...monopoly. Professional sports teams operate in an environment that is different than the typical business structure. The goal of this paper is to look at this industry, in particular the NFL, in an economics context and gain an understanding of the market structure of this unique industry. To do this I will discuss a brief history of the National Football League in the U.S. and how this organization is structured. I will also discuss typical market structures and type of market structure that professional sports may fit into. Further I will briefly discuss the economic concept of a monopsony and how sports leagues such as the NFL exhibit those characteristics. Market Structure and Professional Sports Teams Introduction Teams like the Carolina Panthers, New York Yankees or the L.A. Lakers are part of national leagues of professional team sports such as the NFL, MLB, and NBA. These professional sports teams operate in an environment that is different than the typical business structure. The National Football League is an economic juggernaut. As of 2011, it reportedly makes an estimated $6 billion per year in ticket sales, merchandising and contracts with television networks.[1] This paper will discuss the unique market structure of the National Football League (NFL). Brief History of National Football League Professional football dates back to at least 1892, when an athletic club in Pittsburgh paid William "Pudge" Heffelfinger $500...
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...NFL Case Study 1. Discuss the factors that have resulted in the NFL becoming “America’s Game” and the most popular sport in the country? The fundamental reason for NFL becoming “America’s Game” and the most popular sport in the country is because the NFL was able to market the sport as an entertainment business. Leveraging television and the fact that American football was only played in America, the NFL was able to create a “holiday” feel that was unique and that American’s took pride in, as a result paid more attention to the sport. Another contributing factor was to control the quality of the product. Making sure that each team had the resources to perform professionally and one team could not gain absolute advantage was crucial to maintaining a competitive parity. To do this the NFL implemented controlling cost and revenue sharing, in which the lowest earning team could compete with the highest earning team. 2. Explain the dynamics behind the competitive balance in the NFL versus other U.S. based properties as well as other leagues globally. The NFL has two methods of maintaining parity. Amongst the teams, the NFL uses revenue sharing in three ways: “1. National Revenue Sharing: All national revenue was pooled and split evenly between the teams at the end of the year. 2: Gate Revenue Sharing: Visiting team share was pooled and split evenly. Supplemental revenue sharing: focusing on teams’ local income, teams with higher local revenues transferred a significant...
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...CASE ASSIGNMENT: NFL International Series 1. Discuss the NFL’s current strategy for global market entry. How has this strategy changed and why did the NFL make these changes? The strategy for the NFL’s global market entry was the NFL Europa league which closed down in 2007 with no plans of reopening. The original strategy was to send teams to London to play one game a season to help expand the idea of American football. But obvious changes had to be made due to the fact that the league lost the NFL money for 15 years straight and was only used to dump off ok players during training camp. Instead of the teams arriving to the game a day before; they arrived at the beginning of the week and held open practices that media was granted access too. The biggest boosts was the agreement reached by the league with the BBC to broadcast the game live, which would potentially add an additional 2 million viewers, which before the games could only be viewed on a British pay channel( only about 120,000 viewers). By just having the game overseas, it would allow new people to attend the games in which would allow the NFL slowly become global. 2. Discuss the major environmental challenges that the NFL has encountered and how they have addressed these. A major environment change was the NFL teams would be playing in a different country and in a new stadium they had not played in before. Each team is allowed to have practices before the upcoming games. Besides arriving early for...
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...NFL and Concussions Today ENG122: English Composition II 4.The National Football League (NFL) has come under fire for the long lasting medical consequences of players’ game-related head injuries. Is the NFL to blame for the deaths of former players Junior Seau, Jovan Belcher, Ray Easterling, and/or O.J.Murdock? Research the medical and scientific factors in addition to legal liability to support your position. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=9ef2872a-a238-4719-a148-863e8828b419%40sessionmgr4001&hid=4108&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=aph&AN=97071848 Medical importance of properly diagnosing and treating head injuries and more specifically concussions. This will also search for how to answer ethical questions during medical research and information regards to sports head injuries. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=a36e3d49-6c71-4cf1-a16d-8393aa2552ea%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4108&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=crh&AN=74195826 An article describing the importance of education for parents in youth sports and especially coaches, to be well informed about head injuries. The keys being how to recognize and prevent. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=a36e3d49-6c71-4cf1-a16d-8393aa2552ea%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4108&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=crh&AN=74195826 An article from the Minneapolis...
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...Developing a Public Relations Plan, Part 1 Candy Morris The Practice of Public Relations Professor Andrea Benjamin October 14th, 2015 The NFL 1. State the name of the organization and describe its mission and purpose. The nonprofit organization I chose to research is the National Football League. Mission To provide our fans, communities and partners the highest quality sports and entertainment in the world, and to do so in a way that is consistent with our values. (NFL – Careers) Purpose Every member of the NFL community embraces our unique leadership role in society and assumes the trust, character, and responsibility that comes with that role. We bring fans and communities from all walks of life together to celebrate a game that is constantly evolving, balancing the authenticity of tradition with the power of innovation. (NFL – Careers) 2. Explain in detail the facts of the event that generated the negative publicity and why this situation would create negative publicity. Adrian Peterson was supposed to play at Lambeau Field on Oct. 2. Instead, the running back is on the excused list following an indictment by a grand jury on a charge of negligent injury to a child. This case generated negative publicity because, in Texas, parents are entitled to discipline their children as they see fit, except when that discipline exceeds what the community would say is reasonable. The team disbands him the following weekend till further investigation. They...
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...Only after the Rice video came out to the public did the NFL suspend him indefinitely. Only doing so to make the outcry of outrage to subside. The whole NFL conduct policy is flawed. James Harrison is linebacker for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Harrison has never been in trouble off the field. He has never had a run in with police. Then there’s Cincinnati Bengals running back Cedric Benson. Benson has been arrested four times in three years which included time spent in a Texas county jail, after pleading guilty in a 2010 assault charge. Goodell fined Harrison about $100,000 for a couple on the field hits that he felt were unsafe in 2011. The NFL fined him $75,000 for just two hits against the Cleveland Browns. Neither of the hits drew a penalty during the game. Earlier in 2011, Goodell had a personal meeting with Cedric Benson to discuss the assault charge for which he did time in a Texas county jail. Goodell decided not to fine or suspend the running back. So the precedent set back in 2011 was basically do what you want off the field. Paul Daugherty, an outspoken critic of the NFL personal conduct policy, said in an article “Goodell has an obligation to protect...
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...Persuasive Essay Draft Daniel Petry Keiser University Being an athletes is one of the best-paid jobs on Earth. Being that they are paid so much the cost for the consumer is very high. The prices of tickets and sports memorabilia have been steadily rising over the years. The average ticket prices for the NHL, MLB, NBA and NFL all rose 5% to 10% this year, according to Jon Greenberg, executive editor of Team Marketing Report. (Mihoces). Athletes are very highly paid due to the fact that there is a large demand of viewers that like to follow their sport. Without the fans, the demand for sports wouldn’t be as high and due to the fact that the fans pay their salaries. The fact of the matter is that professional athletes are making a lot of money because people are willing to pay the high costs of tickets and merchandise to watch some of the best athletes. A good example of that is if you compare the salary of the average NFL player to the average MLS player. The average NFL player makes $705,882 while the average MLS player makes $79,500 (Keating). In America we have the best football players in the world and people are more willing to pay more to watch them than MLS players. Revenue in all sporting franchises has been going up at a steady rate each year due to the work of the athletes and it only makes sense that their pay increases relative to the money coming into their sport. It is simply economics, “athletes, like all workers, are worth what the free market is willing...
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...responsible sourcing of minerals, and we’ve publicly released a list of smelters and refiners in our supply chain to promote transparency (Corporate Responsibility, 2014). The Beats Electronics acquisition brings an electronic company that specializes in headphones and speaker technology. Beats Audio is the technology behind the brand. The brains behind the brain of Beats is Jimmy Iovine and Andre Young, AKA Dr. Dre. The acquisition may prove to be a natural transition for the company. Beats Electronics have had their products included automobiles and computers. So the move to Apple is not a move that was completed without thought and merit. This paper will discuss the acquisition of Beats Electronics by Apple, INC. With most corporations seeking to expand globally, this paper will also discuss the National Football League (NFL) a company that operates solely in the United States. For the corporation that has acquired another company,...
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...However, the NFL was not always the Juggernaut we know it as today. The NFL has been opposed by many other leagues over the years. The XFL or Extreme Football league sought to put an original spin on football. The UFL or United Football league is the NFL’s most recent competitor. The USFL or United States Football league sought to take the National Football League down legally and almost did so in the late 80’s. Arena Football aimed to bring football to an indoor enviorment with extensive offense with the AFL. And Originally the American Football League gave it’s run at rivaling the “big brother of football in the 60’s.However before we understand how the NFL is so dominant we have to understand how it came to be. The history of the National Football League has roots spanning as far back as 1892 when former Yale All-American guard William Heffelfinger was paid $500 by the Allegheny Athletic Association to play in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club, making him the first ever professional football player, according to the book Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football. However it wasn't until 1920 that American football achieved a league of any true organization. Roussel, 2 The American Professional Football Association was formed on September 17, 1920 and included ten teams from four different states. However the APFA lasted only two seasons when it was reorganized on June 24, 1922 into the National Football League. The only two teams still in the NFL from the inaugural...
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...with his girlfriend, Ray Rice, lost his temper and proceeded to punch and drag Janay Palmer out of the elevator. His actions not only changed his career, but also shed light onto the personal conduct policy in the NFL. The reputation of the NFL and its members was under a magnifying glass. Commissioner Roger Goodell, especially would face the ultimate challenge. As a result of this incident, the NFL revised its personal conduct policy to a more robust, thorough, and formal. According to the NFL.com, Commissioner Roger Goodell said, "We now have a layered evaluation process to take into account a diversity of expert views. This will better enable us to make appropriate decisions and ensure accountability for everyone involved in the process." Ethics and Crisis Management in Sports On February 15, 2014, both Ray Rice and his fiancé Janay Palmer Rice were arrested in Atlantic City, New Jersey after an altercation had occurred in the Revel Casino. Videos of the incident were released four days later by TMZ. On March 26, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell, addresses the media about the incident and said that yes Ray Rice will face disciplinary actions when the investigation was fully complete. On June 16, Ray Rice has his disciplinary hearing with the NFL. On July 24, NFL suspends Ray Rice for 2 games. According to an article on SB Nation, Baltimore Ravens General Manager said, “As a league, we have a conduct policy,” Newsome said. “Being a member of the league, we will follow that...
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...Jacob Moore ENC 1101-15073 Professor Holt 8 October 2014 Domestic Violence by Athletes 1 in 4 women will experience domestic violence in their lifetime ("Domestic Violence: Statistics & Facts."). Domestic violence is the act of performing physical, emotional, verbal, or sexual abuse towards a spouse, child, or any other family member. There continues to be those who support this type of violence and those who are against it. Just recently I’ve noticed the media covering more incidents of domestic violence being committed by professional athletes. I am going to discuss whether or not domestic violence committed by professional athletes in the National Football League are being handled the way they should by the association they play for. The National Football League (NFL) has recently had two incidents of players committing domestic violence that has and continues to be discussed. The first incident involves former Baltimore Ravens Running Back, Ray Rice. Rice was recently cut by the Baltimore Ravens due to knocking out his then fiancée while riding the elevator. The second incident involves Minnesota Vikings Running Back, Adrian Peterson. Adrian Peterson was involved in hitting his 4 year-old son with a tree branch. Each of these acts of domestic violence resulted in both players being suspended. Adrian Peterson is still suspended indefinitely but Ray Rice has already been released from his team. On February 15, 2014, Ray Rice got into an altercation with his...
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...Concussions in NFL athletes Daniel Cetnarowski DeVry University Concussions in NFL athletes. Football, a sport of hard hits and exciting plays. Every year you see something in football which is amazing. A player breaks a record or catches a ridiculous pass for a touchdown. Your favorite team goes to the super bowl and wins. Your favorite player has a career season and breaks NFL records. These are the reasons why I love the game of football. But with the good, must come the bad. Players receiving injuries while playing. Minor injuries to major injuries, sooner or later every player in the NFL will experience an injury. The sad thing is, there is one injury that has an everlasting effect. Concussions. Once thought to be no big deal, concussions are now at the center of a huge lawsuit against the NFL and forcing retired players to change how they live. So, are concussions changing the lives of NFL players or is there something else happening to the players that are causing these brain disorders? My vote is the concussions are causing these players lives to change forever. The purpose of this proposal is to show that if something is not done to limit concussions the sport may change the way we know it and love it. I would not want to watch football if the NFL went to flag football and not full tackle. The players would not want that either. If that happens the players’ salaries will get decreased. It will be a trickle down affect. The NFL will lose viewers...
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...Concussions: Don’t Shake it Off A football player takes a hard blow to the head during a game. Feeling dizzy and slightly nauseous, he continues playing; not aware that he’s feeling the classic symptoms of a concussion. This is a common scenario physicians have worked to change over the last 10 to 15 years, according to Medical Group of the Carolinas Sports Medicine Institute physician, John Lucas, MD. “Ten years ago, if you took a hit to the head and you were a little bit dazed a few seconds, you may have been told to get up and shake it off,” Lucas said. “Now, we are a lot more serious of how we define and treat concussion. The medical community has really pushed to get people to understand both the immediate and potential long-term implications of head injuries.” A concussion is a type of head injury that affects the way your brain functions. Symptoms of a concussion vary but may include a headache or pressure in the head, temporary loss of consciousness, confusion, dizziness, ringing in the ears or nausea. You do not have to lose consciousness to have a concussion, which is a common misconception. “For the most part, the treatment of concussion is and has always been rest,” Lucas said. “Approximately 80 percent of concussions resolve within 7 to 10 days without any intervention. What used to be called ‘getting your bell rung’ is now defined as concussion. There are no "dings" anymore. I definitely think we have broadened what we define as concussion.” What...
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...Imagine you’re an NFL quarterback taking a three step drop, you have 5 seconds if that to get rid of the ball before a 350 pound defensive lineman comes charging at you and throws you to the ground, as your falling you slam your head against the ground causing your brain to rattle against your skull. You now have a concussion and will watch from the sideline the rest of the game. “No guts, No glory,” is a very popular saying when it comes to football, however is permanent brain damage worth all the glory? III. Preview of Speech: Helmets are very helpful; however they can only do so much to protect you. If a player is constantly taking blows to the head the chances of getting a concussion increase. Players can be affected by these hits even after they have stopped playing the game. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a disease that may occur up to ten years after someone stops playing the sport. Head Injuries in Football Football Related Head Injuries Introduction: I. Attention Getter: Imagine you’re an NFL quarterback taking a three step drop, you have 5 seconds if that to get rid of the ball before a 350 pound defensive lineman comes charging at you and throws you to the ground, as your falling you slam your head against the ground causing your brain to rattle against your skull. You now have a concussion and will watch from the sideline the rest of the game. II. Thesis Statement: “No guts, No glory,” is a very popular saying when it comes to football...
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...______________________________________________________________________________ This case was written by Professors George E. Belch and Michael A. Belch. It is intended to be used as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. The case was compiled from published sources. Company Background Under Armour (UA) was founded in 1996 by Kevin Plank, a former Maryland football player, who began by selling compression clothing that could “wick” sweat away from the body to college sports teams out of the trunk of his car. Plank was a football player at the University of Maryland, and hated wearing cotton shirts to practice in the hot, humid Maryland climate. Knowing that he would never be an NFL player, Plank devoted his efforts to starting a company that could make a product that would be an improvement over cotton, in that it would not absorb sweat and be much more functional and comfortable to wear. Once made, he started selling the shirts to the lacrosse and football teams at the University of Maryland out of the trunk of his car. In 1998, the football oriented movie “Any Given Sunday” was being filmed in Baltimore where Under Armour is based. The producers of the movie were looking for a product that would represent the athletic nature of the movie and be comfortable to wear during filming. Under Armour agreed to provide products, and UA shirts were used throughout the filming and appeared in the movie itself, resulting...
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