...[pic] Definition “Conformity is a type of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes, beliefs or behaviours to adhere to existing social norms” Baron et al, 2006 Explanation of social norms (you must learn this for small mark answer) ➢ Social norms are one of the key causes of why people conform to the majority view. ➢ Social norms (group norms) are the standard rules of behaviour for individuals in any given society/culture. ➢ Unspoken rules develop spontaneously, unconsciously usually through force of habit and if you do not conform to these rules you will be excluded… ➢ For example, behaviour at a bus stop, the type of clothes that are popular, the type of drinks to be drinking, the type of music to listen to, the places to travel in the world Jenness (1932) The first informal experimental study of conformity where participants were asked to estimate how many beans the bottle contained. When asked for a group estimate they almost all changed their individual guesses closer to the group estimate. This persisted when asked again individually. They conformed. NB: Remember for every study in this topic and obedience try to give a methodological and ethical issue (or advantage) for each study |Methodological issues |Ethical issues | | ...
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...Unit Two Social Psychology Social Influence Student workbook Name: .................................................................................. Form: ................................................................................... Teacher: .............................................................................. Specification requirements Social psychology Candidates will be expected to demonstrate: • Knowledge and understanding of concepts, theories and studies in relation to individual differences • Skills of analysis, evaluation and application in relation to individual differences • Knowledge and understanding of research methods associated with this area of psychology • Knowledge and understanding of ethical issues associated with this area of psychology. |Content outline | |Social influence |Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational | | |social influence and normative social influence | | | | | |Types of conformity, including...
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...Discuss the errors in attribution Attribution= how people interpret and explain casual relationships in the world Attribution theory= ways in which people explain the behavior of others, or themselves with something else. Faulty assumptions, individuals attribute events. Situational= causality on external factor. Dispositional= causality on internal factor. Fundamental Attribution theory Tendency to over value dispositional factors, undermining situational explanations. Promotes understanding of common errors in explanation. Culturally biased and low in ecological validity. Jones and Harris (1967) Aim: investigate whether people would attribute behvaiors which people had a choice in disposition. Procedure: sample of university students read political student essays that were either pro or anti Fidel Castro. Told some writers freely chose be the pro or anti others were assigned determined by a coin toss. Participants asked to rate how pro/anti the attitudes of the writers were. Findings: participants believed writers freely chose= rated people who spoke in favor have a more positive attitude towards Castro (dispositional). Determined by coin toss= write in pro= more positive. Participants unable to see the influence of situational restraints placed upon writers could not refrain from dispositional belief even though participants were randomly assigned. Evaluation: lead to further research, all American sample, and question ecological validity. Suedfeld (2003) ...
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...How to write a case review assignment 1. TITLE 2. INTRODUCTION: * Which court decision has been discussed here? * What is the case about? * What are you going to discuss in each chapter/section 3. THEORY and/or CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK * Explain the theory or concepts, or define the legal terms that are important for understanding the case and they are usually provided in the book. For example: * What does the concept ‘negotiations’ mean? * Explain the link between these concepts 4. THE PROBLEM [that the Court has to deal with] * What is the problem that the Court has to deal with/solve? * For example: the application of Art. 74 CISG regarding the delay in delivery or defect of goods * Why is this case important? 5. FACTS of the case (What has happened?) * Who are the parties involved: who is a plaintiff – defendant; applicant – respondent * What has happened (the sequence of, for the case, important events)? 6. APPLICABLE LAW: * Which law has to be applied on this case * Explain the relevant rules (Articles) * What does this article regulates/The purpose of this article 7. POSITION AND ARGUMENTS OF THE PARTIES * Explain the main arguments and reasoning of the parties in this Court Case: * What is a point of view of each party? Explain! * What kind of reasoning each party follows? * Make link with the theory...
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...that is alien but promises them something in return or will save their souls from whatever will harm them. There are many causes that affect people s minds to make them join cults. Cults are very promising, can be very eye-opening, and may be the only option left for some people because of what has happened to them in their life or the mental state they are in. Cults, as defined by the American Heritage Dictionary, are systems or communities of religious worship that may include obsessive devotion to a person or ideal. In our society, cults are common and have the potential to be destructive. This paper will focus on the factors such as education, stake in conformity, turning points, and strength of local religious organizations that may cause people to join cults, as determined by Stark and Bainbridge. It will also discuss the methods used by cults to influence new recruits and current members. Cult leaders employ tactics such as information deprivation, extinction of former identities, and scarcity in order to maintain their authority. All these techniques combined create an environment that can be classified as a cult. Traditionally, cults have formed after or during turbulent periods of history, when people are most vulnerable. However, not until the nineteen seventies did cults begin to raise considerable alarm among the general population. In 1978, over nine hundred followers on the Reverend Jim Jones committed suicide in Jonestown, Guyana (Hall, 1981, 1987, as cited...
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...Social identity theory (SIT) attempts to understand how social categorization affects intergroup behaviours (Tajfel and Turner, 1979). SIT is associated with a number of pioneering studies, most of which rely on the ‘minimal group paradigm’. In recent years, SIT has been explored with the use of additional types of study but I am going to discuss studies using the minimal group paradigm. Such studies are directly relevant to the evaluation of the theory and several have been instrumental in its development. SIT is based on a number of inter-related concepts: social categorization, social identity, social comparison and positive distinctiveness. Social categorization divides the social environment into ingroups (to which an individual belongs) and outgroups (to which the individual does not belong). Social identity is the part of our self-concept based on knowledge of our membership of one or more social groups. It is separate from personal identity – which is the part of our self-concept that derives from the way we perceive our personality traits and the personal relationships we have with other people (Turner, 1982). Whereas personal identity is associated with interpersonal behaviours, social identity is related to intergroup behaviours. Our social identity contributes to how we feel about ourselves, so we seek positive social identities to maintain and enhance our self-esteem. Positive social identities may result from the process of social comparison as we continuously...
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...Everywhere Humans are surrounded by chemistry. Every product one uses on a daily basis is linked in some way shape or form to chemistry. Food, clothes, electronics, vehicles and medicines are all made up of molecules of elements. Through chemistry these elements were combined to form alloys, plastics, fabrics, liquids and gases that make up these products. Chemistry, like other sciences, relies on accuracy and precision in order to remain a reliable source of knowledge and a means for advancement of various aspects of human life. This paper will discuss the importance of accuracy, precision and the scientific method in chemistry and how these affect the lives of the average humans. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy and precision are paramount in the realm of chemistry but it is important to note that even though these two things are related they are different. According to Merriam-Webster (2012), accuracy is the degree of conformity of measure to a standard or true value. For example, if one is taking a drive that is known to be 5 miles and their GPS reflects a distance 4.9 miles travel the GPS is accurate to within one tenth of a mile. While accuracy and precision reflect how close a measurement is to a standard or true value, precision differs in that it is a reflection on how reproducible these measurements are. For example, if the same GPS from above measures 4.9 miles each time for 5 separate time then it is a reflection of it precision. Accuracy in chemistry is exceedingly...
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...Dissonance Influencing Attitudes: Persuasion The Foot-in-the-Door Technique Role Playing Affects Attitudes CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.2 Person Perception and Musical Tastes Culture and Attitudes CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.4 Explaining Persuasion 16 Learning Objectives Social Psychology 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Define social psychology. Compare and contrast social cognition, social influence, and social norms. Describe the core social motives. Illustrate social categorization. Discuss how stereotypes and subjectivity impact personal perception. Explain the various types of attribution. Describe the components of attitudes. Illustrate the different ways to influence attitudes. Differentiate between conformity, obedience, and compliance. Describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of prejudice, aggression, and attraction. Discuss the pros and cons of group influence on an individual. 16.5 Conformity and Obedience Conformity The Power of the Situation: The Stanford Prison Experiment Obedience Milgram’s Experiment Media Impact: The Impact of TV, Movies, Music, and Videogames Group Polarization Groupthink Individual Influence Factors in Attraction Competence Proximity Physical Attractiveness Similarity Reciprocity CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION...
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...pt PART 4 - LEADING CHAPTER 8 - FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP BEHAVIOR LEARNING OUTCOMES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Define the focus and goals of organizational behavior. 2. Identify and describe the three components of attitudes. 3. Explain cognitive dissonance. 4. Describe the Myers-Briggs personality type framework and its use in organizations. 5. Define perception and describe the factors that can shape or distort perception. 6. Explain how managers can shape employee behavior. 7. Contrast formal and informal groups. 8. Explain why people join groups. 9. State how roles and norms influence employees' behavior. 10. Describe how group size affects group behavior. Opening Vignette SUMMARY In today's dynamic organization, we continue to hear about management's need to be sensitive to others, for some, this is simply not part of their personality make-up, example Linda Wachner, CEO. One of the first women to become a Fortune 500 CEO. She is characterized as a screaming, combative, ruthless taskmaster known for humiliating employees in front of their peers. Her simple motto: "You can't run a company efficiently with a 'bunch of babies.' If you don't like it, leave. This is not a prison." Advice to other senior managers, be tough. Wachner is known for being smart and a good manager--and one who rewards only performance. Her record at Warnaco has been nothing short of stellar. Since leading a leveraged buyout...
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...acceptable level. Peer review risk consists of two parts: 1. The risk (consisting of inherent risk and control risk) that an engagement will not be performed and/or reported on in conformity with applicable professional standards in all materials respects, that the reviewed firm’s system of quality control will not prevent such failure, or both. 2. The risk (detection risk) that the review team will fail to detect and report on design and/or compliance deficiencies or significant deficiencies in the reviewed firm’s system of quality control. Firm Structure (number of offices, number of partners or equivalent, description of the firm’s A&A practice, etc.) INHERENT RISK FACTORS Please discuss the inherent risks of the firm under review. The following inherent risk factors should be considered and addressed below: 1. Circumstances arising within the firm (i.e. many engagements in specialized industries) 2. Circumstances outside the firm (i.e. new professional standards, regulatory requirements, adverse economic conditions, etc.) 3. Variances that many occur during the year (ie: significant increase in the number of audits performed since the last review) 4. Other inherent risk factors the review team deems of importance Overall, the review team assesses inherent risk at: _______ Low _______ Moderate _______ High CONTROL RISK FACTORS Please discuss the control risk of the firm under review. The following...
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...This paper will use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to discuss the extent to which growth needs influence personality information. It will explain biological factors that influence the information personality. In this paper it will explain the relationship of biological factors to Maslow’s theory of personality. It will describe the basic aspects of humanistic theory that are incompatible with biological explanations of personality. Abraham Maslow (1954) book Motivation and Personality was published to combine elements of a large amount of knowledge connected to characteristics of motivation (Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs motivational model, 1995). Before Maslow, researchers usually concentrated distinctly with the conditions of achievement, biology or the ability to understand what activates, directs, and maintains human behavior. Maslow presented facts supposed to be true and hierarchy of human needs with the importance of two groups; growth needs and deficiency. With deficiency needs one must be up to standard on the lower needs before up to the higher level of needs. After these needs have been met, if at a later time a deficiency is discovered, the person will take action to get rid of the deficiency. Maslow divided organismic needs into two categories. First, he identified several categories of deficiency needs—“D-needs” (or “D-motives”) which are necessary for survival (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). A) Physiological needs are the basic needs food, water, shelter, sex...
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...OF MGMT on October 22, 2007 © 2001 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Schwartz, Bardi / CROSS-CULTURAL VALUE SIMILARITIES Beyond the striking differences in the value priorities of groups is a surprisingly widespread consensus regarding the hierarchical order of values. Average value hierarchies of representative and near representative samples from 13 nations exhibit a similar pattern that replicates with school teachers in 56 nations and college students in 54 nations. Benevolence, self-direction, and universalism values are consistently most important; power, tradition, and stimulation values are least important; and security, conformity, achievement, and hedonism are in between. Value hierarchies of 83% of samples correlate at least .80 with this...
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...Criminals are born as such. Discuss: Five year old girl abducted, raped and murdered. It is headlines like this that often make newspaper headlines. When reading a headline such as this the question is often asked ‘How could a human being be capable of doing such a thing to another human being? Another headline may read ‘what led young people to riot?’ in reference to normal young people who took to the streets of London and broke into shops and set fire to pubs. There are many theories as to why people commit crimes. Are these crimes due to inherited predispositions? Are they a response to the strain of disjunction between goals and the means of achieving? Is this because they were written off as delinquents at school? Are these crimes a result of being labelled a murderer or a hooligan? Is the inequality in the capitalist world responsible for these people’s actions? This essay will look at biological, physiological and sociological perspectives to consider why people commit crimes. Deviance can be defined as behaviour that differs from the normal and is subjected to public disapproval. What is labelled as deviant is relative and will clearly differ between cultures. Similarly what is seen as deviant behaviour changes over time, it was once deviant to bear a child out of wed lock but over time it is now considered to be the norm. Lastly deviance is subjective depending on location for example it would be considered to be deviant to chant, shout and walk around topless at...
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...(June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature; genes, innate or inherited factors. One mark for outlining the term nurture; environment, experience. AO2 Marks to be awarded for explaining the debate; a controversy within psychology that is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of a behaviour are a product of either acquired...
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...(see explanation below). As most management system standards address specific organisational goals, like product quality, environment or health and safety, they apply to different processes within an organisation. Management system standards are not product standards; there are no requirements that govern the characteristics of particular products or services in management system standards. These standards apply to organisations as a whole rather than to the products and services they supply. More on this in the member pages How have management system standards evolved? The evolution of formal management system standards has taken a rather interesting path. It has been driven primarily by customers in the regulated industry sector and legislation rather than internal economics but it is important to recognise that this evolution continues. The failure of organisations to regulate their own outputs forced some stakeholders (primarily customers and society) to impose requirements that constrain an organisation's policies and practices. Such measures have been deemed necessary since time immemorial to ensure the supply of conforming products and services, prevent accident and injury to personnel and damage to and loss of property and to protect the natural environment. As the bodies engaged in standards development approached this problem by looking inwardly on an organisation instead of looking outwardly from it, separate standards focused on the needs of these two stakeholders...
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