...Модели дивидендной политики: развитые и развивающиеся рынки. Многие компании во всем мире выплачивают дивиденды. Несмотря на статистику уменьшения общего числа компаний совокупная сумма дивидендов продолжает расти. Поэтому неудивительно, что данной теме посвящены множество работ. Перейдем к рассмотрению моделей дивидендной политики. Наиболее значимыми теориями, получившими наибольшее распространение, являются: * Теория нерелевантности дивидендов (Ф. Модильяни и М. Миллер) * Теория предпочтения дивидендных выплат (У. Гордон, Дж. Линтнер и др.) * Теория налоговых асимметрий (Р. Литценбергер и К. Рамасвами) * Теория клиентуры * Сигнальная теория * Теория удовлетворения предпочтений инвесторов Приведем краткое описание данных моделей. Модильяни и Миллер исследовали взаимосвязь дивидендной политики и стоимости компании в идеальных условиях, предполагающих: совершенство рынков (отсутствие налогов, расходов на привлечение капитала и транзакционных затрат; равнодоступность информации для всех участников и т. д.); безразличность выбора между дивидендами или доходом прироста капитала; независимость инвестиционной политики организации от финансовой и др. Авторы теории полагали, что инвесторов в условиях совершенного рынка будет интересовать только общая доходность, а не ее конкретные формы. Таким образом, любая дивидендная политика будет приводить к одинаковым результатам не влияя на стоимость компании и благосостояние ее собственников. Теория предпочтения...
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...term ‘dividend policy’ refers to “the practice that management follows in making dividend payout decisions or, in other words, the size and pattern of cash distributions over time to shareholders” (Lease et al., 2000, p.29). This issue of dividend policy is one that has engaged managers since the birth of the modern commercial corporation. Surprisingly then dividend policy remains one of the most contested issues in finance. Dividend policy is concerned with financial policies regarding paying cash dividend in the present or paying an increased dividend at a later stage. Whether to issue dividends and what amount, is determined mainly on the basis of the company's unappropriated profit (excess cash) and influenced by the company's long-term earning power. When cash surplus exists and is not needed by the firm, then management is expected to Payout some or all of those surplus earnings in the form of cash dividends or to repurchase the company's stock through a share buyback program. Management must also choose the form of the dividend distribution, generally as cash dividends or via a share buyback. Various factors may be taken into consideration: where shareholders must pay tax on dividends, firms may elect to retain earnings or to perform a stock buyback, in both cases increasing the value of shares outstanding. Alternatively, some companies will pay "dividends" from stock rather than in cash. Our group have selected 3 journals related to the dividend policy in our...
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...Theories for Dividend Policy and Factors Affecting Dividend Payout A Review of the Literature Prepared for, 11038 Corporate Finance 307 School of Economics and Finance Curtin Business School Curtin University Miri Sarawak Campus Abstract The main objective of this literature review is to highlight the major theories for dividend policy that have been discussed and argued by many researchers over the years. It is aim to helping firms’ management to set their dividend policy and provide additional knowledge to investors. The theoretical aspect is agency theory which has negative relationship between percentages of insiders and ratio of dividend payout. The signaling theory is applicable in the real world but there is no evidence to support changes in dividend payout signaling the current and future performance of the firm. Bird-in-the-hand theory which risk adverse investors prefer receive dividend now instead of sell their shares in future for capital gain and this theory was not agreed by MM. Next is tax preference theory to study whether the level of firm leverage ratio will affect the dividend payout but it is not applicable for Indian firms. Lastly will discuss about how firm size and financial leverage can affect the firms’ dividend payout. In conclusion, since firms are free to choose whether to distribute dividend or retained their earnings, so there are not right or wrong theories and factors for dividend policy. Government regulations on firms and corporate...
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...SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA) SUBMITTED BY; ROHAN DEEPAK NIKAM ROLL NO. 013096 MBA FINANCE 2 2013-2015 SUBJECT: CORPORATE FINANCE AVAILABILITY OF DIVIDEND POLICY IN CORPORATE SUBMITTED TO: PROF. NEETU SHARMA MBA FINANCE-II MEANING OF DIVIDEND POLICY A dividend refers to that portion of a firm's net earnings which are paid to shareholders. Dividends are paid either in cash or stock. Since dividends are distributed out of the profits, the alternative to the payment of dividends is the retention of earnings. The retained earnings constitute an important source of financing the investment requirements of the firm. There is inverse relationship between retained earnings and cash dividends. More dividends result in smaller retentions where as lesser dividend results in larger retentions. Thus, dividends and retained earnings are competitive and conflicting. Dividend decisions refer to the decisions regarding the division of net earnings to the dividend and retained earnings. A firm can distribute all of its earnings to the shareholders as dividends or can retain all of its earnings for reinvestment as retained earnings or can distribute a part of earnings as dividend and retain the balance for re-investment purpose. Dividend decision is a major financial decision in the sense that a firm has to choose between distributing profits to the shareholders and ploughing back them into the business. The selection would be influenced by the effect...
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...debate on how dividend policy affects a firm’s value. Researchers such as Gordon (1959) believed that dividends increase shareholders wealth, Miller and Scholes (1978) considered dividends to be irrelevant and others such as Litzenberger and Ramaswamy (1979) thought that dividends decrease shareholders wealth. As a result, a number of studies have been undertaken to solve the “dividend puzzle”, a concept which tries to answer the question of whether paying dividends actually makes a difference or not. Many economists argue that dividends should not have any effect on the investor’s valuation of the company because the investor is an owner of the firm and should be indifferent to either getting the dividends or having them reinvested in the firm. The above conclusion, nevertheless, has proven futile as, in the majority of the cases; investors do demand some type of a dividend payment (Cohen, 2002). As a result, it’s important for firms to have a dividend policy in order which will help them make decisions regarding paying cash dividend in the present or paying an increased dividend at a later stage. The Determinants of Dividend Policy An optimum dividend policy is one that strikes a balance between current dividends and future growth and should be based on two basic objectives – maximizing the wealth of the firm’s owners and providing sufficient funds to finance growth. The determinants of a firm’s dividend policy are discussed below. The prevailing dividend and corporate...
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...Chapter 13 Dividend Policy Solutions to Problems P13-1. LG 1: Dividend Payment Procedures Basic (a) Retained earnings (Dr.) Dividends payable (Cr.) (b) Ex dividend date is Thursday, July 6. (c) Cash $170,000 Dividends payable Retained earnings $0 $2,170,000 Debit $330,000 $330,000 Credit (d) The dividend payment will result in a decrease in total assets equal to the amount of the payment. (e) Notwithstanding general market fluctuations, the stock price would be expected to drop by the amount of the declared dividend on the ex dividend date. P13-2. LG 1: Dividend Payment Intermediate (a) (b) (c) (d) Friday, May 7 Monday, May 10 The price of the stock should drop by the amount of the dividend ($0.80). She would be better off buying the stock at $35 and taking the dividend. Her $0.80 dividend would be taxed as the maximum rate of 15 percent and her $4 short-term capital gain would be taxed at you ordinary marginal tax rate, which is probably higher than the 15 percent. If she bought the stock post dividend for $34.20 she would pay her marginal ordinary tax rate on the full $4.80 of short-term capital gains. P13-3. LG 2: Residual Dividend Policy Intermediate (a) Residual dividend policy means that the firm will consider its investment opportunities first. If after meeting these requirements there are funds left, the firm will pay the residual out in the form of dividends. Thus, if the firm has excellent investment opportunities, the dividend will be smaller than if investment...
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...“The dividend decision is unimportant to the wellbeing of a company.” Discuss Stock is a product of socialization production, and the earliest stock can be tracked back to 17th century. In terms of stock, dividend decision is an important concept, which can not be ignored. Dividend decision is defined as ‘Determines the division of earnings between payments to shareholders and retained earnings.’ ( http://finance.mapsofworld.com/corporate-finance/investment-decision/dividend.html ) Dividend decision is also called dividend policy, which has always been disputed. However, no matter how it is debated, dividend policy is very important to the healthy and orderly operation of a company. In the fist place,this essay will discuss the effect of different dividend policies on companies running, secondly indicate dividend decision should be changed to be fit for different growth periods and various investment opportunities, thirdly investigate how the refunding ability and cost of a company are affected by dividend policies, after that this paper will talks about the relationship between dividend decision and the structures of control rights to an enterprise, finally this article will evaluate the M&M theory and further prove that the importance of dividend policies for a corporation. There are diverse types of dividend policy, and each policy has different influence on corporations. Generally,Constant Payout Ratio (CPR), Constant Dollar Dividend Policy(CD), and Regular with Extras...
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...Introduction 2 2.0 Dividend Irrelevant Theory 2 3.0 Company Listed at Bursa Malaysia 3 3.1 Zelan Berhad 3 3.2 FACB Industries Incorporated Berhad 4 3.3 Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia Berhad 5 3.4 Axiata Group Berhad 6 4.0 Others Factors Affect Dividend Policy 7 5.0 Impact of Tax on Dividend Policy 8 6.0 Conclusion 8 7.0 References 9 8.0 Appendix 10 1.0 Introduction Company may return to their shareholder by paying dividend or repurchasing back the shares. A company may pay a generous dividend and knowing that it will have to schedule new stock issue to raise cash for investment. Otherwise, it will pay no dividend instead use cash to repurchase shares. (McGraw Hill Irwin, 2010) In the aspect of investor, changes in dividend convey information about company's profitability. As a investor, he/she may be worried about that cash-cow (free cash flow) company will run out of positive-NPV investments and waste cash on perks or poor projects so dividend payouts are one of the way to relieve such worries. (McGraw Hill Irwin, 2010) When a company decides to declare divided, if necessary, it would choose to raise new funds to maintain the payout. Therefore it will relate to Irrelevant Dividend Policy. Besides that, to avoid the risk of a reduction in payout as a financial manager may smooth dividend, therefore the transitory earnings changes are unlikely to affect the dividend payout. It is because, if a company pay a high dividend without the cash flow...
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...Dividend Policy at Linear Technology from StudyMode Of the 16 companies on the SOX index, six paid dividends and Linear Technology is one of them started at the second quarter in 1993 which is 5.3 million in total. However, in the case, according to Coghlan, “The quarterly dividend was initially set at $0.05 per share. This amounted to $8.3 million, or 15% of FY 1994 earnings.” And their most recent dividend in 2002(cause in the exhibit2, there’s only threes quarter’s data in 2003, so that’s why I choose 2002 as the last year), the dividend was $0.17 per share amounted to 54 million total. Through out the decade, the company’s dividend generally increased and so did share repurchase except 1997 and 2000 which is 11.6 and 0. Their cash flow almost connected positively with their dividend except year 1999 and 2002. Because during these two years, company spent large amount of money repurchase their stock and left few cash. Linear bought back their stock when they believed the price of the stock was undervalued. One thing for sure for the Linear, they got excess cash. Based on the balance sheet of 2003, positive cash flow could faster the development of the company but they also need to suffer the extra tax. For example, in 2003, the company got 1565.2 million of cash sitting on the balance sheet. And today, Chase provides the one year regular saving rate with 0.01%. Thus, the extra tax would be: 15652000000*0.01%*38.6%=60,416.72. And also, the company failed to involve the benefits...
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...Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Dividend payout theories 2 3. Change in dividends only because of necessarily 3 4. Clientele Dividend of Shareholders 6 5. The Taxes Liability as an Effect on Dividend Policy 7 6. Conclusion 7 References 8 1. Introduction Dividend indicates a share profit delivered to shareholders regarding to certain payout ratio. An efficient firm normally saves their finance to wait opportunities from acquisitions which affects earnings realistically. Afterward, the firms can make decision on whether to buy back their shares with their dividend income or to adopt to apply on other activities. However, the decision is depended on many internal and external factors which need to be considered carefully. 2. Dividend payout theories Up to date, dividend policy is a controversial debate in following components: - Level of dividend payment. - Stability of dividends. - Frequency - Dividend announcement. - Investors’ preference. There are three theories related to three theories to the debate: - Dividends are irrelevant - Bird in the hand. - Tax preference. Company managers have less interest on cutting dividends and raising dividend since a stable level of dividend payment might be preferred by investors. The reason behind is that dividend change is considered as signals of management’s view of the future. As such, a change (increase...
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...| | | Dividend Policies Cogeco Cable Inc., Shaw Communications, & Cablevision Systems Corp. | Kristina Kacanski (211565827), Wei Fu (211521242), Guillaume Lacour (213242003)FINE3100 Karen Chiykowski November 14, 2013 | Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Industry Analysis 4 Business Strategy 5 Industry Dividend Analysis 7 Cogeco Cable Inc. Dividend History 7 Shaw Communications Dividend History 9 CableVision Systems Corp. Dividend History. 9 Dividend Policy Recommendation 10 End Notes 12 Appendices 13 Appendix A: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 15 i. Porter's Analysis ii. Summary Appendix B: Damodaran’s Dividend Policy and Frictions/Market Imperfections 15 i. Equity Trade Off and Life Cycle of a Firm Appendix C: Revenue Streams. 16 Appendix D: Cogeco Cable Inc. Tables 17 i. Cogeco Cable Inc. - Revenue ii. Cogeco Cable Inc. - Cash iii. Cogeco Cable Inc. - Market iv. Cogeco Cable Inc. - Dividends v. Cogeco Cable Inc. - Ratios Appendix E: Shaw Communications Tables 19 i. Shaw Communications - Revenue ii. Shaw Communications - Cash iii. Shaw Communications - Market iv. Shaw Communications - Dividends v. Shaw Communications - Ratios Appendix F: Cablevision Systems Corp. Tables 22 i. CableVision Systems Corp. - Revenue ii. CableVision Systems Corp. - Cash iii. CableVision Systems Corp. - Market iv. CableVision Systems Corp. - Dividends v. CableVision Systems Corp. -...
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...paper will examine the relationship between the dividend policy and stock price volatility based on the previous studies. Dividend policy is referred as a direction to the dividend paid out. In practice, we can through three aspects to show how the dividend policy is important. Firstly, in term of the clientele effect, the transaction cost and tax of investor position can exert an influence on whether dividend policy gains are preferred which means that dividend policy will exert an important influence on investors’ behaviour. Secondly, according to the signaling effect, dividend paid is the mean by manager to signal the new information to investor. And thirdly on basis of the agency theory, dividend policy would attribute to the conflict between the interests of management and interests of stakeholders. Through the different dividend policy, firms can use the earning to make scrip dividends, special dividends, share repurchase and non–pecuniary benefits. In 1961, Modigliani and Miller (MM) argue that, given perfect and efficient markets, the pattern of dividend payments by a business have no effect on shareholder wealth. The only way to maximum shareholder wealth is investment with a positive NPV. So depend on M&M theory, Atrill (2000) agrees that to pay a lower dividend will simply be compensated by an increase in share price through reinvestment. De Angelo and Masulis, Kim (1988) and Miller (1986) supported that dividend paid can greatly reduce tax costs as tax clientele...
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...ABSTRACT This report focuses on the concept of Dividend Policy used in a firm. It talks about the importance of using a Dividend Policy which is giving a share to the stockholders. A dividend policy is first known as a heavy factor in a company’s stock value and is a set of company rules and guidelines used to decide how much the company will pay out to its shareholders. The report then highlights the common theories and models used in dividend policy decision in an organization. The feasibility of the concept had been further exemplified with the case study of City Lodge Hotels Limited and Microsoft vs Berkshire Hathaway which depicts two companies that do not believe in using a dividend policy and a lodging company that believes in keeping dividends. Keywords Dividend Policy, Residual Dividend Policy, Shareholders, Walter Model, MM Model, Dividend Irrelevancy. INTRODUCTION Dividend policy is the policy used by a company to decide how much it will pay out to shareholders in dividends. In financial accounting course, it is said that after deducting expense from the revenue, a company generates profit. Part of the profit is kept in the company as retained earnings and the other part is distributed as dividends to shareholders. From the share valuation model, the value of a share depends very much on the amount of dividend distributed to shareholders. Deciding on the amount of earnings to pay out as dividends is one of the major financial decisions that a firm’s managers...
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...Abstract Dividend represent a source of cash flow shareholder and provide information about the forms performance .some shareholders expect to receive dividends, others are content to see an increase in share prices rise and no dividends .this is guided by the firm dividend policy .This paper will discuss what is dividend, dividend policy and the various factors that affect dividend policy used in the dividend policy in an organization.. Reference will be made to metropolitan teachers Sacco in Kenya. Table of content Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of content 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1 Metropolitan teachers Sacco 4 1.2 Financial system 5 1.2.1 Advantage of financial systems: VISUAL ASMAS 6 2.0 Dividend 7 3.0 Dividend Policy 9 3.1 How much to pay as dividend 10 3.2 When to pay dividend 11 4.0 Dividend policy theories 12 4.1 The Modigliani and Miller Theorem 12 4.2 The residual theory 14 4.3 The Gordon / Lintner (Bird-in-the-Hand) Theory 14 4.4 The Tax-Preference Theory 16 4.5The Agency 17 4.6 The Signalling 17 4.7 The Clientele Effect 18 REFERENCES 19 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Company profile: Metropolitan teachers Sacco Metropolitan Teachers SACCO Society was registered on 10th February 1977 as Kiambu Teachers SACCO and continued to operate as such until 2nd July 2009 when we were granted the change of name certification. Originally, the SACCO was intended to serve primary school teachers in Kiambu District, Central...
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...Email Dividend growth stock investing is a popular stock-market strategy. Investing in stocks with a history of growing dividends provides both a solid income stream and potential for capital appreciation. For most companies, the earnings per share (EPS) is the cash flow from which those dividends are paid. For a dividend to grow, it needs to be supported by EPS growth. Sponsored Link Simple Project Management Yes. It's easy. Nothing to install. Try it Free! www.smartsheet.com Earnings Per Share and Dividend Most dividend-paying companies make dividend payouts quarterly to coincide with the required quarterly financial reports. Earnings per share refers to the net income a company earns after all expenses and taxes divided by the number of outstanding shares. When the EPS number is published, that amount can be compared to the quarterly dividend amount the company paid for the quarter. A common corporate goal is to produce an EPS that grows year after year. Seasonal effects may cause earnings to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. To get a more accurate picture of earnings, compare full-year results or compare the same quarter year-over-year (such as the second quarter of last year compared to the second quarter of this year). Dividend Payout Ratio The dividend payout ratio is the dividend amount divided by the earnings per share. The ratio can be calculated on an annual or quarterly basis. A lower payout ratio means the company has excess earnings for future dividend increases...
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