...SYLLABUS Cambridge IGCSE® Economics 0455 For examination in June and November 2016. Also for examination in March 2016 for India only. Cambridge Secondary 2 Changes to syllabus for 2016 This syllabus has been updated. Significant changes to the syllabus are indicated by black vertical lines either side of the text. Cambridge International Examinations retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. ® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE Economics? Cambridge ICE (International Certificate of Education) How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support.............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Syllabus content at a glance ........................................................................................... 6 4. Assessment at a glance .................
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...Contributing Factors to Various Eating Disorders Introduction The proposed topic discussed throughout this research will be eating disorders, specifically on the contributions to various eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, athletica nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating. Through much research, it is shown there are larger causes to these eating disorders. It is no longer a psychological factor (brain chemical misbalance). There are greater forces that influence eating disorders such as the mass media, family, stress (sense of identity), community (peers/school), and negative body image (which links to mass media). It is important to know these contributions to eating disorders because, the more one knows about the various factors for an eating disorder, the easier it will become to treat these disorders (help one suffering with an eating disorder cope and become healthier.) Throughout the 21st century, eating disorders have become more common among North American teens. With a higher percentage rate of eating disorders in the 21st century, (Sneddon, 1999, p.35) it shows it is an area that should have greater focus. Not only does it have a negative impact on the individual who is battling it, it has a negative impact on society; an impact that could destroy our society – mentally if we (as a community/society) do not help or treat this in the way it should be. An eating disorder can tear apart someone’s morals, eat at their brain – which means with it becoming more...
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...London School of Business & Management BTEC Levels 4 & 5 HND Business Centre No Unit No & Unit Title Course Title Lecturer’s Name Assignment Title & Type Date Set Due Date Academic Year / Semester 79829 Unit 1: Business Environment HND Business (BTEC Level 4 and Level 5) Dr Knowledge Mpofu Business Environment – Individual Assignment 24th September 2014 9th January 2015 September 2014 Semester Unit Outcomes Covered: LO1. Understand the organisational purposes of businesses LO2. Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate LO3. Understand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment LO4. Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities. GRADING OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE Outcomes/ Grade Descriptors Outcomes/ Grade Descriptors AC1.1 √ AC4.1 √ AC1.2 √ AC4.2 √ AC1.3 √ AC4.3 √ AC2.1 √ M1 √ AC2.2 √ M2 √ AC2.3 √ M3 √ D1 √ AC3.1 √ AC3.2 √ D2 √ AC3.3 √ D3 √ Assessor: Signature: ______________ Date: ___/___/___ Dr Knowledge Mpofu September 2014 1 Assignment Brief Scenario: The UK business environment remains positive, forward-looking and one of the most attractive places open for business in Europe. The UK government is committed to creating a supportive business environment that encourages a private-sector-led economic growth. According to the World Bank ranking, the UK is one of the easiest places to set up and run a business in Europe, and more overseas companies...
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...Ethical Decision-Making in the Military Decision-Making Process Contribution to the JSCOPE 2000 Conference “Moral Considerations in Military Decision Making”. Dr. D. (Desiree) Verweij Lieutenant Colonel G.A.A.M. (Gérard) Cloïn (drs.) Major E.C. (Erhan) Tanercan MED (drs.) E-mail: ilmo@army.disp.mindef.nl Tel: +31 76 527 46 53 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +31 76 527 46 53 end_of_the_skype_highlighting Introduction A great deal has changed in the Royal Netherlands Army (RNLA) in recent years. Not only has the task of the RNLA changed, but so has its composition. To begin with the first aspect: the task of the RNLA and that of the armed forces as a whole has been extended. This means that operations outside the Netherlands in all manner of international frameworks, such as the UN and NATO, have become the rule rather than the exception. The composition of the RNLA and of the armed forces has also changed. We no longer have conscripts in our army; we have all-volunteer forces, forces that wish to reflect society on a number of important counts. One of the significant consequences of the changes in respect of the new task and composition of the armed forces is the confrontation with different cultures and with different and new values and standards. To ensure that military personnel are able to deal with this situation in a professional manner, education in ethics is extremely important. This article elaborates on...
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...should go for coaching; coaching is about building team work, not about doing the team’s work. Leadership is not the same as management, people want to be led. Leadership is the ability to influence people to achieve the goals of a team. Transformational leadership and Transactional leadership depend on the leader’s power to reinforce subordinate for their successful completion of the task. POWER is the capacity to influence people. Using power feels good, people are attracted to power, people who have power often have egocentrically biased view of themselves, believing themselves to be more fair, generous and trustworthy. Not every decision requires the input of their entire team. It is simply not practical to consult the team on every organizational issue, but where to draw the line is unclear. Legitimate power (based on person’s holding of a formal position, other person complies because of belief in legitimacy of power holder). Reward power, coercive power (ability to punish other person). Expert power (personal expertise in a certain area). Referent power (person’s attractiveness to others). Concern the quality of the decision to be made. The acceptance needed for the decisions. The length of time required to make the decision and the amount of growth or development of the team. DECISION STYLE –...
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...Leadership simulation 2 2.0 Our Team Process Efficacy 3 2.1 The role of the leader 3 2.2 Psychological Safety 5 2.3 Group Thinking 7 3.0 Conclusions 8 4.0 Reference 9 1.0 Introduction to Mount Everest team and Leadership simulation Climbing Mount Everest is a dangerous undertaking, a Herculean task fraught with difficulties, danger, complexities and volatile weather conditions. Disaster can strike without warning, leaving the most competent and experienced professional high altitude mountain climber gasping for breath, and desperately fighting to stay alive. Death is not uncommon to mountaineers who ascend Mt. Everest, a simple mistake, faulty judgments, miscommunication, wrong decisions or complacency can lead to disastrous consequences. Indeed, climbing Mt. Everest cannot be accomplished alone, individuals need to work together as a team, cooperate and collaborate with one another, and rely on one another's capabilities to ascend the mountain summit successfully. Everest leadership and team multimedia simulation is an attempt to help the participants experience and understand team dynamics and leadership. It requires participants to work as a unit, a cohesive entity, collaborating and communicating essential information in order to make effective decisions that will benefit individuals and the group in achieving their goals. The interactive simulation presents the participants with series of complex and difficult decision-making situations, mimicking real...
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...Introduction The modern lifestyle of Filipinos suggests that we are slowly inclining to less physical activity and unhealthy eating. Surveys found that we are more into consumption of convenience and fast food. If you were to observe, our eating is patterned to consuming and patronizing food that are processed which are heavy in fat, salt, preservatives and other additives. This habit exposes us to different diseases, most particularly to obesity. The number of cases of obesity in the Philippines is continuously increasing. This has been proven by a research conducted in 2013 by the Philippine Association for the Study of Overweight and Obesity Incorporated. According to them, three out of ten Filipinos are suffering from obesity. Moreover, Food and Nutrition Research Institute of the Department of Science and Technology has supported these findings and claimed that it is a “growing epidemic”. The results also show that there are more cases of female obesity than male. Obesity is commonly associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, and mortality. (Corbin & Welk, 1970) For women, obesity implies more risk in developing complications due to maternity. Before, it was only a term for the condition of a person who suffered from exposure to unhealthy living that created excess weight. (Fahey, Insel & Roth, 2011) An article in the Journal of Obesity revealed that many obese people suffer from depression and low self-appreciation. In the study, it was observed...
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...Managing Human Resources Introduction In the essay, I will firstly discuss the relationships between perception, motivation and behaviour in relation to the work of the human resource manager in an organisation. In order to do this I will briefly introduce each subject, comment on the linkages that exist between each of them and comment on the critical aspects of each that HRMs need to understand in order to be effective. I will then discuss the management of perception. Human resources management is one of the most dynamic and challenging area of management (Bratton & Gold, 1999). Each individual has its own set of standard which clearly defines his or her personality .This can be influenced by the origin of culture and tradition mind set. In an organization structure perception, motivation and behaviour are three fundamental elements that lead to strong implementation of organization structure. The human resource department must have the mechanism to manage the three fundamental elements. If they are not managed properly it can have an adverse impact on the organization strategy. According to Leopold & Harris (2009) the foundation of human resource management is based on the five areas: • Staffing - Recruiting the right person with the right qualification, skills and experience to key positions. • Development and training - Development and training programme to ensure that staff has the right knowledge and skills to keep up with new development taking place in the working...
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... Review questions and application exercises on p. 134 and 135 Ch. 7 Product-selling Strategies that Add Value Article: Harte Hanks; Create and Nurture B2B demand with social media, 2010 Article: Ricci, L.R., ― What changed our sales cycle and Why?‖, 2005. Review questions and application exercises on p. 154 and 155, case on p. 155 Ch. 8 The Buying process and buyer behaviour. Article belonging to CH 8: How you slice it; smarter segmentation for your sales force. Describe positioning as a product-selling strategy Explain the cluster of satisfactions concept Discuss product-positioning options Explain how to sell your product with a price strategy Explain how to sell your product with a valueadded strategy Positioning involves: • Those decisions and activities intended to create and maintain a certain concept of the firm‘s product in the customer‘s mind Differentiation refers to: • Your ability to separate yourself and your product from that of your competitors • It is the key to building and maintaining a competitive advantage The set of benefits and values the company promises to deliver to customers to satisfy their needs A well-informed customer will usually choose the product that offers the most value • • • Applies to both new and existing products May be necessary to reposition products several times Salespeople have an important and expanding role in differentiating products • ...
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...August 2006 Contents [pic] 1. Introduction and explanation of behavioural competencies 3 2. Behavioural Competencies 5 1. Introduction and explanation of behavioural competencies [pic] Introduction The purpose of the British Council is to build mutually beneficial relationships between people in the UK and other countries and to increase appreciation of the UK’s ideas and achievements. The work of every British Council member of staff contributes in some way to the achievement of this purpose through contributing to one or more of the following outcomes: • Improved perception of the UK in other countries • Greater mutual understanding between the UK and other countries • Stronger ties between the UK and other countries It is therefore important that we all have a clear understanding of what our role is and what is expected of us. To do this we use job descriptions which describe the aims and objectives of jobs and the behavioural competencies and generic skills required to do a specific job. These form part of the Organisational Skills Profile together with a third element, job families. At the British Council we use a standard set of 13 behavioural competencies. This dictionary describes them in further detail. For further information on any aspect of the person specification or job role, please contact the recruiting manager. The individual competencies are displayed across...
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...City Colleges’ ‘Night Before Notes’ for ACCA P1 Dec 2014 Owen O’Reilly owen.oreilly@citycolleges.ie Everyone loves ‘tips’ – but you have got to be careful! There is a grain of truth in the following... handy as a checklist also – 3 or 4 points on each: Paper P1 Becker Paper P1 BPP • Corporate governance (CG) concepts, underlying • Public sector governance. fundamentals and arrangements. • Integrated reporting. • CG in other organisations (e.g. public sector, NGOs). • Ethical and CSR theories – applied to scenarios. • Types and forms of CG (e.g. rules based, principles based, insider, outsider systems, UK Corporate Governance Code, Paper P1 LSBF SoX). • Governance: • Agency theory, stakeholders, Mendelow. – Role of Board. – Unitary/two tier. • Board structures, CEO/chairman, directors, NEDs, – Chair role/CEO chair split. committees. – Induction/performance appraisal. – Reward systems. • Internal control and business risk, Turnbull. – Family based structure. • Ethical theories and business codes – Kohlberg, Gray, Owen – Global standards in governance. and Adams, Tucker, AAA. – Stakeholder classifications. • Professions and the public interest. • Control: • Corporate social responsibility, corporate citizen, footprints – Objectives of a sound system. and sustainability. – COSO failures. – Reasons for internal audit. • Integrated reporting, social and environmental auditing. – Internal control disclosure. • Risk management: Paper P1 Kaplan –...
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...MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS, VOL 5, 39-57 (1996) Multi-Attribute Decision Support in the Event of a Nuclear Accident SIMON FRENCH School of Computer Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9Jb U.K. ABSTRACT Retrospective studies of nuclear accidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have emphasized the need for preparing structured decision support methodologies for use in any future emergency. This paper discusses the multi-attribute aspects of such decision support, i.e. methods for supporting decisions when there are several conflicting objectives. Considerable progress has been made in application of these methods over the past 4 or 5 years. In particular, the decision-conferencing format has proved successful in helping senior decision makers understand and deal with the issues that arise in considering long-term countermeasures made. Within the RODOS project, a European initiative to build a decision support system for emergency response, multi-attribute value and utility techniques for short-term and medium-term countermeasures are being developed. However, much remains to be done, particularly in relation to the incorporation of uncertainty when there is a risk of an imminent accident. KEY WORDS: Bayesian decision analysis; decision support for environmental emergencies; decision trees; multi-attribute resource allocation; multi-attribute utility analysis; multi-attribute value analysis; radiation protection decisions; RODOS 1. INTRODUCTION...
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...Organizational Behaviour Book Notes Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define organizations and describe their basic characteristics. Organization – social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social inventions – coordinated presence of people or a group of people * Goal accomplishment * Group effort – organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish their goals. * Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group efforts. 2. Explain the concept of organizational behaviour and describe the goals of the field. Organizational Behaviour – the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. * The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. i. Certain behaviours are necessary for survival and adaptation: 1. they have to be motivated to join and remain in the organization; 2. carry out their basic work reliably, in terms of productivity, quality, and service; 3. be flexible to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skills; and 4. be flexible and innovative. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how to get people to practice...
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...to supply chains and affordable logistics 3.2 The Differentiation Strategy 3.3.9 Create a product that is perceived as unique 3.3.10 Brand Loyalty 3.3.11 Can provide better insulation from competition You will need: 2.2.4 Strong R&D 2.2.5 Creativity 2.2.6 Unique Marketing Strategy 2.2.7 Innovate to stay ahead of the competition 2.3 Focus Strategy 2.3.1 Focus on niche markets 2.3.2 Unique understanding of the market 2.3.3 Either cost leadership or differentiation You will need: 2.3.4 Unique/specific insight into the market 2.3.5 Knowledge of suppliers and specialists 2.3.6 Willing to take the risk that the niche may disappear 3. Value Chain Analysis Value Chain Analysis helps you identify the ways in which you create value for your customers, and then helps you think through how you can maximize this value: whether through superb products, great services, or jobs well done. How to Use the Tool Value Chain Analysis is a three-step process: 1.Activity...
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... which of the following is the least predictive set of criteria used to eveluate employees traits if a manager uses critical incidents as a method of performance evaluation, then ____ the focus of the evaluation will center on key bahaviors. ____involves evaluations ones performance against the performace of one or more others Foreced comparison The concept of____can be applied to apprasials to increase the perception that employees are treated fairly. Due process Which of the following is true with reguard to leadership? It focuses on downward influence of followers. ____is the only tactic effective across organizational levels. Rational persuation to avoid poiticking during peroformance evaluations, and orginazation should_____ use objective criteria reactive and protective behavions to avoid action, blame, orcahge are termed____ Defensive bahaviors Mintzberg's managerial four roles entrepreneur role, disturbance handlers, esource allocators, negotiator role The ability to understand, communite with, motivate and support other people, both individually and ind groups, may be defined as____ human skills (human skills- the ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups) conceptual skills The mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations. According to fred luthans and his associates, managers involved in traditional management activities undertook which...
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