...Ethics: Do No Harm 1 Ethics: Do No Harm Linda Jones Walden University Ethics: Do No Harm 2 Ethical Research involves maintaining honesty in conducting and reporting scientific research, giving appropriate credit for ideas and effort, and considering how knowledge gained through research should be used (Stangor, 2001). There are four basic goals in ethical research and they are providing freedom of choice about participating in the research, protecting participants from physical and psychological harm, maintaining awareness of the power differentials between researcher and participant and honestly describing the nature and use of the research to participants. The first study that I decided to analyze is: A researcher worked for a time on the production line of a large manufacturing plant. His status as a researcher was unknown to his co-workers. It was not until he was about to leave that he revealed his purpose and identity to others. This study was not done ethical because it violated some of the principles of ethical behaviors. The first violation was the researcher with holding his identity until after the study. This was a form of deception due to him not informing the participants in the beginning of his purpose...
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...Healthcare Leaders, “First, Do No Harm” The phrase “Primum non nocere” is Latin for “First, Do No Harm”, has been part of the Hippocratic Oath taken by healthcare leaders for centuries and has been a keystone of ethical practice in medicine (Rich, Singleton, & Wadhwa, 2013, p.171). It might be thought of as the first and earliest code of quality in medicine. The Oath is one of the oldest imperative documents, goes into more detail of quality care (Rich, Singleton, & Wadhwa, 2013, p.171). Healthcare leaders are responsible for business decisions, including decisions that impact the healthcare environment. Healthcare leaders may be held to an even higher standard of accountability than commercial industry leaders because of their commitment to...
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...Han Yuh Ding A0110466N Do Trans-national Corporations Help More or Harm More? “Globalization” is a popular term that originated in the 1980s to describe the process of increased interconnectedness among nations, through the movement of people, information, investments and goods across national borders. The presence of Trans-national Corporations (TNCs) in many economies today has sped up the process of globalization and the impacts of TNCs is a hotly debated issue now. From an economic viewpoint, TNCs bring about more benefits than negatives to host nations and I will be illustrating this in the remaining part of my essay by bringing in TNCs like Nestlé, Nike, Monsanto and Walmart, just to name a few. One undisputed economic benefit that TNCs brings is that it creates jobs and helps to alleviate the problem of unemployment in developing countries. TNCs actively exploit the principle of comparative advantage and often produce in a country or a region with lower costs of production input, for example, labour costs or material costs. Due to the cheaper labour costs that can be found in less economically developed countries, many TNCs choose to set up their manufacturing plants in these countries and it has opened up more jobs for the locals, especially for the low skilled workers. Nestlé, for example, operates 28 factories in the African continent today and provide direct employment to 14000 Africans and indirect employment to more than 50,000 (Nestlé, 2012). In...
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...Indirect Harm? Laws reflect the moral code of the majority within a society. Therefore, the majority within a society depict if a law should be reflective of an indirect harm. Indirect harm is “an action which itself did not harm, but may promote or eventually lead to harm”(Reitsma, Liberty and its Limits: Extent of Freedom), it may have no correlation to leading towards harm. John E. Mills indicated “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others” (Heydt), but lawmakers perceive it justifiable to create laws that are reflective of indirect harm. Laws against Prostitution and drug’s are reflective of indirect harm. If ones using drugs or is a prostitute is not directly harming others in society. Even though laws that reflect indirect harm are to prevent harm from happing, indirect harm should not be considered whilst making laws because they tend to restrict one's freedoms & liberties and there is no substantial evidence that indirect harm leads to harm. Laws tend to create restrictions upon individuals of the society. People are overwhelmed by the pressures of these restrictions and cannot express their freedoms & liberates. Firstly, if one is a distinguish as a criminal under indirect harm laws they will be condemned by society when they have not harmed any individual in society, in fact they have or are only wanting to do what they should able to do freely. Being...
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...Legal Theory, 5 (1999), 117–148. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1352–3252/99 $9.50 SEANA VALENTINE SHIFFRIN Wrongful Life WRONGFUL LIFE, PROCREATIVE RESPONSIBILITY, AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HARM Seana Valentine Shiffrin University of California at Los Angeles I. A wrongful life suit is an unusual civil suit brought by a child (typically a congenitally disabled child)1 who seeks damages for burdens he suffers that result from his creation. Typically, the child charges that he has been born into an unwanted or miserable life.2 These suits offer the prospect of financial relief for some disabled or neglected children and have some theoretical advantages over alternative causes of action.3 But they have had 1. In these cases, the disability is not usually caused by events after conception, such as prenatal damage. Rather, the disability, the underlying genetic condition, or the relevant circumstances of conception are essentially linked to the child’s identity or existence. So, he must claim that his life was wrongfully caused, not only his disability. Jeff McMahan argues that some significant prenatal damage, occurring early in pregnancy, may affect the identity of the child. If he is correct, then such cases should be classified with the cases typically associated with wrongful life litigation. Jeff McMahan, Wrongful Life: Paradoxes in the Morality of Causing People to Exist, in RATIONAL COMMITMENT AND SOCIAL JUSTICE: ESSAYS...
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...[pic] What is self harm? “Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. It is a way of coping with or expressing overwhelming emotional distress.” (NHS, 2013) Self-harm is a way of expressing very deep distress and often, people do not know why they self-harm. It's a means of communicating what can't be put into words or even into thoughts and has been described as an inner scream. Afterwards, people feel better able to cope with life again, for a while. People may injure or poison themselves by scratching, cutting or burning their skin, by hitting themselves against objects, taking a drug overdose, or swallowing or putting other things inside themselves. It may also take less obvious forms, including unnecessary risks, staying in an abusive relationship, developing an eating problem (such as anorexia or bulimia), being addicted to alcohol or drugs, or someone simply not looking after their own emotional and physical needs. Why do some people self harm? Self harming, for some people, can be a coping mechanism to deal with their inner feelings and emotions for example, rage sadness, emptiness, grief, self hatred/guilt, fear, loneliness. Self-harm could be for a number of reasons such as, a way of releasing pain out, or being distracted from inner self pain instead of communicating the feelings to somebody else. Other reasons for self harm may be that some may find it a comfort from feeling the pain as though they are being...
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...Trevor Long Josh Tucker ENGL 1020 25 November 2014 No Harmful Intentions Doing the right thing in life can be harmful, even if it is the right thing to do, many people can be affected by these decisions. By doing the right thing it is always harmful to someone. Harm can be collected in multiple ways not only physically, but neglect and psychological harm can also be intended to be the right thing to do. Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Lorraine Hansberry’s “A Raisin in the Sun” both use their stories to represent how doing the right thing can be harmful by neglect, psychological and physical harm. The two stories are both written about the way people inside a community live and their rituals and routines ruin and affect peoples’ lives by doing what they believe is the right thing to do, but in other peoples eyes it is not the right thing to do. Both stories use many literary devices in their stories to show their true meanings. The literary devices known as character and setting explain important meaning on how the stories are structured and organized to make the organization feel as if they believe it is the right thing to do but is harmful to others. In Shirley Jacksons “The Lottery” shows a great amount of physical and psychological harm. A setting like many towns, there are banks, schools, Town Square, and homes of the villagers. Every year the small town gathers in the square for the lottery day. Groups of children run around gathering pockets and small mounds...
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...The Harm Principle allows for moral or legal interference only under one condition, to prevent harm to others. Actions and beliefs that are purely self-regarding and represent no threat of harm to others should be free from interference. “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others”. Since harm is the main criteria for establishing the limits of state regulation and the extent of personal freedom, the concept must be clearly defined. In some cases this is done very smoothly. Acts that restrict the movement of others, cause physical injury or lead to loss of property, for instance, are subject to intervention as these consequences are uncontroversial examples of harm. But not all cases are so clear-cut. Mill himself acknowledges that even purely self-regarding actions can affect others, and it is uncertain at what point affect becomes harm. For example, a person’s religious opinions and right to discuss them should be considered immune from state interference. But expression of these views may well constitute blasphemy for others and in this sense may cause harm. Mill himself distinguishes between causing offence, which does not count as harm, and inciting violence, which is harmful and should be regulated, but the distinction is far from controversial. Other questions may also be asked of Mill’s conception of harm: can a person’s character be morally harmed? Can harm be done...
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...the moral rights approach and the justice approach. Each and every approach has its own weaknesses and strengths. The utilitarian approach Some ethicists emphasize that the ethical action is the one that provides the best good, does the least harm or to put it another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. The ethical corporate action is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected that is the customers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the environment. Ethical warfare balances the good achieved in ending terrorism with the harm done to all parties through death, injuries, and destruction. The utilitarian approach deals with consequences, it tries both to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done. Strengths Secular. Utilitarianism does not rely on specific beliefs about God. In the modern, multicultural society with a range of religious beliefs and a growing number of atheists, a secular approach is most useful. The utilitarianism approach is universal, which means it is acceptable to all the different types of cultures that are available globally. In every religion the utilitarianism approach is useful as it only considers the practises that do not harm the society but those that are acceptable to the society. The belief about what is right or wrong is the one that the society approves, not considering what other societies believe in. Happiness. It is absolutely right that happiness is given...
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...Of the many moral and ethical codes presented by philosophers throughout history, few have remained intact for any long period of time. As years pass, old ideas are debated, revised, or discarded to make way for new avenues of thinking. What is important, then, is to seek out the partial truths in any given philosophical position and use them for what they are, instead of either accepting or rejecting the entirety of the belief set as objectively true or false. Even those theories that seem to be completely refuted serve an important purpose by the arguments used therein. A perfect example of this lies in Social Contract Theory, as presented by John Rawls and others. Social contract theory presents the belief that morality is an agreement made amongst humanity. Each of us has, by being part of society, “signed” this unwritten contract that compels us to behave in a certain way. Those who violate the contract are shunned by society in some way, while those who abide by it gain the benefits of being an accepted member. This is not to imply that morality is entirely relative; moral codes are changed only when there is some significant event that actually affects society itself in some way. Instead, Rawls presents the idea that the code we agreed to abide by should be created by an impartial observer operating from what he terms the Original Position. This perspective is that of a person who has no perception of their own place in society. They have no idea of their gender, economic...
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...The harm principle is a theory by John Stuart Mill that is one of the oldest principles that connects law and morals. The harm principle states that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others” (Tasson et al., 2015, p. 106). In other words, Mill believes it is only justifiable for the state to intervene in the private life of an individual, when their actions brings harms to other. Mill’s main argument in his harm theory is that, in the private life of an individual, one should be free to their opinion and do as they please “at their own cost” (Tasson et al., 2015, p. 106). This principle is important to John Stuart Mill because he believes...
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...Harm Reduction Harm Reduction Harm reduction refers to policies, programmers and practices that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of psychoactive drugs in people unable or unwilling to stop. The defining features are the focus on the prevention of harm, rather than on the prevention of drug use itself, and the focus on people who continue to use drugs. Harm reduction began to be discussed frequently after the threat of HIV spreading among and from injecting drug users was first recognized. However, similar approaches have long been used in many other contexts for a wide range of drugs. Harm reduction complements approaches that seek to prevent or reduce the overall level of drug consumption. It is based on the recognition that many people throughout the world continue to use psychoactive drugs despite even the strongest efforts to prevent the initiation or continued use of drugs. Harm reduction accepts that many people who use drugs are unable or unwilling to stop using drugs at any given time. Access to good treatment is important for people with drug problems, but many people with drug problems are unable or unwilling to get treatment. Furthermore, the majority of people who use drugs do not need treatment. There is a need to provide people who use drugs with options that help to minimize risks from continuing to use drugs, and of harming themselves or others...
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...no law respecting an establishment of religion; or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceable to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” However, the origin of law was around even before the First Amendment came to be a law. Areopagitica was published November 23, 1644 at the height of the English Civil War. This story essentially advocated for removal of censorship, claiming that censorship did not exist in the Greek or Roman society therefore it should not exist at all. According to John Milton’s Areopagitica , “And though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth so truth be in the field, we do injuriously by licensing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength. Let her and falsehood grapple; who ever knew truth put to the worse in a free and open encounter.” This is of extreme significance to the origin of law because it advocates for removal of censorship in addition to the implementation of freedom of speech. Furthermore, the story of Areopagitica advocated the idea that common law should exist and that each party should have the right to speak their mind. Individuals should have the right to argue and defend their speech; they should be able to use logos based appeals in order support their speech. Finally a large portion of Areopagitica is based on the importance of learning. Essentially there needs to be a balance of all of these...
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...John Stuart Mill On Liberty Chapter IV: Of the Limits to the Authority of Society over the Individual 1. OBJECTIVE PART J.S. Mill, in his extended essay On Liberty, more specifically in Chapter 4, discusses the appropriate level of authority that society should have over the individual. He starts by rejecting the idea of social contract previously founded by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, yet acknowledges “the rights and duties” concept by stating that “Though society is not founded on a contract, […]every one who receives the protection of society owes a return for the benefit […] In each person's bearing his share (to be fixed on some equitable principle) of the labours and sacrifices incurred for defending the society or its members from injury and molestation. These conditions society is justified in enforcing at all costs to those who endeavour to withhold fulfilment.” (parag 3) Mill also offers a distinction between punishment by law and punishment by opinion. He admits that some acts are hurtful to others, but not to an extent as to justify government intervention. In these cases, public opinion may be punishment enough: “The acts of an individual may be hurtful to others, or wanting in due consideration for their welfare, without going the length of violating any of their constituted rights. The offender may then be justly punished by opinion, though not by law. (parag 3) Mill then clarifies that he believes in the virtues of goodwill and...
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...Tort Law p2 * The difference between contract law and trot law is that: （这个可以不用写下来） At the core of contracts, we have agreed with specific others to do or not to do things. With Tort law, it’s much broader than that. In the agreements that we make, are not necessarily so specific and identifiable. They are much more general. * Contract law is the law that enforces agreements that I reach with individual people. There are parties to a contract. 例：I agree not to build on my property. I agree to sell you my automobile. I agree to tutor your child. Whatever your agreement might be, I agree to cater your daughter’s wedding. ---That’s contract law. It’s specific between identified parties. * A contract is an agreement between two or more individual identified parties. * Tort law is where in essence I enter into an obligation, a contract if you will with society. 例： I will act with reasonable care. I will not pollute the water of your town. I will not spread false information about you as harmful and wrong and damage your reputation. I will drive my car in a reasonable manner. If I am preparing a meal, I will take all the reasonable steps necessary to make sure that the meal is prepared in accordance with all health and safe regulations. If I operate a store, I will use all reasonable means that I have available at my disposal to make sure that the aisle ways are safe. * A tort is a “Civil Wrong”. --- That’s how we define a tort. * As...
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