...MACRS method. 3) The projects incremental cash flows? These cash flows are those that are relevant to the valuation of the project. In this case it is depreciation. Using the MACRS we can determine for how much the project will be depreciated and what the net cash flows will be after tax and after depreciation. This cash flows are the sum of the depreciation tax saving and the after-tax cost saving. This shows the company’s profit for each of the eight years. 4) What is the project’s NPV? Explain the economic rationale behind the NPV. Could the NPV of this particular project be different for Lone Star Petroleum Company than for one of Chicago Valve’s other potential customers? From the calculations, the NPV is ($17301). (revise) The NPV process helps investors determine whether or not projects are profitable. There is a very important concept in finance: time value of money. One dollar today is worth more than 1 dollar in the future. Since the net cash flows here are future projections, it is necessary to bring the value of the investment to its present value. If the present value is positive, the project will be profitable; therefore, it can be approved. If the NPV is negative, the project should be rejected since the costs of investment exceed the returns. 3. Calculate the proposed project’s IRR. Explain the rationale for...
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...blood of every corporation. In the era of modern trade and commerce, business firm have to decide from where they will raise fund, where they will invest and how much of the profit will be distributed among the shareholders. “Finance” Came from Latin word “finis” means “dealing with the money”.finace is called the art and science of managing money. At the micro level, finance is the study of financial planning, asset management and fund raising for business and financial institutions. At the macro level, finance is the study of financial institution and financial markets and how they operate within the financial systems in both the domestic and global economics. Scholar’s view: “Finance consists of providing and utilizing the money, capital rights, credit and funds of any kind which are employed in the operation of an enterprise.” _George R Terry “Finance is concerned with the process, institutionsmarkets and instruments involved in the transfer of money among and between individuals, business and governments”. _Lawrence J Gitman From the above discussion, it can be said that finance is the process of financial planning, identification of sources of fund raising, investment of fund, protection of fund, distribution of profit to achieve the goal of the organization. ...
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...and the Firm Learning Objectives 1. Identify the key financial decisions facing the financial manager of any business firm. 2. Identify the basic forms of business organization used in the United States, and review their respective strengths and weaknesses. 3. Describe the typical organization of the financial function in a large corporation. 4. Explain why maximizing the current value of the firm’s stock price is the appropriate goal for management. 5. Discuss how agency conflicts affect the goal of maximizing stockholder wealth. 6. Explain why ethics is an appropriate topic in the study of corporate finance. I. Chapter Outline 1.1 The Role of the Financial Manager A. It’s All about Cash Flows • The financial manager is responsible for making decisions that are in the best interest of the firm’s owners. • A firm generates cash flows by selling the goods and services produced by its productive assets and human capital. After meeting its obligations, the firm can pay the remaining cash, called residual cash flows, to the owners as a cash dividend, or it can keep the money and reinvest the cash in the business. • A firm is unprofitable when it fails to generate sufficient cash flows to pay operating expenses, creditors, and taxes. Firms that are unprofitable over time will be forced into bankruptcy by their creditors. In bankruptcy, the company will be reorganized, or the company’s assets will be liquidated, whichever...
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...CHAPTER 10 The Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting Learning Objectives 1. Discuss why capital budgeting decisions are the most important decisions made by a firm’s management. 2. Explain the benefits of using the net present value (NPV) method to analyze capital expenditure decisions, and be able to calculate the NPV for a capital project. 3. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the payback period as a capital expenditure decision-making tool, and be able to compute the payback period for a capital project. 4. Explain why the accounting rate of return (ARR) is not recommended for use as a capital expenditure decision-making tool. 5. Be able to compute the internal rate of return (IRR) for a capital project, and discuss the conditions under which the IRR technique and the NPV technique produce different results. 6. Explain the benefits of a postaudit review of a capital project. I. Chapter Outline 10.1 An Introduction to Capital Budgeting A. The Importance of Capital Budgeting • Capital budgeting decisions are the most important investment decisions made by management. • The goal of these decisions is to select capital projects that will increase the value of the firm. • Capital investments are important because they involve substantial cash outlays and, once made, are not easily reversed. • Capital budgeting techniques help management to systematically analyze potential business...
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...A R GE SA LE LEA OR R N CL ING AS SR O Northern Forest Products OM Case 90 Cost of Capital Directed FO R Northern Forest Products (NFP) was established in the 1800s to log timber in the Great North Woods. In response to changing conditions, the company underwent radical changes in the way it operates and currently it is a large multidivisional corporation. The major focus of the company remains managing over one million acres of timber production and overseeing the manufacture of consumer paper products from pulp derived from its land holdings. Over the years the company has diversified into several other related businesses, such as a moderately sized mill that produces paneling and wood flooring. This operation has developed a consistent outlet for all of its output and therefore is stable. The company is also involved in real estate as a result of developing some of the prime lake front properties from its forestlands for residential and private recreational use. Successful property development during the 1970s resulted in expanded real estate holdings. However, residential development was particularly hard hit during a recent economic downturn, and the company struggles in this area. NFP is aware of the increasing international demand for wood products and is concerned about recent environmental pressures concerning logging. The company believes that diversification strengthens its overall economic health and, therefore, recently acquired...
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...A R GE SA LE LEA OR R N CL ING AS SR O Northern Forest Products OM Case 90 Cost of Capital Directed FO R Northern Forest Products (NFP) was established in the 1800s to log timber in the Great North Woods. In response to changing conditions, the company underwent radical changes in the way it operates and currently it is a large multidivisional corporation. The major focus of the company remains managing over one million acres of timber production and overseeing the manufacture of consumer paper products from pulp derived from its land holdings. Over the years the company has diversified into several other related businesses, such as a moderately sized mill that produces paneling and wood flooring. This operation has developed a consistent outlet for all of its output and therefore is stable. The company is also involved in real estate as a result of developing some of the prime lake front properties from its forestlands for residential and private recreational use. Successful property development during the 1970s resulted in expanded real estate holdings. However, residential development was particularly hard hit during a recent economic downturn, and the company struggles in this area. NFP is aware of the increasing international demand for wood products and is concerned about recent environmental pressures concerning logging. The company believes that diversification strengthens its overall economic health and, therefore, recently acquired...
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... There are a few different plans that are put together, usually overseen by the Vice President of the organization. Two of these plans include strategic planning which is the capital-budgeting process. The other of the two plans is financial planning. Financial planning entitles collecting sales forecasts from marketing personnel and production plans from operations, and then combining them to make projections of the firm’s future financing requirements (Barnes & Noble, Inc, 2009). While reviewing the annual report for Barnes & Noble, Inc, Team A will discuss the relationship between strategic planning and financial planning for Barnes & Noble, Inc. A strategic initiative will be described and will show how it affects the financial planning for Barnes & Noble, Inc. While there are many factors that can affect the costs and sales of an organization, Team A will discuss how the strategic initiative can be one of these factors. The final piece that will be discussed is the risks associated with the initiative and the financial effects they may have on the organization. Barnes & Noble remain the largest bookseller offering a wide selection of online retailing and discounted, high quality books to enrich, enlighten, and educate its readers. In October 2009, Barnes & Noble launched the nook, the most full-featured eBook reader that allows customers to access newspapers, magazines, and their favorite eBook anytime and where ever they may go. Barnes & Noble succeeded in its...
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...businesses, how would we go about doing so? Let's start with the first question. According to Casteele (2013), income statements are important to most business. It allows owners, managers, and shareholders to see how money is flowing into the company. This article also stated that service and manufacturing companies have several differences between their statements since the businesses have different types of expenses and different income sources. The article further explains, businesses adapt their income statements to their needs based upon the industry the business is in. A business in the service industry could not use the same income statement template as manufacturing industry businesses, because of the significant differences in how the businesses operate and earn money. Casteele, J. (2013). The Difference Between Service and Manufacturing Income Statements. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-service-manufacturing-income-statements-34551.html Steven I agree.The income statement reports all revenues and expenses incurred during the period. Revenues minus the expenses equal net income. As an expense, the cost of goods sold appears on this statement and reduces the net income reported for the period. So I totally agree with you when you say the income statements prepared by the manufacturing company...
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...[pic] Strategic Management Accounting (APC 309) Individual Assignment Part 1/ Question 1 Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to cover one of the most important topics in management accounting and analyze them critically. This topic is about traditional approach of budgeting and budgetary control. Analyzing this topic will help to find the benefits and problems of traditional budgeting in two different business, where they are operating at different business environment. It will also discuss some of the alternative methods of budgeting and how it can suit, where traditional methods are inappropriate. The beyond budgeting concept, by Hope and Fraser (2003) will be discussed to find critical and deep evaluation on the budgeting process. Table of contents Pages Introduction. 01 Traditional budgeting. 02 2.1 Multiple Functions. 02 2.2 Benefits. 03 2.3 Problems. ...
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...Notes: FIN 303 Spring 09, Part 7 – Capital Budgeting Professor James P. Dow, Jr. Part 7. Capital Budgeting What is Capital Budgeting? Nancy Garcia and Digital Solutions Digital Solutions, a software development house, is considering a number of new projects, including a joint venture with another company. Digital Solutions would provide the software expertise to do the development, while the other company, American Financial Consultants (AFC) would be responsible for the marketing. Nancy Garcia of Digital Solutions would be responsible for assessing the financial viability of the plan. Information about the costs and revenues of the project would come from the accounting, production and marketing groups of the two companies; however, Ms. Garcia would have to put the information together, and provide a preliminary analysis that she would present to the company’s managers. Capital budgeting is the process of making a decision about the financial desirability of a project. The proposed software development project at Digital Solutions is an example of this kind of problem. We will see how Nancy Garcia approaches this problem as a way to learn the techniques of capital budgeting. The Big Picture Businesses are about increasing the wealth of their owners, which means that they should pursue all the profitable projects that they can. Capital budgeting is about deciding which projects are profitable and add to the value of the firm. Sometimes the firm has to choose between two or...
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...CAPITAL BUDGETING FOR MULTINATIONALS 13.1 INTRODUCTION Although the original decision to undertake an investment in a particular foreign country may be the outcome of combination of strategic, behavioural and economic considerations, choice of a specific project within a particular product-market posture calls for evaluation of its economic feasibility. For this purpose, capital budgeting exercise has to be done. A firm should deploy funds in a project if the marginal revenue obtained there from exceeds the marginal cost. For an MNC, capital budgeting involves economic analysis of the firm's direct investment opportunities. Whatever be the motive for Direct Foreign Investment (DFI), an MNC's very survival and sustainable competitive position depends on its ability to identify and choose the most profitable investment opportunity. Capital budgeting technique provides the mechanism to identify opportunities and evaluate their economic viability. This is why MNCs evaluate international projects by using capital budgeting techniques. Proper use of capital budgeting techniques can help the firm in identifying the international projects worthy of implementation from those that are not. 13.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF EVALUATING FOREIGN PROJECTS Once a firm has compiled a list of prospective investments, it uses capital budgeting techniques to select from among them that combination of projects that maximizes the firm's value to shareholders. The theoretical framework involved in evaluation...
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...New Heritage Doll (NHD) 1) Briefly discuss one aspect of the “capital budgeting process” at NHD that you believe may be problematic. Focus on the process as described in the case. The aspect of the capital budgeting process at NHD which could be problematic is the open nature of projects which are deemed to have a perpetual return. While the discount rate determination is also open to interpretation, there are only 3 options provided, and each can be run as a sensitivity analysis. For determining a value of a perpetual project (often via a terminal value), leaving the growth rate to be used open to interpretation can present challenges. Especially as these projects often tend to be dependent on or impact other projects. Evaluating them compared to other projects without a terminal value may result may be impossible. At the very least, a defined ranking of tools (for example: NPV, then IRR, then payback) and a defined process for comparing perpetual and non-perpetual projects would help to reduce this concern. Figure 1: The current process ------------------------------------------------- 1) Capital budget was set by the board of directors (in consultation with top officers, who drew on input from divisions). The Capital and operating budgets were linked, with capital being equal to approx. 15% of company’s EBITDA. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2) Projects were set up and described by...
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...HOW DO CFOS MAKE CAPITAL BUDGETING AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISIONS? by John Graham and Campbell Harvey, Duke University* e recently conducted a comprehensive survey that analyzed the current practice of corporate finance, with particular focus on the areas of capital budgeting and capital structure. The survey results enabled us to identify aspects of corporate practice that are consistent with finance theory, as well as aspects that are hard to reconcile with what we teach in our business schools today. In presenting these results, we hope that some practitioners will find it worthwhile to observe how other companies operate and perhaps modify their own practices. It may also be useful for finance academics to consider differences between theory and practice as a reason to revisit the theory. We solicited responses from approximately 4,440 companies and received 392 completed surveys, representing a wide variety of firms and industries.1 The survey contained nearly 100 questions and explored both capital budgeting and capital structure decisions in depth. The responses to these questions enabled us to explore whether and how these corporate policies are interrelated. For example, we investigated whether companies that made more aggressive use of debt financing also tended to use more sophisticated capital budgeting techniques, perhaps because of their greater need for discipline and precision in the corporate investment process. More generally, the design of our survey...
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... 1. Required Reading for Topics page 2 2. Cases for Presentation page 4 3. How to prepare a case page 5 4. How to present a case page 9 5. How a case will be evaluated page 11 6. Note on use of historical hindsight page 12 RSM 322 Required Reading for Topics A. Review of the syllabus, responsibility centers and an introduction to case analysis Chapter 5 Part A :Responsibility Accounting E book reading: Sample case – BW Manufacturing company Case Writing Package 2015/16 ( See course web page) B. Introduction to Case Analysis, the importance of cash flow and income, and the relationship between strategy and cost management Chapter 4: Organizational Architecture E Book Readings #1 Cash Budgeting/ Cash management #2 Statement of Cash Flows #3 Note on Cash Flow Statement Handout # 1 on Strategy C Control in an Engineered Cost Centre Chapter 14 : Part A Management Accounting in a Changing Environment, Integrative Framework Chapter 14 Part B Organizational Innovations and Managerial Accounting, Sections 1 – 3 (TQM, JIT ) Handout #2 on Variance Analysis ( Mix and Yield variances) Handout #3 on Theory of Constraints and Tach Time Handout # 4 on Quality Management Tools . D. Control in Revenue and Discretionary Cost Centres ...
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...HOW DO CFOS MAKE CAPITAL BUDGETING AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISIONS? by John Graham and Campbell Harvey, Duke University* e recently conducted a comprehensive survey that analyzed the current practice of corporate finance, with particular focus on the areas of capital budgeting and capital structure. The survey results enabled us to identify aspects of corporate practice that are consistent with finance theory, as well as aspects that are hard to reconcile with what we teach in our business schools today. In presenting these results, we hope that some practitioners will find it worthwhile to observe how other companies operate and perhaps modify their own practices. It may also be useful for finance academics to consider differences between theory and practice as a reason to revisit the theory. We solicited responses from approximately 4,440 companies and received 392 completed surveys, representing a wide variety of firms and industries.1 The survey contained nearly 100 questions and explored both capital budgeting and capital structure decisions in depth. The responses to these questions enabled us to explore whether and how these corporate policies are interrelated. For example, we investigated whether companies that made more aggressive use of debt financing also tended to use more sophisticated capital budgeting techniques, perhaps because of their greater need for discipline and precision in the corporate investment process. More generally, the design of our survey...
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