...Three major types of ADHD include the following: * ADHD, combined type This, the most common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors as well as inattention and distractibility. * ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive type This, the least common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors without inattention and distractibility. * ADHD, inattentive and distractible type This type of ADHD is characterized predominately by inattention and distractibility without hyperactivity. The possible causes (you must include information regarding each possible cause: biology, genetics and environment) * Multiple factors have been implicated in the development of ADHD. It can run in families, and studies indicate that genes may play a role. Certain environmental factors also may increase risk, as can problems with the central nervous system at key moments in development. Brain chemistry ADHD is thought to be caused by an imbalance of two chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, in the brain. Researchers think that these chemicals might play an important role in ADHD. * Genetics Research suggests that ADHD tends to run in families. However, this does not mean that all children in a family will have the disorder. * Environment Certain external factors, such as smoking during pregnancy or complications during pregnancy, delivery, or infancy, may contribute to ADHD. The importance of a medical diagnosis and...
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...teachers about his absentmindedness, random outbursts and inconsistency to sit still. Katherine, John's mother, brings home a pamphlet on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) she got from an associate at her work. The two parents read over the pamphlet for a few days and eventually take John to a pediatric neurologist who specializes in helping children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. After a few months of therapy with the doctor John has learned to control most of his symptoms of ADHD but still can't control all of them. Laurence, John's father, believes John is acting out for attention where as Katherine wants to give the therapy more time to work. John's parents argue over their son's actions almost as if on a daily basis and eventual have a deep emotional impact on John. The short tale of John Mario bears common resemblance to many households across the world. People with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are looked down upon or cast aside from society because of their inability to conform to society's standards. If people took the time to study and be patient with ADHD diagnosed people then there won't be many cases like John Mario's. There are several symptoms of ADHD with the most noticeable as distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Causes of ADHD has been researched for many years and there are countless studies pointing to different theories such as environmental agents, genetics, and smaller alternative causes. New treatments...
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...May I Have Your Attention Please?: Teaching Student Writers with ADHD This research paper will investigate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in order to encourage teachers to view the symptoms and behaviors of ADHD as variability, and to discuss how we can address variability in our teaching philosophies and pedagogies. The initial objective is to provide an understanding of the symptoms and behaviors of ADHD in order to make educators evocative of how students with ADHD function and to discuss strategies proven help students with ADHD succeed in the classroom. An additional objective of this paper is to address why teaching children with ADHD is challenging and encourage changes in teaching philosophy and pedagogy. Most teachers...
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...Health and Education, Fox News Chris Magill Educ 305 08/03/2015 This article discusses the possibility of ADHD medication being linked to reduced injuries for kids diagnosed with the disorder. Studies at the Yale school of medicine conducted a study recording the percentage of children in the hospital that are diagnosed with ADHD, as well as how medication played a factor. The results concluded that from age five to ten, kids without medication had an injury risk of 19 percent, whereas those medicated were only at 12 percent. The results of medication sustained the lower probability leading into teenage years as well, although both percentages rose, understandably so. Of course, clumsiness is more common to cause injuries with young children than with older. Those with ADHD are especially prone to this, because of severe distractibility and lack of focus. Hyperactive children also move around a lot more often than others, so they can very easily knock into something or trip over an object. The article gives a fairly detailed explanation of why this is so common and more than likely will continue to a lesser extent in life. Older teenagers with ADHD are prone to accidents and mishaps, but much more severe due to added responsibilities and opportunities. This could involve various types of drugs, reckless driving, or physical outbursts before assessing a situation correctly. Medication will help prevent spontaneous activities that could potentially...
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...disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Merriam Webster defines medication as a substance used for medical treatment, especially a medicine or drug. Consequently psychotropic medication is defined as any medication capable of affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior. Some medications such as lithium, which may be used to treat depression, are psychotropic. Also called a psychodynamic medication. When ADHD and medication are paired together the results can be amazing. However for every action there is a reaction. This reaction can sometimes overshadow the good that has been done. The trend of hidden dangers of ADHD medication, the effects of taking ADHD medication and making the right choices for your family. The hidden dangers of taking ADHD medication are discussed very often. The Harvard Medical School has stated that “Medications — chiefly the stimulants dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate — are the only proven treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with its symptoms of distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. But the benefits of stimulants last only as long as patients continue to take them, and worries about the risks of long-term use are again in the news (Harvard Medical School, Harvard Health Publications, para 1). There have been countless studies on the effects of taking stimulants to treat ADHD. These studies...
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...sedentary, non-active people. This results in obesity, an alarming rise in type two diabetes, attention deficit problems, heart disease, and chronic depression in both adults and now is an epidemic in children. This book explains why physical activity especially aerobic activity is crucial to the way our brains learn, affect mood, depression, stress and attention. In Chapter one of “Spark, The Revolutionary New Science Of Exercise And The Brain”, shows how exercise improves brain functioning. A revolutionary case study was performed in a school district outside of Chicago. Naperville Central High School in Illinois transformed nineteen thousand students into very healthy and fit students with only 3 percent overweight versus 30 percent overweight nationally (Ratey & Hagerman, 2008). The students are also among the smartest in the nation. In 1999 Naperville’s eighth graders took an international standards test: Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Asian countries have out performed United States of American students in math and science for many years. As stated in the New York Times, most Asian countries score well, almost half of the students score in the top, while only 7 percent of U. S. students do (Ratey & Hagerman, 2008). The children from Naperville, Illinois took the TIMSS and astonished the world. They scored sixth in math, and first in Science in the world (Ratey & Hagerman, 2008). The huge change began with a regular physical education...
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...Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a common behavioral disorder that affects an estimated eight percent to ten percent of school age children. Boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it, though it is not yet understood why. Children with ADHD act without thinking are hyperactive and have trouble focusing. They may understand what’s expected of them but have trouble following the rules because they can’t sit still, pay attention or attend to details. Children with ADHD experience major difficulties in social relationships (Hinshaw, 2002; Landau & Moore, 1991). Studies of social impairments associated with ADHD have used a variety of measures, including positive and negative peer ratings, parent and teacher...
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...Hyperactivity Disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the diagnosis for an array of continued shortfalls from attention to impulsivity and/or hyperactivity ("What Is ADHD?", "ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). ADHD is a mental, developmental, and behavioral disorder that most often occurs in children, however can also occur in adults ("What Is ADHD?"," Glossary of ADHD Terms"). ADHD is a persistent disorder that is attributed to neurobehavioral problems ("Key Findings: Parent-Report of Diagnosis|Features|ADHD|NCBDDD|CDC"). “About 11% of all children and adolescents in America are affected by ADHD” ("ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). Not all children with ADHD display the same behaviors. There are three subtypes of ADHD; inattentive type, hyperactive, and impulsive type. “Inattentive does not include hyperactivity. A child may appear “spacey” or “not all there” and often fails to pick up on some part of the information provided whether presented verbally or in writing. Hyperactive includes many of the stereotypical behaviors associated with ADHD such as a constant fidgeting, shifting or moving, difficulty staying seated in class, and the inability to stay focused on one task. Impulsive is characterized by a tendency to act before thinking about the consequences” ("ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). There are numerous warning signs which may indicate the possibility that a child has ADHD ("ADHD: An Overview Smart Kids"). Below is a table of difficulties such as paying...
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...with ADHD Cynthia G. Humphrey Wayland Baptist University RSWR 3345 August 2011 Abstract This paper explores various treatment options for children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The outcome of previous research was reviewed showing the effects on children and adolescents with ADHD when the method of treatment was pharmacology and when the method of treatment was pharmacology along with behavior modification. Behavior modification refers to programs that were administered in an academic environment or behavior programs that were part of psychotherapy. This paper specifically addresses the academic effects of treatment with medication, the effects of treatment with medication and behavior modification, and the effects of treatment with behavior modification alone. Keywords: ADHD; children; adolescents; behavioral; academic; treatment Effective Treatment for Children and Adolescents with ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex mental disorder that is controversial because of its method of diagnosis and detection. Children and adolescents with ADHD generally have difficulty concentrating, finishing tasks, controlling behavior, acting impulsively, and being overactive. Managing youth with ADHD can be difficult for parents, teachers and others that have direct contact with the child or adolescent. Medication is one of the most common first lines of treatment used to manage and alleviate the symptoms of ADHD in children...
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... Latrina Frazier Mental Illness Paper 2 Mental Illness Paper ADHD is a neurobehavioral disorder generally characterized by the following symptoms: inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. There are different types of ADHD. ADHD is classified into three subtypes: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type, which is behavior marked by hyperactivity and impulsivity, but not inattentiveness. Predominantly inattentive type, behavior marked by inattentiveness, but not hyperactivity and impulsivity. Combination type, this is a combination of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattentive symptoms. This is the most common type of ADHD. In the United States, about 4.7 million children ages 3-17have been diagnosed at some point with ADHD. This accounts for 7.4% of all American children in this age range. Symptoms of ADHD usually occur around the age of 7. Studies indicate that ADHD symptoms in preschool children with ADHD do not differ significantly from older children. The classic ADHD symptoms do not always adequately describe the child's behavior, nor do they describe what is actually happening in the child's mind. Some researchers have focused on deficits in "executive functions" of the brain to understand and describe all ADHD behaviors. Such impaired executive functions in ADHD children can cause the following problems: inability to hold information in short-term memory, impaired organization...
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...Symptoms & Causes of ADHD According to the American Psychological Association (2015), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) is a “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development”. ADHD is a disorder that was initially associated with variations of retardation and has become a diagnosis of millions of children worldwide. This research synopsis will discuss the history of ADHD, symptoms and treatment for ADHD and the potential comorbity issues with ADHD. History of ADHD In an Internet video, Films On Demand (2009) states that is estimated that between 6-7 million children are on prescribed medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although medication is not the only treatment for ADHD, it seems to be the most popular resource. Some families have found behavioral therapy and a change in diet are also successful methods to treat the symptoms of ADHD. Many other issues can manifest itself as ADHD like allergies or long term exposure to lead paint; which makes diagnosing ADHD a controversial issue because like other psychological disorders. There is no physical or diagnosis test available and it is simply diagnosed based on a list of observed behaviors and is usually teacher referred for more evaluation. "A child is liable to be diagnosed ADHD if he or she steps out of line, speaks out of turn. In short, just about any sort of disorderly conduct would beget on the part of...
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...assessment and continues until parents master interaction skills and child behavior problems fall within the normal range. Emerging evidence suggests that treatment gains are maintained for several years post treatment. (Neary,2002) A younger age of onset is associated with greater severity of disruptive behavior throughout its course, and disruptive behavior can be reliably identified in children as young as age. Evidence also suggests that intervention is more effective at the preschool age than when children are older. Effective treatment of disruptive behavior prior to school entry may prevent the associated problems with academic performance and peer relationships that require multiple interventions only a few years later. (CampbellSB) Primary care physicians are often the only professionals to see young children before school entry and are thus critical to early identification. Studies have found that at least 20% of the 2- to 5-year-olds seen in primary care settings have Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disorders, yet young children with significant psychopathology are frequently not referred for treatment. Identification of child psychopathology is difficult. Found that pediatricians...
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...Adolescents Before the 1990s, it was believed that children under the age of eighteen would have been rarely diagnoses with bipolar disorder. This all changed in the mid-1990s when there were 800,000 children labeled with bipolar disease and an astonishing number were under the age of five (Carmichael, 2008). The controversial findings have alerted psychiatrists and psychologists that the disease is much more common than originally thought (Carmichael, 2008). Psychiatrists have been discontent with the number of children being labeled with bipolar disorder at alarming rates (Woziak & Biederman, 1995). Woziak, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School of psychiatry, was educated with the idea that a professional in the psychiatric field would only see one or two cases of a child with bipolar disorder in a lifetime because of the rarity (Woziak & Biederman, 1995). Woziak, along with the famous Harvard child psychiatrist Dr. Joseph Biederman, felt that there were a number of children whose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems seemed to stem beyond the normal anger characteristics of ADHD (Woziak & Biederman, 1995). Woziak and Biederman (1995) completed research to reflect a much more violent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with children showing signs of heightened uncontrollable temper tantrums, violent hitting, screaming and kicking beyond the normal irritability. These signs included children not being able to regulate impulses (Woziak...
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...ADHD in Children: Medication and the Natural Approach Amanda Nance COM156 January 8th, 2012 Leah Omilion ADHD in Children: Medication and the Natural Approach Making ADHD medication decisions for your child can be difficult, but doing your homework can help. The first thing to understand is exactly what the medications for ADD and ADHD can and can’t do and to know that it isn’t a magic pill that will fix all of your or your Childs’ problems. Medication can help reduce the symptoms of hyperactivity, inattentiveness, and impulsivity but they also come with many risks. The negative effects of stimulant medication in children with ADHD are staggering; however, there is a natural approach that can be just as effective. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is a neurological disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate impulsivity, inattention, and in some cases, hyperactivity. It is estimated by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) that 3%-7% of school-aged children have ADHD1. ADHD is characterized by many symptoms including the following: • Poor concentration, distractibility, impulsive behavior, careless mistakes, difficulty in controlling anger. • Inability to complete tasks, difficulty sustaining attention toward tasks. • Hyperactive behavior, excessive activity, fidgeting, squirming, running, climbing excessively. • Poor listening...
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...Weschlers test of intelligence for children The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), developed by David Wechsler, is an individually administered intelligence testfor children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing. The WISC takes 65–80 minutes to administer and generates an IQ score which represents a child's general cognitive ability. ------------------------------------------------- History The original WISC (Wechsler, 1949) was an adaption of several of the subtests which made up the Wechsler–Bellevue Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1939) but also featured several subtests designed specifically for it. The subtests were organized into Verbal and Performance scales, and provided scores for Verbal IQ (VIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). A revised edition was published in 1974 as the WISC-R (Wechsler, 1974), featuring the same subtests however the age range was changed from 5-15 to 6-16. The third edition was published in 1991 (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991) and brought with it a new subtest as a measure of processing speed. In addition to the traditional VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ scores, four new index scores were introduced to represent more narrow domains of cognitive function: the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), the Perceptual Organization Index (POI), the Freedom from Distractibility Index (FDI), and the Processing Speed Index (PSI). The current version, the WISC-IV, was produced in 2003 followed by the...
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