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Alkohol
Indhold
Hvad bruger man alkohol til? ............................................................................................................................ 2 Hvad er alkohol .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Destilation ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Hvordan fremstilles ethanol .............................................................................................................................. 6 Denaturering ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Forbrænding af ethanol ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Nedbrydning af ethanol og tømmermænd ....................................................................................................... 8 Alkoholprocent, promille og genstande ............................................................................................................ 9 Hvad gør ethanol ved hjernen ......................................................................................................................... 10

1

Hvad bruger man alkohol til?
Alkohol er blevet en naturlig del af vores hverdag. Det er overalt: Der er alkohol når vi går i supermarkedet, hos købmanden, i kiosken, eller ser reklamer i fjernsynet, radioen eller på internettet. Når vi ”gør os lækre” om morgen, eller inden vi skal til fest. Der kan blive drukket alkohol til aftensmaden, eller hen på aftenen, måske møder man nogle på gaden der er påvirket af alkohol. Alkohol spiller en stor rolle i vores hverdag og bliver brugt i mange forskellige sammenhæng. Årsagen til dette er at alkohol er et godt opløsningsmiddel, derfor bliver det brugt bl.a. til fremstilling af medicin, farver, lak og kosmetik. Alkohol har også en konserverende effekt. Parfumer og aftershave indeholder også alkohol. Alkoholen fordamper hurtigere end parfumen. Den hurtige fordampning af alkoholen køler mens den renser og desinficerer huden. Det er vigtigt hvis der er kommet små rifter efter barberingen. På grund af alkohols desinficerende virkning bruges det i husholdningen og på hospitaler. Vi bruger også alkohol til vores biler bl.a. pga. alkohols lave frysepunkt (en blanding af vand og alkohol har et frysepunkt der ligger langt under vands). Sprinkler- og kølervæske, karburatorsprit er med til at holde vores biler sikre og effektive. I benzinen blander man 5,75% bioethanol (lovkrav fra 1/6-2010 (dog ikke 98 oktan, som er lavet af bl.a. sukkerrester, halm, træspåner eller majsstængler)) for at give en mere CO2neutral udstødning. 1. generation af bioethanol blev lavet af stivelsesholdige afgrøder, såsom Majs, korn, sukkerroer, sukkerør osv. 2. generation af bioethanol bliver produceret af danske afgrøde, som ikke er stivelses- eller sukkerholdige, såsom halm og træspåner. Derudover bliver alkohol indtaget i store mængder. Det gælder både unge og gamle. Unge danskere har faktisk europarekorden i druk. ¾ af unge danskere har inden for den sidste måned drukket mere end sundhedsstyrelsen anbefaler som maksimumgrænsen. Når man taler om alkohol som nydelsesmiddel (som i eksemplerne ovenfor) tales der om ethanol (som er en bestemt alkohol)

Hvad er alkohol
En alkohol er et organisk stof, der kemisk set er dannet ud fra en kulbrinte, ved at erstatte et eller flere brintatomer med OH- grupper. En kulbrinte er et organisk stof, der foruden kulstof (C) kun indeholder holder brint (H). Den simpleste kulbrinte er methan: CH4. Hvis et af H-erne erstattes af en –OH gruppe får vi den simpleste alkohol, methanol.

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H H–C–H H Stregformel for methan

H H - C - O - H H Stregformel for methanol

Methanol er bedre kendt som træsprit. Det er en meget giftig væske og blot en enkelt genstand kan være dødsens farlig. Ethanol – som vi i daglig tale kalder alkohol er opbygget ud fra kulbrinten ethan, hvor et hydrogen atom er erstattet med en -OH gruppe. Den har derfor følgende stregformel: H H H H

H–C–C–H H H Stregformel for ethan

H - C - C - O - H H H

Stregformel for ethanol

Der er en tæt sammenhæng mellem alkoholer og kulbrinter. Methan CH4, ligner methanol CH3OH, Ethan C2H6 ligner ethanol C2H5OH osv. Alkoholerne ligner således kulbrinter, men indeholder blot et (eller flere) oxygenatomer som er placeret mellem C-atomet og H-atomet1. Ethanol er et lille molekyle der består af 2 kulstof-, 5 hydrogen-atomer og en OH-gruppe: C2H5OH.

Ethanol Som ovenfor nævnt indeholder alle alkoholer en (eller flere) OH-grupper og navnet slutter på ”-ol”. (Det gælder dog ikke fenoler, hvor en eller flere OH-gruppe er bundet til en aromatisk kulbrinte. Pga. opbygningen alkoholmolekylet har alkohol nogle fælles egenskaber med vand (H2O) som også indeholder OH (H-O-H). Ethanols ene ende (OH) ligner vand og kan derfor blandes med vand. Ethanols anden ende (C2H5) ligner en alkan og kan derfor bl.a. blandes med olie, eller brænde. Derfor kan alkoholer blandes med både vand og olie.

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Forsøg 7.1

3

Man kan inddele alkoholer i tre grupper:
• • •

Primære alkoholer, hvor OH-gruppen er bundet til et C-atom, der kun er bundet til højst ét andet Catom, dvs. indeholder strukturen -CH2OH. Sekundære alkoholer, hvor OH-gruppen er bundet til et C-atom, der er bundet til netop to andre Catomer, dvs. indeholder strukturen -CHOH. Tertiære alkoholer, hvor OH-gruppen er bundet til et C-atom, der er bundet til tre andre C-atomer. En tertiær alkohol indeholder atomgruppen COH.

-OH-gruppen kan sidde forskellige steder på molekylet og molekylets får navn alt derefter: Tæl antallet af C-atomer i kæden og find navnet på den kulbrinte med samme antal. Tæl hvilket nummer Catom OH-gruppen sidder på (start i den ende der er nærmest OH-gruppen). Angiv navnet, der starter med tallet-kulbrinten (der sluttes på –ol). CH3-CH2-CH2-OH = 1-propanol CH3-CH2-CH3 = propan, derfor er CH3-CH2-CH2-OH propanol, OH-gruppen sidder på første C-atom, derfor er tallet 1. Altså er navnet 1-propanol

1-propanol

2-propanol

Der findes også alkoholer med flere OH-grupper der hver i sær er bundet til et C-atom. De kaldes divalente eller trivalente alkoholer. De hedder diol, hvis der er 2 OH-grupper (HO-CH2-CH2-OH) = ethan-diol eller triol, hvis der er 3 OH-grupper (HO-CH2-CHOH-CH2-OH = propan-triol).

Propan-triol

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Billede fra Ny Prisma over de simpleste alkoholer

Destilation
Ved destillation (vand koger ved 100 grader og ethanol koger ved 78 grader) af ethanol kan man nå en alkoholprocent på 96%. Selvom om man destillere det efterfølgende vil koncentrationen af ethanol ikke blive højere. Det er fordi ethanol optager vand fra luften. Hvis man har kemisk fremstillet ren alkohol (100%), vil den med tiden blive fortyndet en smule, så alkoholprocenten falder til 96%.

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Hvordan fremstilles ethanol
Alkohol fremstilles når gærceller spiser kulhydrater. Denne proces er anaerob (uden ilt)og den omdanner sukker2 til ethanol og kuldioxid. Sukker C6H12O6 kuldioxid 2 CO2 + + ethanol 2 C2H5OH

Hvis sukkerkoncentrationen bliver for høj kan gærecellerne ikke overleve, derfor omdanner gærceller sukkeret. Men hvis der bliver produceret for meget alkohol, så alkoholprocenten bliver for høj dør gærcellerne også. Typisk bliver alkoholprocenten højest mellem 10-15%, alt efter gærtype. Når alkoholprocenten når 10-15% dør gærcellerne og der vil ikke blive produceret mere alkohol. Den viden har man udnyttet og bruger både sukker og alkohol som konserveringsmiddel. Gær kan heller ikke tåle for meget varme, så hvis temperaturen bliver over 35 grader dør cellerne. 3 Denne metode forgår i naturen men kan også bruges til teknisk fremstilling (i laboratorium) af ethanol Når gærceller omdanner kulhydrater bliver der dannet ethanol, men der kan der også dannes andre alkoholer.

Der findes også andre måder at fremstille ethanol på. Ved at lade: Ethen C2H4 + + vand H2O ethanol C2H5OH

Halvdelen af den alkohol der bliver produceret i verden bliver lavet på denne måde.

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Forsøg 7.11 Forsøg 7.12 + 7.13

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Denaturering
Alkohol der skal bruges til tekniske formål bliver tilsat stoffer der gør at det er farligt at drikke eller smager/lugter meget dårligt. Det kaldes at denaturere alkohol. Fx kaldes ”almindelig” køkkensprit også for denatureret sprit. Dette gøres fordi der er høj beskatning på alkoholiske drikkevare, så for at sikre sig at alkohol til tekniske formål (rengøring, medicin osv) ikke bliver brugt til at drikke denaturerer man det.

Forbrænding af ethanol
Som ved en fuldstændig forbrænding af kulbrinter, bliver restprodukterne ved fuldstændig forbrænding af alkohol også kuldioxid (CO2) og vand (H2O). Ethanol C2H5OH + + ilt 3 O2 kuldioxid 2 CO2 + + vand 3 H2O

Forbrænding af ethanol Ethanol kan også brænde selvom det bliver fortyndet. Ved en % vol på ca. 42 % kan ethanol brænde4. Det bruges blandt andet til at lave flamberet mad bl.a. crepe suzette. Det er dog ikke selve væsken der brænder, men kun dampende. Da ethanol fordamper ved lavere temperatur end vand, vil dampene indeholde mere alkohol og derfor kan det brænde.

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Forsøg 7.7

7

Nedbrydning af ethanol og tømmermænd
Når kroppen nedbryder ethanol sker det over flere omgange. Ethanol bliver først omdannet til ethanal, som er et giftigt stof der lugter meget dårligt. Det er det der giver tømmermænd5. Ethanol 2 C2H5OH + + ilt O2 ethanal 2 CH3CHO + + vand 2 H2O

Nedbrydning af ethanol til ethanal og vand Derefter bliver ethanalen omdannet til eddikesyre: Ethanal 2 CH3CHO + + ilt O2 eddikesyre 2 CH3COOH

Nedbrydning af ethanal til eddikesyre

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Forsøg 7.16

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Til slut bruges eddikesyren i kroppen som energi og forbrændes: Eddikesyre CH3COOH + + ilt 2 O2 kuldioxid 2 CO2 + + vand 2 H2O

Nedbrydning af eddikesyre til kuldioxid og vand

Hvis man har brug for hjælp til at stoppe med at drikke kan man få antabus (som er en dansk opfindelse, der blev opdaget ved en fejl). De ville finde et middel mod indvoldsorm), som er et middel der hæmmer nedbrydningen af ethanal. Det betyder at når man er på anatbus får man hurtigt meget voldsomme tømmermænd.

Alkoholprocent, promille og genstande
Når man taler om alkoholprocenten tales der oftest om volumenprocenten (vol. %). På alkoholiske drikke skal der være angivet vol. %, hvilket viser hvor stor procentdel af volumen der er ren ethanol (ml ren ethanol i 100 ml af blandingen). Det kan også måles i vægtprocenten (vægt %) der angiver hvor stor procentdel af vægten der er ren alkohol (gram ren ethanol i 100 gram af blandingen)6. Man har vedtaget af én genstand svarer til 12 g ren ethanol. Det er nogenlunde hvad der er i én alm øl, et shot, eller et glas vin. Jo stærkere drikke man indtager, jo mere påvirket bliver man. Det gør man fordi alkoholen bliver optaget i kroppen og jo mere alkohol man har i kroppen jo mere fuld er man. Det måles i promille (ren ethanol/blod i

6

Forsøge 7.8

9

kroppen). Der er lavet en formel for at kunne udregne alkoholpromillen. Man mener at mænd indeholder ca. 68% vand og kvinder kun 55% vand, derfor er reduktionsfaktoren forskellig7:

Alkoholpromillen = A / (p * r) A = mængden af ren alkohol i gram p = kropsvægten i kilo r = reduktionsfaktor (0,68 for mænd og 0,55 for kvinder) Denne måde at udregne alkoholpromillen er blevet ændret med tiden. Derfor støder I på forskellige metoder at udregne alkoholpromillen og forskellige reduktionsfaktorer. Mænd er ca. 1¼ time om at forbrænde én genstand, hvor kvinder er ca. 1½ time om at forbrænde én genstand.

Hvad gør ethanol ved hjernen
Når man indtager alkohol, bliver ens dømmekraft påvirket. Allerede efter 0,5 promille må man ikke køre motoriseret køretøjer, fordi ens dømmekraft og reaktionsevne er stærkt nedsat. På dette stadie er det ikke sikkert at man selv kan mærke at man er påvirket. Med en promille mellem 0,5 og 1,0 er man lettere beruset. Man kan så småt mærke at man er let påvirket. Men slapper mere af og slipper sine hæmninger. Man bliver modigere og tør ting som man ikke ville have gjort i ædru tilstand. Med en promille mellem 1,0-1,5 er man fuld. Man kan tydeligt mærke det og kan være svimmel. Man kan være i tvivl om hvor man er, hvad man laver. Her bliver man grænseoverskridende og får svært ved at læse og forstå andre. Det er ofte her at slåskampe og uvenskaber opstår, fordi man ikke opfører sig ordentligt. Med en promille mellem 1,5-2,5 er man kraftig beruset. Man ”er helt væk”. Falder i søvn tilfældige steder, har svært ved at holde sig oprejst uden hjælp. Når man vågner kan man ikke huske hvad man har foretaget sig. Med en promille på 2,5+ er det op til ens venner om man overlever. Man er ikke bevidst om hvad man foretager sig. Man kan lægge sig til at sove i en snedynge, eller et badekar. Reflekserne er så begrænsede at hvis man ligger på ryggen og kaster op, vil man blive kvalt i sit eget bræk. En undersøgelse lavet af ”the Lancet” viser at alkohol er det 5. farligste beruselsesmiddel af alle dem der bruges.

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Forsøg 7.19

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...Town of Jackson Economic Development Authority Report Executive Summary The Town of Jackson Economic Development Authority (EDA) has written an economic policy plan for the town of Jackson. The plan is intended to advance dynamic and interactive discussion. It will be used to continuously assess and foster decision-making about the following in the town of Jackson: Development Infrastructure Quality of life Mission Statement The purpose of the EDA is to foster a sustainable economy consistent with the town’s planning objectives. The mix of industry, commerce, open space, residential development, and the arts in Jackson results in the town’s vitality and an excellent quality of life for its citizens. Maintaining this balance is important. Guiding Principles Six basic principles guide Jackson’s economic policy. These principles seek to safeguard the special features that give the town its character while embracing appropriate economic opportunities. Jackson should remain a major economic center of the region. Economic activity must respect Jackson’s natural, cultural, and historic heritage. A pedestrian-friendly commercial center is essential. Sustained economic prosperity requires a balance between residential development, industrial/commercial development, and open space. Open space in the rural district must be preserved. Investing in the infrastructure is necessary to maintain and expand the existing tax and job base. Issues Of Jackson’s approximately 64,000 acres of...

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...Apple's 2015: Apple Watch It had been nearly five years since Apple had launched a truly new product. When Steve Jobs held the first iPad up for the world to see in 2010, the technology company was on something of a roll – the iPhone was setting the benchmark for smartphones, laptop design had been shaken out of its plastic complacency by the MacBook Air, and personal music players were already beaten into weak submission by the all conquering iPod range. Then came the Apple Watch, first unveiled in September 2014 and finally released on 24 April 2015. But Apple's newest creation enters a marketplace that feels far more competitive than back then, and the Watch needs to prove its worth against the growing range of rival alternatives.  So far, if reports are to be believed (Apple didn’t release official figures with its Quarterly Results), the Apple Watch is succeeding, selling more units within its first few days than all of the Android Wear devices sold to date. Apple of course has a history of entering a market late but, through superior design and software, quickly becoming the dominant player. If it can repeat these past successes, then wearables look set to be the breakout technology this year. However, with this being said, a Daily Mail report claims that the Apple Watch hasn’t received such a warm welcome, and will only ship 21 million units by 2016, compared to the original 24-million-unit estimate. These estimations come from Slice Intelligence, who claim that Apple...

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...‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫دور ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻴل ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠــﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﻋﺪاد ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫أﺣﻤــﺪ ﯾــﻮﻧﺲ ﻣــﺤﻤﺪ ﺣـــﻤﻮدة‬ ‫إﺷﺮاف ﺍﻷﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﺴـــﻦ ﻋﻤــﺎﺩ ﻤــﻜــﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﺩ ﻜــﻠـﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻋـﻼﻡ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻫــﺭﺓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘـﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺩﻴﺴﻤﺒﺭ ٣١٠٢‬ ‫ﻴﻢ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻠْﻢٍ ﻋ‬‫ﻱ ﻋ‬‫َ َﻮْ َ ﻛُﻞﱢ ﺫ‬ ‫وﻓ ق‬  {}‫ﺳﻮرة‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻫﺪﺍﺀ . .‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻜ‪‬ـ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﰲ ﺍﳊﻨﻮﻥ ... ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺐ ﺿﻮﺀﻩ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ.‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻜـِـ ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﰐ... ﻭﺭﺳﺎﻟﱵ ... ﻭﺃﺯﻛﻰ ﲢﻴﺎﰐ... ﻭﺍﻟﺪﰐ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﺓ .‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻜﹶـ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻤﺮﺗﲏ ﺑﻌﻄﻔﻚ ﻭﺣﻨﺎﻧﻚ ﻭﺯﺭﻋﺖ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺣﺐ ﺍﳋﲑ.‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻜﹶــ ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﺣﱯ ﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ.. ﻭﺭﺳﺎﻟﱵ.. ﻭﺟﻬﺪﻱ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻱ ... ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ.‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺯﻭﺟﱵ ﺷـﲑﺍﺯ ،،، ﻭﻣﻬﺠﺘــﺎ ﻗﻠـﱯ‬ ‫" ﺭﳝــﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣــــﺎﺭﻳـــﺎ " .‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ... ﺷـﻤﻮﻉﹴ ﺃﺿـــﺎﺀﺕ ﻟــﻲ ﺩﺭﰊ ، ﺇﺧـــﻮﺍﱐ ﻭﺃﺧـــﻮﺍﰐ.‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ... ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺯﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﲪﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻭﻃﲏ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ...... ﺃﺭﺿﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﳍﻢ ﲨﻴﻌﺎً ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫}ﺭ ﹺ ﺃَﻭ ﹺﻋ ‪‬ﻲ ًﻥ ﺃﺸﹾ ﹸ ‪ ‬ﻌ‪ ‬ﺘﹶ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻲ ﺃﻨـ ‪‬ﻤ‪‬ﺕ ‪‬ﻠﻲ ‪ ‬ﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟ ‪‬ﻱ ﻭﺃﻥ‪ ‬ﺃﻋﻤل ﺼـﺎﻟﺤ ﹰ ﺘﺭﻀـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻋ ﻭﻋ‬ ‫ﻜﺭ ﻨ ﻤ ﻙ ﺘ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺯ ﻨ ﺃ‬ ‫ﻭﺃْﺩﺨﻠﹾﻨﻲ ﹺﺭﺤﻤ‪   ‬ﻲ ‪‬ﺒﺎﺩ ‪ ‬ﺍﻟـ ‪‬ﺎِﺤﻴﻥ {‬ ‫ﺒ ﺘﻙ ﻓ ﻋ ﻙ ﺼ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤل ﺃﻴﺔ ٩١ .‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ ﷲ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻕ ﻟﺴﺎﻨﻪ ﺒﺂﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ ، ﻭﺍﺼﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﺴﻠﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺒﻌﻭﺙ...

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