Free Essay

Disk Technology

In: Computers and Technology

Submitted By saras
Words 1834
Pages 8
CS252 Graduate Computer Architecture

Motivation: Who Cares About I/O?
• CPU Performance: 60% per year • I/O system performance limited by mechanical delays (disk I/O) • Amdahl's Law: system speed-up limited by the slowest part!
< 10% per year (IO per sec)

I/O Introduction: Storage Devices & RAID

Jason Hill

10% IO & 10x CPU => 5x Performance (lose 50%) 10% IO & 100x CPU => 10x Performance (lose 90%) Diminishing fraction of time in CPU Diminishing value of faster CPUs



I/O bottleneck:

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I/O Systems Big Picture: Who cares about CPUs?
• Why still important to keep CPUs busy vs. IO devices ("CPU time"), as CPUs not costly?
– Moore's Law leads to both large, fast CPUs but also to very small, cheap CPUs – 2001 Hypothesis: 600 MHz PC is fast enough for Office Tools? – PC slowdown since fast enough unless games, new apps? Processor interrupts Cache

Memory - I/O Bus Main Memory I/O Controller Disk Disk I/O Controller Graphics I/O Controller Network

• People care more about about storing information and communicating information than calculating
– "Information Technology" vs. "Computer Science" – 1960s and 1980s: Computing Revolution – 1990s and 2000s: Information Age

• Next 3 weeks on storage and communication
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Storage Technology Drivers
• Driven by the prevailing computing paradigm
– 1950s: migration from batch to on-line processing – 1990s: migration to ubiquitous computing » computers in phones, books, cars, video cameras, … » nationwide fiber optical network with wireless tails

Outline
• Disk Basics • Disk History • Disk options in 2000 • Disk fallacies and performance • FLASH • Tapes • RAID

• Effects on storage industry:

– Embedded storage » smaller, cheaper, more reliable, lower power – Data utilities » high capacity, hierarchically managed storage

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Disk Device Terminology
Arm Head Sector Inner Outer Track Track Platter

Photo of Disk Head, Arm, Actuator
Spindle Arm Actuator Head

Actuator

• Several platters, with information recorded magnetically on both surfaces (usually) • Bits recorded in tracks, which in turn divided into sectors (e.g., 512 Bytes) • Actuator moves head (end of arm,1/surface) over track ( “seek”), select surface, wait for sector rotate under head, then read or write

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“Cylinder”: all tracks under heads
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Disk Device Performance
Outer Track Platter InnerSector Head Arm Controller Spindle Track Actuator

Disk Device Performance
• Average distance sector from head? • 1/2 time of a rotation

– 10000 Revolutions Per Minute ⇒ 166.67 Rev/sec – 1 revolution = 1/ 166.67 sec ⇒ 6.00 milliseconds – 1/2 rotation (revolution) ⇒ 3.00 ms – Sum all possible seek distances from all possible tracks / # possible » Assumes average seek distance is random – Disk industry standard benchmark

• Disk Latency = Seek Time + Rotation Time + Transfer Time + Controller Overhead

• Average no. tracks move arm?

• Seek Time? depends no. tracks move arm, seek speed of disk • Rotation Time? depends on speed disk rotates, how far sector is from head • Transfer Time? depends on data rate (bandwidth) of disk (bit density), size of request

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Data Rate: Inner vs. Outer Tracks
• To keep things simple, orginally kept same number of sectors per track
– Since outer track longer, lower bits per inch

• Purpose:

Devices: Magnetic Disks
Track Sector

• Competition ⇒ decided to keep BPI the same for all tracks (“constant bit density”)
⇒ More capacity per disk ⇒ More of sectors per track towards edge ⇒ Since disk spins at constant speed, outer tracks have faster data rate

– Long-term, nonvolatile storage – Large, inexpensive, slow level in the storage hierarchy – Seek Time (~8 ms avg) » positional latency » rotational latency

• Characteristics:
Head

• Bandwidth outer track 1.7X inner track!
– Inner track highest density, outer track lowest, so not really constant – 2.1X length of track outer / inner, 1.7X bits outer / inner



Transfer rate
– – 10-40 MByte/sec Blocks Gigabytes Quadruples every 2 years (aerodynamics)



Capacity
– –

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{

Platters (12)

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Cylinder Platter

7200 RPM = 120 RPS => 8 ms per rev ave rot. latency = 4 ms 128 sectors per track => 0.25 ms per sector 1 KB per sector => 16 MB / s

Response time = Queue + Controller + Seek + Rot + Xfer Service time
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Disk Performance Model /Trends
• Capacity
+ 100%/year (2X / 1.0 yrs) + 40%/year (2X / 2.0 yrs) – 8%/ year (1/2 in 10 yrs) > 100%/year (2X / 1.0 yrs) Fewer chips + areal density

State of the Art: Barracuda 180

– 181.6 GB, 3.5 inch disk – 12 platters, 24 surfaces – 24,247 cylinders – 7,200 RPM; (4.2 ms avg. latency)

• Transfer rate (BW)

Track Sector Cylinder Platter

• Rotation + Seek time • MB/$

Track Arm Head Buffer Latency = Queuing Time + Controller time + per access Seek Time + + Rotation Time + per byte Size / Bandwidth

– 7.4/8.2 ms avg. seek (r/w) – 64 to 35 MB/s (internal) – 0.1 ms controller time – 10.3 watts (idle)

{

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source: www.seagate.com
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Disk Performance Example (will fix later)
• Calculate time to read 64 KB (128 sectors) for Barracuda 180 X using advertised performance; sector is on outer track Disk latency = average seek time + average rotational delay + transfer time + controller overhead = 7.4 ms + 0.5 * 1/(7200 RPM) + 64 KB / (65 MB/s) + 0.1 ms = 7.4 ms + 0.5 /(7200 RPM/(60000ms/M)) + 64 KB / (65 KB/ms) + 0.1 ms = 7.4 + 4.2 + 1.0 + 0.1 ms = 12.7 ms

CS 252 Administrivia

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Areal Density
• Bits recorded along a track
– Metric is Bits Per Inch (BPI)

Areal Density
Year Areal Density 1973 1.7 100000 1979 7.7 1989 63 10000 1997 3090 1000 2000 17100

• Number of tracks per surface
– Metric is Tracks Per Inch (TPI) – Metric is Bits Per Square Inch – Called Areal Density – Areal Density = BPI x TPI

Areal Density

• Disk Designs Brag about bit density per unit area

100 10 1 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000

– Areal Density = BPI x TPI – Change slope 30%/yr to 60%/yr about 1991

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Historical Perspective MBits per square inch: DRAM as % of Disk over time
9 v. 22 Mb/si

• 1956 IBM Ramac — early 1970s Winchester

– Developed for mainframe computers, proprietary interfaces – Steady shrink in form factor: 27 in. to 14 in

50% 40% 30% 20%
470 v. 3000 Mb/si

• Form factor and capacity drives market, more than performance • 1970s: Mainframes ⇒ 14 inch diameter disks • 1980s: Minicomputers,Servers ⇒ 8”,5 1/4” diameter • PCs, workstations Late 1980s/Early 1990s:
– Mass market disk drives become a reality » industry standards: SCSI, IPI, IDE – Pizzabox PCs ⇒ 3.5 inch diameter disks – Laptops, notebooks ⇒ 2.5 inch disks – Palmtops didn’t use disks, so 1.8 inch diameter disks didn’t make it

10% 0%
0.2 v. 1.7 Mb/si

1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2000 source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3, “Makers of disk drives crowd even mroe data into even smaller spaces” 2/7/02
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• 2000s:

– 1 inch for cameras, cell phones?

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Disk History

Disk History

Data density Mbit/sq. in. Capacity of Unit Shown Megabytes

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source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3, “Makers of disk drives crowd even more data into even smaller sp aces”

1973: 1. 7 Mbit/sq. in 140 MBytes

1979: 7. 7 Mbit/sq. in 2,300 MBytes

1989: 63 Mbit/sq. in 60,000 MBytes

1997: 1450 Mbit/sq. in 2300 MBytes

1997: 3090 Mbit/sq. in 8100 MBytes

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source: New York Times, 2/23/98, page C3, “Makers of disk drives crowd even mroe data into even smaller spaces”

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1 inch disk drive!
• 2000 IBM MicroDrive:
– 1.7” x 1.4” x 0.2” – 1 GB, 3600 RPM, 5 MB/s, 15 ms seek – Digital camera, PalmPC?

Disk Characteristics in 2000
Seagate IBM IBM 1GB Cheetah Travelstar Microdrive ST173404LC 32GH DJSA - DSCM-11000 Ultra160 SCSI 232 ATA-4

• 2006 MicroDrive? • 9 GB, 50 MB/s!
– Assuming it finds a niche in a successful product – Assuming past trends continue

Disk diameter (inches) Formatted data capacity (GB) Cylinders Disks Recording Surfaces (Heads) Bytes per sector Avg Sectors per track (512 byte) Max. areal density( Gbit/sq.in.)

3.5 73.4 14,100 12 24 512 to 4096 ~ 424
$828

2.5 32.0 21,664 4 8 512 ~ 360
$447

1.0 1.0 7,167 1 2 512 ~ 140
$435

6.0

14.0

15.2

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Disk Characteristics in 2000
Seagate IBM IBM 1GB Cheetah Travelstar Microdrive ST173404LC 32GH DJSA - DSCM-11000 Ultra160 SCSI 232 ATA-4

Disk Characteristics in 2000
Seagate IBM IBM 1GB Cheetah Travelstar Microdrive ST173404LC 32GH DJSA - DSCM-11000 Ultra160 SCSI 232 ATA-4

Rotation speed (RPM) Avg. seek ms (read/write) Minimum seek ms (read/write) Max. seek ms Data transfer rate MB/second Link speed to buffer MB/s Power idle/operating Watts

10033 5.6/6.2 0.6/0.9 14.0/15.0 27 to 40 160 16.4 / 23.5

5411 12.0 2.5 23.0 11 to 21 67 2.0 / 2.6

3600 12.0 1.0 19.0 2.6 to 4.2 13 0.5 / 0.8
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Buffer size in MB Size: height x width x depth inches Weight pounds Rated MTTF in powered-on hours % of POH per month % of POH seeking, reading, writing

4.0 1.6 x 4.0 x 5.8 2.00 1,200,000 100% 90%

2.0 0.125 0.5 x 2.7 x 0.2 x 1.4 x 3.9 1.7 0.34 0.035 (300,000?) (20K/5 yr life?) 45% 20% 20% 20%
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Disk Characteristics in 2000
Seagate IBM Travelstar Cheetah 32GH DJSA ST173404LC 232 ATA-4 Ultra160 SCSI IBM 1GB Microdrive DSCM-11000

Fallacy: Use Data Sheet “Average Seek” Time
• Manufacturers needed standard for fair comparison (“benchmark”)
– Calculate all seeks from all tracks, divide by number of seeks => “average”

Load/Unload cycles (disk powered on/off) Nonrecoverable read errors per bits read Seek errors Shock tolerance: Operating, Not operating Vibration tolerance: Operating, Not operating (sine 2/7/02 swept, 0 to peak)

250 per year

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...Disruptive Marketing is Innovative and Boon to the Consumers - a Conceptual Thought Article by Dr. Maruthi Ram. R. Professor and Head – MBA (BU), DSCMIT, Bengaluru Co-Authors Manjunatha.N. Research Scholar, University of Mysore, And Lecturer, NCET, Bengaluru and Shashikala.R. Asst. Professor, DSCMIT, Bengaluru Submitted to DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT PROGRAM CMR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES BENGALURU For NATIONAL LEVEL CONFERENCE on “Disruptive Marketing — The Way Forward?” 27th April, 2012 Disruptive Marketing is Innovative and Boon to the Consumers - A Conceptual Thought Introduction Human beings are a very special creation of God. It is this creature that could think compared to the many other creatures in the world. Man can even think of innovative ideas and also implement the same for his convenient living. The good old saying quotes “Necessity is the mother of invention”, has embedded a detailed meaning in it. If we take the example of the invention of the “WEEL” by the ancient man of the Stone Age man we can really understand how innovative in the thinking of Man. The other invention of human beings is the formation of fire. These are a few examples and the list goes on and on. Disruptive Marketing The contemporary world is of the highest civilization this universe has ever witnessed. The innovative mind of human beings has unfolded itself into multifold activity and taken different shapes. In fact the changes that have taken...

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