...Distinguish between negative freedom and positive freedom, and explain the significance to the state.{15} Negative liberty is the absence of obstacles, barriers or constraints. One has negative liberty to the extent that actions are available to one in this negative sense. Positive liberty is the possibility of acting — or the fact of acting — in such a way as to take control of one's life and realize one's fundamental purposes. While negative liberty is usually attributed to individual agents, positive liberty is sometimes attributed to collectivities, or to individuals considered primarily as members of given collectivities. The idea of distinguishing between a negative and a positive sense of the term ‘liberty’ goes back at least to Kant, and was examined and defended in depth by Isaiah Berlin in the 1950s and ’60s. Discussions about positive and negative liberty normally take place within the context of political and social philosophy. They are distinct from, though sometimes related to, philosophical discussions about free will. Work on the nature of positive liberty often overlaps, however, with work on the nature of autonomy. As Berlin showed, negative and positive liberty are not merely two distinct kinds of liberty; they can be seen as rival, incompatible interpretations of a single political ideal. Since few people claim to be against liberty, the way this term is interpreted and defined can have important political implications. Political liberalism tends...
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...Distinguish between positive and negative freedom. Both classical liberals and modern liberals priorities freedom, however have different views to what freedom really is. While modern liberals don't reject negative freedom all together there are still certain beliefs that they disagree with. The long-term goal of both classic liberals and modern liberals is to promote individual autonomy. During the course of this essay i will explore the different beliefs that both liberals believe in and define positive and negative freedom. Negative freedom is the absence of external constraints on the individual. It is the belief that people should be able to act in the way they please (for example, free speech). This is a belief supported strongly by classical liberals however, there are similar ideas supported by modern liberals. Classical liberals believe this to be a good thing as the more negative freedom you have, the more ability you have to do what it is you desire. Charles taylor defined negative freedom as an ‘opportunity concept’ of freedom. This is the idea that negative freedom give you access to a whole range of opportunities which give the individual freedom of choice to whether one takes advantage of these opportunities or not. Negative freedom, however, is not a practical policy in society. While it may sound beneficial, it leave the question to whether you are truly free if someone elses freedom inflicts upon yours. As a result limited state intervention...
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...Negative liberty is the absence of obstacles, barriers or constraints. One has negative liberty to the extent that actions are available to one in this negative sense. Positive liberty is the possibility of acting — or the fact of acting — in such a way as to take control of one's life and realize one's fundamental purposes. While negative liberty is usually attributed to individual agents, positive liberty is sometimes attributed to collectivities, or to individuals considered primarily as members of given collectivities. The idea of distinguishing between a negative and a positive sense of the term ‘liberty’ goes back at least to Kant, and was examined and defended in depth by Isaiah Berlin in the 1950s and ’60s. Discussions about positive and negative liberty normally take place within the context of political and social philosophy. They are distinct from, though sometimes related to, philosophical discussions about free will. Work on the nature of positive liberty often overlaps, however, with work on the nature of autonomy. As Berlin showed, negative and positive liberty are not merely two distinct kinds of liberty; they can be seen as rival, incompatible interpretations of a single political ideal. Since few people claim to be against liberty, the way this term is interpreted and defined can have important political implications. Political liberalism tends to presuppose a negative definition of liberty: liberals generally claim that if one favors individual liberty...
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...those with power over others are apt to abuse it for their benefit and at the expense of others. Liberal constitutionalism is expressed through support for various external and internal devices, such as codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, and so on. Liberal support for consent is evident in support for electoral democracy in general and, more specifically, sympathy for referendums and proportional representation. 2. Distinguish between negative freedom and positive freedom, and explain the implications of each for the state. (Jun 02) Negative freedom is the absence of external constraints upon the individual, usually understood as non-interference. It is manifest in freedom of choice and consistent with privacy. Negative freedom implies rolling back the state, because the state as a compulsory and coercive body is by definition an offence against freedom. Positive freedom can be variously defined as self-mastery, linking freedom to democracy, or as personal growth and self-realisation, the achievement of individual potential....
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...Psychology 3 FREEDOM Freedom starts with a principle of self-control, also known as self-ownership. In a free society, each and every person has legal control (or "ownership") of their own body and mind. As such, the concept of freedom refers to a certain type of political empowerment. It refers specifically to equal empowerment. In other words, a free society is one with an equal distribution of legal rights and in which each and every person has as much legal rights as possible. Because freedom entails political equality, freedom can only logically entail as much legal rights as compatible with the same legal rights in others. In a free society, any one person cannot have so many legal rights that all other people could not logically have the same amount of legal rights. For example, freedom does not include the legal right to enslave someone else because freedom includes the legal right to not be enslaved. In another example, freedom does not include the legal right to non-defensively punch other people in the face against their will because freedom includes the legal right to not be offensively punched. Basically, a free person has the legal allowance to do whatever he or she wants insofar as he or she does not offensively harm or coerce other people against those other people's wills. Remember, the limitation is a logical requirement. Freedom obviously can not include the legal right to limit other people's freedom because that would be illogical. Freedom does include the...
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...American National Government Topic 1 American Government: An Introduction Assessment 1 Chapter 1 Directions: Answer the following questions after viewing the assigned Power Point presentation and reading related materials in the text. Be sure to use complete sentences. 1. Define government and politics. Compare these two terms and cite examples of each. Explain how the two terms are distinct but related to each other. · Government is the people who run the country. Politics is the process followed by the leaders of political groups who rule the country. Government implements the policies of the lands, such as with the judicial branch to enforce the laws, the legislative branch to create the laws, and the executive branch to perform national security duties. And politics are the tool utilized by the government. They both utilize political science which is the study of government and politics. While they both perform and aid the same basic function of running the country, politics is just the process while the government is the actual facility performing the tasks. 2. What is anarchy? Can anarchy ever a viable alternative to government, in your opinion? Why or why not? · Anarchy is living in a state of lawlessness. I believe it cannot, because humans do not function correctly without some type of structure. Without structure there will be total chaos. Murders and other unmentionable crimes will occur with no repercussions being put into place. 3. What...
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...Freedom is an essential part of the good life. One cannot be living a good life if he/she is not free to do what he/she wants. However, with freedom comes the moral understanding of what can and cannot be done by the individual. If one is supposed to be living without boundaries then having the boundaries of morality stop unjust acts, this brings to itself what can and cannot be done by the individual. Thus, this brings an overall contradiction to the word freedom. Rousseau wrote, “Man is born free, and yet everywhere he is in chains”. We can distinguish between two types of freedom: 1. Intrinsic freedom, or our natural free will with which we are born. 2. Extrinsic freedom, that freedom for which we must fight for. Freedom is difficult to define due to the negative concept of being a reaction against something. This is known as negative freedom, a reaction against or as freedom from some undesirable position, power or rule. There is also what is known as positive freedom, which is the freedom to do or have. Behind all of our superficial aspects there is some pure inner self that, acting out of it, constitutes the true nature of freedom. Sartre says that pure freedom is consciousness itself. A freedom that is free from determination by all other influences and which allows one to act in a number of different ways. This freedom, as described by Sartre is challenged by the Principle of Universal Causality. This principle states that every event has its explanatory...
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...In the late 1990s, tobacco companies spent millions trying to defeat Proposition 10, an antismoking ballot initiative in California. Calling themselves “The Committee Against Unfair Taxes,” they mailed out expensive glossy brochures warning voters of the perils of the initiative. They were especially anxious to inform everyone that The sponsors of ill-conceived Proposition 10 are perennial political activist millionaire Rob Reiner and four other Hollywood/Los Angeles millionaire social engineers who believe they know more about raising your children than you do. This warning was accompanied by a grainy black-and-white photograph of Reiner (whom you may remember from reruns of the popular 1960s TV show All in the Family) that brought to mind a police mug shot. Now, when others want us to do something or want to influence our attitudes or beliefs, they may use an argument. That is, they may offer a reason why we should or shouldn’t do or believe or not believe whatever it is. They might also use threats, bribery, or even more extreme measures. But the passage quoted above illustrates a technique that is used much more frequently: the persuasive power of words, or what we have called their rhetorical force or emotive meaning—their power to express and elicit images, feelings, and emotional associations. In the next few chapters, we examine some of the most common rhetorical techniques used to affect people’s attitudes, opinions, and behavior. Rhetoric refers...
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...The word autonomy is a compound made up of the ancient Greek words for `self' (autos) and `law' (nomos). In one sense of the word, then, autonomy is about the person who is autonomous granting himself his own determination. Underlying the idea of autonomy, therefore, is the notion that the individual himself should have the freedom to define the parameters that determine his life and choose his ideals regarding the way life ought to be lived. That does not necessarily mean that everything is perceived as being equally good and equally acceptable, as long as it is the individual himself who has made that determination, because regard for the individual's autonomy does not exclude the relevance of observing other considerations too, such as regard for others' lives and lifestyles and regard for the values of the community. But if it is felt that the individual ought basically to be treated as an autonomous being, it is because relatively great weight is attached to humankind's ability and responsibility to choose how to determine or plan its own life conduct.[7] It should...
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...Liberalism A Short-answer questions 1 Distinguish between economic liberalism and social liberalism. • Economic liberalism means both classical liberalism and neo-liberal economic theory. • Its core idea is the notion of the self-regulating market, based on Adam Smith’s ‘invisible hand’ and the belief that the market tends towards long-term equilibrium. • Individuals are seen as rational, self-interested and largely self-sufficient; and market competition ensures choice and consumer responsiveness as well as efficiency and growth. • In line with the principle of laissez-faire, the state should leave the economy alone because state intervention is likely to have more economic disadvantages than advantages. • Economic liberalism is associated with negative freedom. • Social liberalism, by contrast, is modern liberalism, also sometimes known as welfare liberalism, associated with the belief that an unregulated market economy results in an unequal and unfair distribution of wealth. • The state, therefore, has important social responsibilities, especially in safeguarding individuals from the social evils that can cripple their existence: poverty, disease, unemployment etc. • Social liberalism is thus linked to a qualified form of welfarism: the desire to help people to help themselves, thus still reflecting a general liberal preference for self-reliance. • Social liberalism is associated with positive freedom. 2 Why and how have liberals supported...
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...Nongovernmental Organizations This week we are focusing in on non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Back in week 1, I provided this definition for them: “International (transnational) organizations with private memberships” (Rourke and Boyer 2010, G–8). A good example of an NGO is Amnesty International. The topics I’ve picked out for this week are: human rights, the environment and third world development. I want to showcase them here because NGOs are heavily involved in these international topics, but that isn’t to say that states and IGOs aren’t also heavily involved. They are! The article from Steinberg on NGOs in the Arab-Israeli Conflict in the reading this week demonstrates this very well. I recommend keeping the form in the week 2 lesson notes on hand when you read that article so you can keep straight the actors, their identities, their purposes (e.g. realist or liberalist) and the levels of analysis they impact the most. If you aren’t familiar with the conflict, I recommend checking out this fabulous interactive by CFR on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, which is a subset of the wider Arab-Israeli Conflict. On a side note, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is my favorite example of why constructivism is so important in IR. It is shortsighted to advance a way forward to end the conflict without first understanding the identities of the actors involved and their unique history with each other. The things to remember about NGOs are that they are involved in every major...
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...A = Explain the key ideas associated with revisionist socialism. On what grounds have conservatives supported paternalism? Explain the link between liberalism and constitutionalism. Why do anarchists view the state as inherently evil and oppressive? Why did Marx believe that capitalism is doomed to collapse, and how did he think this collapse would occur? Jan 2013 Section B To what extent do conservatives support tradition and continuity? ‘Anarchism is merely an extreme form of socialist collectivism.’ Discuss. To what extent have modern liberals departed from the ideas of classical liberalism? Section A = On what grounds have conservatives justified private property? Explain the link between liberalism and individualism. Why have democratic socialists believed that the victory of ‘gradualism’ is inevitable? On what grounds have anarchists rejected constitutionalism and consent? Explain how the neoliberal and neoconservative views of the role of the state differ June 2012 Section B Conservatism merely reflects the interests of the privileged and prosperous. Discuss To what extent have socialists favoured the common ownership of wealth Liberalism is defined by the desire to minimise the role of the state Section A Distinguish between negative and positive freedom. Explain the link between anarchism and utopianism. Why have some socialists advocated revolution rather than reform? Explain the implications of the conservative belief...
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...Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee. It is based on the true story of John “Monkey” Scope’s trial of being convicted of teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in a high school, even though it was illegal in the state of Tennessee. The story is told in Tennessee around the time of 1925. The film shows issues between cultures about how some believe in evolution and some believe in the Church, however, the major issue is the one on how Americans can think for themselves. I feel the movie depicted the issues in neither a negative nor a positive manner. I think it was more of a historical film than a film that takes a side on either side of the issue. It is negative in the fact that the way it was handled and the laws at the time thoroughly showed that it was illegal. At the time, teaching the theory of evolution was illegal in high school. The thought of children learning of how humans came to be outside of what the bible described was blasphemy. The people showing hatred towards Bertram Cates, the name of the character in the film that portrayed Scope, was a prime example of the way people viewed those who thought this type of way. I feel that it depicted society in a negative manner more than the situation itself. In the film, you heard citizens singing for the defendant and his attorney for their death. This often left the viewing contemplating their beliefs. The film touches more on the understanding of reason more the emotion. It opens more eyes as it teaches that each person...
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...providing temporary government for plumouth colony. | It created the first American settlement that was based upon social contract. Source: Columbia electronic encyclopedia,6th edition. 7/1/2010. | Articles of Confederation | This was an article of confederation and perpetual union between states. | Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and confederation expressly delegated to the united states in congress assembled. Source:”The article of confederation,2009 . November,1777. | Northwest Ordinance | This was the confederation for the government of western territories ceded to the united states by the states. | It divided the region into numerous territories. It also set the form at which subsequent western territories were created and later admitted into the union as states and marks the birth of the western expansion of the united states. Source:” ordinance of 1787. Columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th edition,7/1/2010. | Declaration of Independence | This declare that the united colonies aere and of right ought to be free and independent states. | It brought about the freedom and absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between...
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...CASE STUDY #1: Ecotourism Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of many economies in the world since it is able to generate needed foreign exchange. It is important to distinguish between two types of tourism: mass or resort tourism and ecotourism. Nature-based tourism involves traveling for recreational purposes. Ecotourism, on the other hand involves traveling to undisturbed natural site for conservation and education which are also known as ecological, environmental, nature, green, sustainable tourism. Ecotourism, short form for Ecological Tourism, is defined as “purposeful travel that creates an understanding of cultural and natural history, while safeguarding the integrity of the ecosystem and producing economic benefits that encourage conservation.” Using case studies, this paper demonstrates the positives and negatives of ecotourism and the implications for the future. Ecotourism, deemed as a tool for sustainability and development, is growing at an increasing rate. With education as a primary goal, ecotourism can teach both tourists and local people the value of environment and culture and help develop a nature-conscience lifestyle. Ecotourism brings employment benefits to often previously disadvantaged rural populations. The expansion of ecotourism has undeniably boosted Nepal’s overall economic development with tourism revenues. For example, in the Langtang Ecotourism Project, established in 1996, describes the Nepalese women effort in proactively...
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