Free Essay

Dissertation

In:

Submitted By sene002
Words 1513
Pages 7
Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Connections between the
Coalescent and Birth–Death
Sampling Processes
Spencer Enesa
University of Auckland
Department of Statistics

Project Presentation

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Outline
1 Introduction
2 The Coalescent

Standard coalescent
Variable population size
3 The Birth–Death Process

The birth–death-samplingm process
Connection to the coalescent
4 Our Work
5 Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Standard coalescent
Variable population size

The Coalescent
The Wright–Fisher Model

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Standard coalescent
Variable population size

The Coalescent
The Wright–Fisher Model

Consider two lineages from a population of size N and trace their ancestry backward in time. The probability that they have not coalesced t generations ago is
P(T (2) > t) =

1−

1
N

t

i.e., the time for two lineages to coalesce is geometrically distributed. S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Standard coalescent
Variable population size

The Coalescent
Kingman’s Approximation

Rescale time so that one unit of scaled time, τ , corresponds to N generations. Then,
1−

1
N



→ eτ

as N → ∞.
We can ignore the event that more than two lineages coalesce simultaneously. S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Standard coalescent
Variable population size

Variable population size

The coalescent with variable population size converges to the standard coalescent: if the changes in population size are deterministic or if the changes in population size are stochastic and the population sizes are independently and identically distributed.

We relax this assumption and allow the population size to vary according to a birth-death process.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

The birth–death-samplingm process
Connection to the coalescent

The Birth–Death Process

Begin with one individual. Each individual gives birth at rate λ and dies at rate µ.
We condition on having m individuals at the present.
We consider the special case where λ = µ, the critical branching process.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

The birth–death-samplingm process
Connection to the coalescent

The birth–death-samplingm process

Given a birth–death tree on m individuals, we sample n of these individuals uniformly at random and recover the process which leads to these n individuals.
When λ = µ, the expected time for n = 2 lineages to coalesce is m
E [TBDSM (2)] =


S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

The birth–death-samplingm process
Connection to the coalescent

Connection to the Coalescent

The expected time for two lineages to coalesce under the standard coalescent is 1 unit of scaled time (m generations).
The expected time for two lineages to coalesce under the standard coalescent is equivalent to that under the birth–death-samplingm process with rate λ = µ = m
2
However, their variances differ.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

The birth–death-samplingm process
Connection to the coalescent

Connection to the Coalescent
Density Plots

Figure: Density of the coalescent time of two individuals under the standard coalescent (black), under the birth–death-samplingm process with λ = µ = m/2 (blue).
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Our Work

In our model we extend the coalescent to allow the population to fluctuate according to a constant rate birth–death process:
The population size moves from state i to (i + 1) with birth rate λi = iλ and moves to state (i − 1) with death rate µi = iµ.
The process is reversible. This allows us to simulate the fluctuation in population size backwards in time, i.e., just like the coalescent.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Our Work
Simulating the model with slow fluctuations

Figure: The population change (black), number of lineages (grey), for λ = µ = 0.001
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Our Work
Simulating the model with fast fluctuations

Figure: The population change (black), number of lineages (grey), for λ = µ = 0.1
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Our Work
Simulations

We use this simulation scheme to investigate the distribution of the time to coalescence for k = 2 individuals when the population size fluctuates according to a critical birth–death process (λ = µ).
We set the initial population size to be N = 100.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Results
Table

λ
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
1
5
10

mean
50171.88
9946.71
5000.74
995.13
501.03
100.20
50.49
9.97
4.98

s.d.
50171.99
10015.17
5106.49
1089.55
584.97
153.52
89.00
22.73
12.85

N


50000
10000
5000
1000
500
100
50
10
5

Table: Simulation results.
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Results
Slow fluctuations

Figure: Simulation results for λ = 0.01.
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Results
Intermediate fluctuations

Figure: Simulation results for λ = 0.1.
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Results
Fast fluctuations

Figure: Simulation results for λ = 1.
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Results
Fast fluctuations

Figure: Simulation results for λ = 50.
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Discussion

For sufficiently small λ, the time is distributed as the standard coalescent. For sufficiently large λ, the time is distributed as the birth-death-samplingm process (??)
Hence, the effective population size only exists in expectation.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Conclusion

We have shown that convergence to the standard coalescent is not always obtained when the population size fluctuates randomly.
Whether or not this happens depends on: whether the fluctuations are independent and the relative time scales at which coalescences and population fluctuations are operating.

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

THE END

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Connection to the Coalescent
Time Scale

In the coalescent we measure time in units of N generations and in the birth-death model we measure time in calendar units. Using the fact that the expected times are equal for λ = µ = N , we can define 1 generation to correspond to
2
calendar time units.

1


This makes sense, if we consider that an individual dies when it gives birth to two new individuals (rate λ) or ‘actually’ dies
(with rate µ = λ).
Hence,

N


calendar time units correspond to N generations.
S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Introduction
The Coalescent
The Birth–Death Process
Our Work
Results and Discussion

Results
Discussion
Conclusion

Our Work
Simulating the model

3

Simulate a time to a population change, tN(i) from an exponential distribution with rate (λ + µ)N(i)
Run the standard coalescent with population size N(i) for
1
tN(i) time units. The pairwise rate of coalescence is
.
N(i)
If k = 1 stop, otherwise sample the next population size:

 N(i) + 1, with probability λ

 λ+µ N(i + 1) =

 N(i) − 1, with probability µ

λ+µ

4

Return to step 1 and set i = i + 1.

1

2

S. Enesa

Connections between the Coalescent & BD Sampling Processes

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Human Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research Papers, Reports, Essays, Articles, Thesis, Dissertation

...Human Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman Trafficking Facts, Statistics, Truth, Research papers, reports, essays, articles, thesis, dissertationHuman...

Words: 353 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...interesting at a company and even more with the arrival of new technologies. I want to make my dissertation on this, because I want to expand my knowledge about marketing, and so remain in the trend by taking the e-marketing with e-commerce also. Then I think it's a relevant topic in the current period in which we live, we must know that the new generation of people is increasingly technological and use it for everything. And this new generation of people will become the largest share of customers in stores. Then it is important to understand the role of new technologies, either at the level of consumer behaviour but also about improving sales processes and marketing techniques. To complete my "literature review", and thus improve my analysis, I will prepare a questionnaire on consumer behaviour in order to give a conclusion on the arrival of new technologies and consumer behaviour. I do not intend to target a group of people for the questionnaire to be given a general, but thereafter may be the same questionnaire again with only a group of people from the Generation Y or Z. I would also do a research in stores to get record on e-commerce, these aspects but also on marketing technical implementation in line with the new information and communications technology. This store could give me feedback in terms of its e-commerce, and confirm my reading experience review. Throughout my dissertation, I will liken my own research but also questionnaires and interviews in order to give the best...

Words: 390 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...Factors Affecting Purchase Decision of Online Shopping Mall in Hong Kong Background and Overall Research Aim According to the global transaction service provider, PayPal (2015), predicted that the online expenditure of Hong Kong will reach 25 Billion US Dollars by 2015. The main cause of this significant growth is drive by the rise of online shopping malls. However, a report which conducted by Hong Kong Trade Development Council (Hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com, 2015) states that the proportion of sales through online shopping platforms are only share 7.7% of the whole e-Commerce industry, which means the online shopping phenomenon is just at the early stage, with the growing of social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and Weibo (Castronovo and Lei, 2012), there is a plenty of room to grow. In order to understanding the e-commerce industry in Hong Kong, Go-Globe Hong Kong conduct a research about the e-commerce environment in Hong Kong. The main group of online shoppers are 25 to 34 years old (76.4%), while 40.5% aged between 50 to 64 years old. In 2013, there are 8.5% increase of Hong Kong residents shopping online in compare with 2011. Four out of five Hong Kong consumers use the internet to research what they want before purchasing or even purchase it online. And 49% of them are willing to spend more money on online shopping mall in the near future. With the smartphone are become more and more popular, 89% of smartphone users search a product which they desired in smartphone...

Words: 2648 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. Background of the study 3 1.2. Hypothesis 4 1.3. Aim 4 1.4. Objectives 5 1.5. Structure of the dissertation 5 1.6. Summary 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1. Introduction 8 2.2. Comparison of traditional and online sales 8 2.2.1. The individual businessman segment 9 2.2.2. The business group segment's sales channels 10 2.2.3. Individual travellers' sales channels 10 2.2.4. Sales channels of leisure group travellers 11 2.3. Sales and sales tools in the hotel industry and their development 12 2.4. Distribution channels 16 2.4.1. Types of distribution channels 17 2.4.2. Participants of the distribution channels 18 2.5. Development of distribution and the appearance of e-reservations 19 2.5.1. Early stages 19 2.5.2. Internet Distribution System 20 2.5.3. Online Travel Agents 21 2.5.4. Latest tendencies 23 2.5.5. Social Media 24 2.5.6. Consumer Generated Media 25 2.5.7. Meta Search Engines 25 2.6. Travel, booking and research behaviour among Hungarian travellers 26 2.6.1. Travel behaviour 26 2.6.2. Booking behaviour 27 2.6.3. Research behaviour 29 2.7. Summary 30 3. METHODOLOGY 31 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2. Secondary Research 31 3.3. Primary Research 32 3.4. Data Analysis Methods 33 3.5. Summary 33 4. EVALUATION OF RESULTS 34 4.1. Introduction 34 4.2. Interviews with intermediaries 35 4.2.1. Mr. Mate Hegedus, Revenue Specialist of Expedia Lodging Partner Services 35 ...

Words: 18021 - Pages: 73

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...DETERMINANTS OF THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS’ CHILDREN IN THE DIVISION OF SAN JOSE CITY SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE I. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PUPIL-RESPONDENT Direction: Evaluate the following items below. Indicate your answer by putting a check (√) on the space that corresponds to your answer or choice, or fill in the necessary information. 1. Name ___________________________________________2. Sex ________ 3. Age_________ 4. Ambition/Aspiration in Life ____________________________ Going abroad someday ______ 5. Number of brother/s _____ sister/s _____ 6. Birth Order ____ eldest child _____2nd _____3rd______ 4th ______youngest ______only child 7. Daily Allowance _____P 10.00 _____P20.00 _____P30.00 _____P40.00 _____P50.00 _____ Others, please specify: _____________ 8. Age of Parents/Guardian Father ________ Mother ________ Guardian ________ 9. Highest educational attainment of your parents Father Mother Guardian a. No formal education _____ _____ _____ b. Did not complete elementary _____ _____ _____ c. Elementary graduate _____ _____ _____ d. Did not complete high school _____ _____ _____ e. High school graduate _____ _____ _____ f. Vocational course _____ _____ _____ g. Did not complete college _____ _____ _____ h. College graduate _____ _____ _____ i. Post graduate _____ _____ _____ 10. OFW Parent’s Occupation Abroad Father Mother a. Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers _____ _____ b. Professionals (teachers...

Words: 1288 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...Iranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2013 pp: 77-97 Glass Ceiling and Women Career Advancement: Evidence from Nigerian Construction Industry Obamiro John Kolade1*, Obasan Kehinde2 1. Department of Business Studies,Covenant University, Ota,Ogun State, Nigeria 2. Department of Business Administration,Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye Ogun State, Nigeria (Received: 9 December 2011; Revised: 19 February 2012; Accepted: 26 February 2012) Abstract Despite the fact that women possess the required knowledge, skills, competencies, training and experiences to perform effectively and efficiently in construction industry, they experience entry and career advancement barriers. This research examines the effects of glass ceiling syndrome on women career advancement in construction industry. Data were obtained through structured questionnaire distributed to workers of selected construction companies. The findings reveal that some of the barriers mentioned in the literature against women career advancement in construction are prevalent in Nigeria, except the existence of equality in respect of male and female in terms of employment and career development opportunity. Also, low women participation in Nigerian construction industry begins in choosing course, education and continues throughout recruitment process. The aim is to encourage women's participation in construction industry and employers to tackle the industry‟s environmental issues by introducing flexible...

Words: 6143 - Pages: 25

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...A multivariate explanatory study into the factors that affect consumers' attitudes, intentions and engagement with indirect mobile marketing. A dissertation submitted by: Phil Hudson BA (Hons) Marketing The Media School Bournemouth University 2012 - 2013 Word count: 9992 I Dissertation Submission Form with Author’s Declaration This form must be fully completed and submitted to the Media School Student Support Reception with 2 copies of your bound dissertation/project. Incomplete submissions will not be accepted. Full Name: Phil Hudson Student ID Reference No: 4229546 Programme: BA (Hons) Marketing Submission Date: …………………………………………………… I declare that this dissertation/project is all my own work and the sources of information and the material I have used (including the internet) have been fully identified and properly acknowledged. Student signature ……………………………………………………… Contact Details Please ensure that details of your contact address for future correspondence and information regarding graduation are up-to-date via the log-in page of the student portal: http://studentportal.bournemouth.ac.uk/log-in/?srclnk=123home Access Permission to the Dissertation I approve the use of my dissertation/project as a reference text for future students on the following basis: Public Access (freely available) Confidential (permission of author required) Strictly Confidential (not available for reference under any circumstances) Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No For Office Use Only Date...

Words: 29596 - Pages: 119

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...Table of content Table of content 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 5 1.1. Background of study 5 1.2. E-business in Vietnam 5 1.3. Profile of HolcimVietnam Ltd 6 1.4. Research objectives 8 1.5. Scope of study 8 1.6. Research contribution 8 1.7. Research ethics 9 1.8. Structure of the research 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. E-business in Vietnam 10 2.2.1. Awareness of need for adopting e-business 10 2.2.2. Slow growth 12 2.2.3. Bright future 12 2.3. Impacts of e-business 13 2.3.1. Impact on HVL and cement industry 14 2.4. Application of e-business 15 2.4.1. E-business application capability 15 2.4.2. Application of e-business 17 2.5. Identification of challenges and critical success factors (CSFs) of e-business implementation for HVL 18 2.5.1. Challenges 18 2.5.2. CSFs 19 2.6. E-business strategy 20 2.6.1. Approaches to e-business strategy 20 2.6.2. Developing e-business strategy 22 2.7. Chapter summary 23 Chapter 3: Methodology 24 3.1. Introduction 24 3.2. Research philosophy 24 3.2.1. Positivism philosophy 25 3.2.2. Phenomenology philosophy 25 3.3. Research approach 26 3.4. Research strategy 26 3.5. Research method 27 3.6. Research data collection 28 3.6.1. Data source 28 3.6.2. Collection method 28 3.7. Sample size 29 3.8. Data analysis method 29 3.9. Reliability and Validity 29 3.9.1. Reliability 29 3.9.2. Validity 30 3.10. Research limitations 30 3.11. Chapter summary...

Words: 21139 - Pages: 85

Free Essay

Dissertation

...Business issues and the contexts of human resources Student’s name: University’s name: Author’s note: Executive summary Business issues have been one of the major contexts of HR. This has contributed effectively on organizational development. The major focus of the researcher in this topic will be to assess key features on performance appraisals and other areas of business. The researcher has studied major forces that shape the HR agenda. In order, with Harvard and Ulrich model, the researcher has studied organizational effectiveness on business ethics and accountability positions. Moreover, the researcher has studied core aspects of organizational and HR strategy on business environment and planning attributes. Thus, through SWOT analysis, the researcher has initiated vertical and horizontal aspects of business planning and strategies on major policies and plans. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Identification and analysis of the major forces shaping the HR agenda in the organization (AC 3.1) 4 Examination of HR roles within the organization that contributes to organizational effectiveness, business ethics and accountability (AC 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) 5 Flow of human resource 7 Reward systems 7 Employee influence 7 Work systems 7 HR contribution to design and implementation of organization’s business and HR strategies in describing the techniques and tools required to analyze the business environment on planning purpose (AC 4.1, 4.2, 5.2) 9 Management capability...

Words: 3775 - Pages: 16

Free Essay

Dissertation

...issertationThe Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Earth and Mineral Sciences PORE-SCALE IMAGING AND LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODELING OF SINGLEAND MULTI-PHASE FLOW IN FRACTURED AND MIXED-WET PERMEABLE MEDIA A Dissertation in Energy and Mineral Engineering by Christopher James Landry © 2013 Christopher James Landry Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 The dissertation of Christopher James Landry was reviewed and approved* by the following: Zuleima T. Karpyn Associate Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Li Li Assistant Professor of Energy and Mineral Engineering Russell T. Johns Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Maria Lopez de Murphy Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Luis Ayala Associate Professor of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Associate Department Head for Graduate Education *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT Three investigations of pore-scale single-phase and multiphase flow in fractured porous media and mixed-wet porous media are presented here. With an emphasis on validating and utilizing lattice Boltzmann models in conjunction with x-ray computed microtomography. The objective of the first study is to investigate fracture flow characteristics at the pore-scale, and evaluate the influence of the adjacent permeable...

Words: 38359 - Pages: 154

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...Please ensure all pages have a footer containing your name, College ID & Assignment title |Course Title |Extended Diploma in Strategic Management and Leadership|Student Name | | | |L7 | | | |Centre No |59910 |Reg. No | | |Unit |Strategic Supply Chain Management |E-mail | | |Unit Number |14 |Edexcel No | | |Batch No |B13/B15 |Signature | | |Assessor |Professor David Pinfield |Submitted by | | |Assignment Title | | | | | | |Date | ...

Words: 3562 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...With the economy's decline, Starbucks's sales also declined. In the past years, many analysts and businessmen predicted that Starbucks will not survive the recession. Starbucks survived, nonetheless, despite all the negative readings they get from various people. One of the concerns of various companies today is how to increase their profit, without compromising their product's quality. With the effects of the recession still hanging over them like a serpent ready to strike anytime, various businesses are willing to pay top dollar to anyone who can give the best solution to their profit problem. With the advancement in computer programs, several management systems have mushroomed, each claiming to offer the best solutions to any business related problems. Each management system however, focuses on certain areas of business, some are focused in finance, human resources, and some in profit generation. A balanced scorecard system is one example of a management system. It is a strategic planning and management system used extensively by various business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations to help align the organization's activities to the vision and strategy of its administrators. With the economy's decline, Starbucks's sales also declined. In the past years, many analysts and businessmen predicted that Starbucks will not survive the recession. Starbucks survived, nonetheless, despite all the negative readings they get from various people. One of the...

Words: 373 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Dissertation

...Mahatma Gandhi avait une fois justement dit "ce que nous faisons pour les forêts du monde est juste un miroir reflet de ce que nous faisons pour nous-mêmes et aux autres". Oui. Nous détruisons nos propres libertés en ne protégeant pas l'environnement. Je crois fermement que pour nous de préserver nos libertés, nous devons d'abord préserver la terre. Pour commencer, le problème du réchauffement climatique interfère avec notre liberté de respirer l'air pur et de vivre une vie saine. Il est dit qu’à la fin du siècle, environ 150000 personnes sont décédées de causes liées à la chaleur. Donc est-ce que ça vaut la peine de détruire l'environnement, même si cela signifie que nos gens vont mourir? Je ne crois pas. La température de la terre va bientôt être de 5.8 degrés plus élevée qu'elle est maintenant, et si on ne fait rien pour arrêter cela, nous comme un race allons perdre nos libertés à vivre une vie sans pollution et sans la maladie. En revanche, beaucoup de gens croient que si nous faisons un effort pour sauver l'environnement, nos libertés seront limités. Ils croient que la capitalisation est une des plus grandes libertés donné à l'homme et donc en essayant de sauver la terre, la liberté est limitée. Bien que la sauvegarde de l'environnement peut entraîner une diminution de la capitalisation, il économise les ressources que nous possédons pour les générations futures. Nous nous s’assurons qu'ils conservent leurs droits de vivre et de respirer d'une manière saine. Il faut renoncer...

Words: 398 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...Performance Review Documents: Checklists and forms to help employers conduct effective employee performance appraisals www.BusinessManagementDaily.com © 2012 Business Management Daily, a division of Capitol Information Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Substantial duplication of this report is prohibited. However, we encourage you to excerpt from this report as long as you include a hyperlink back to http://www.businessmanagementdaily.com/PerformanceReviewDocuments. The hyperlink must be included on every usage of the report title. Alternatively, you may simply link to the aforementioned page on our site. Any reproduction in print form requires advance permission by contacting the publisher at (800) 543-2055 or customer@BusinessManagementDaily.com. Any violation is subject to legal action. This content is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information regarding the subject matter covered. It is provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal service. If you require legal advice, please seek the services of an attorney. Preparing for Performance Reviews • Recording Employee Performance Checklist • Anticipating the Review Checklist Recording Employee Performance Relying on memory to make informed performance reviews can lead to inaccurate, incomplete assessments. Instead, establish a tracking system that captures relevant information throughout the...

Words: 935 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Dissertation

...UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: INVESTIGATING THE LANGUAGE PRACTICES OF MULTILINGUAL GRADE 9 LEARNERS AT A PRIVATE DESEGREGATED HIGH SCHOOL IN SOUTH AFRICA. Submitted by: Nomakhalipha Margaret Nongogo Student Number: 0309644N Supervised by Dr Carolyn McKinney Research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the degree of Masters of Arts in Applied English Language Studies. 2007 ABSTRACT This research report engages with the concern that African learners attending English medium, multiracial schools are losing their proficiency in African languages. In so doing, the report explores the language practices of four multilingual Grade 9 learners at a desegregated private high school in Gauteng. In a school environment that does not overtly support the use of African languages, I explore the extent to which multilingual learners use African languages in the school context, to position themselves and others, as an identity building resource, and the extent to which the use of African languages is implicated in their identities. I also explore the possible influence of the learners’ cultural and ethnic backgrounds on their language practices, and related to this, the expression of their identities. I look at how their language practices help them shift identities with space and purpose, and the contradictions therein. The study draws on poststructuralist theories of language and...

Words: 38460 - Pages: 154