamics, are shared by Chinese societies all over the world. Alibaba.com is one of the most successful Internet companies to emerge from China. In fact, China's post-economic reform context has created a very favourable climate for B2B in Asia. If we draw a parallel between this growing sector and often floundering B2C/C2C companies which have faced threats such as the lack of credit systems, online payment problems, poor logistic systems and the old consumer habits we can see why Alibaba.com decided to seize the B2B market opportunity. Alibaba.com choose B2B, but focused on small and medium sized companies because of the disadvantages they faced in international trade until now. This was the basis of the innovation. The barrier abolition linked to the China's economic reform allowed companies to expand into an international trade market. Alibaba.com enabled SME's to find product and partner information around the world via Internet, offering e-commerce capabilities. Quantity, quality and price are the keys to its success. This essay looks in detail at Alibaba's business model and strategy. Extract ...
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...Question 2: The Coase Theorem states that if property rights are well defined, and no significant transaction costs exist, an efficient allocation of resources will result even with externalities (Harris, 2002). Coase argued that market failure, can be privately solved to an optimal level when the legal system intervenes, giving property rights to one of the parties involved. Essentially, the theorem is based on two underlying assumptions which are low transaction costs and the assignment of property rights. Firstly, the assignment of property rights is the right to have the exclusive use of their property, including the right to buy and sell it (Hubbard et al, 2009). Initially, polluters pollute because they believe they have the right too although the third party affected believe they have the right to less pollution. Hence without property rights, an inefficient level of equilibrium will be produced until the point in which the market intervenes assigning property rights. Another vital assumption is low transaction costs, which are the costs in time and other resources that parties incur in the process of carrying out an exchange of goods and services (Hubbard et al, 2009). As transaction costs of negotiating, binding and monitoring the agreement are very expensive when many individuals are involved, the transaction costs can exceed the gains from the transaction itself. When these two assumptions are held, an optimal solution will be reached when the monetary damage of one...
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