Free Essay

Docx

In: Social Issues

Submitted By kaspa
Words 1885
Pages 8
The term ‘rural development’ has for ages been used by policy makers and development planners. However, there are no universally accepted approaches to rural development since what constitutes rural development seems to vary from one society to another and from time to time. In the paste three decades (as some scholars put it), rural development was viewed from a narrow perspective in that it was taken as synonymous with agricultural development and, hence, focused on increasing agricultural production. This focus seems to have been driven primarily by the interests of industrialization to take out surpluses from the agriculture sector to strengthen industrialization. With the focus on increasing agricultural production, the main objective of most developing nations was just to promote smallholder agriculture.
Over time, the smallholder agriculture-centric concept of rural development underwent significant changes. Rural development was no longer viewed from a narrow point of view as it was the case in previous decades. On the contrary, rural development later began to be perceived as a multidimensional and complex concept that should be viewed from several angles. As a result of its multidimensional nature, the concept of rural development later began to focuses not only on agriculture, but also encompasses the development of other allied activities such as village and small house industries, crafts work, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above all, human resources in rural areas. For this reason, this essay intends to discuss the meaning of rural development in developing nations with good illustrations.
As a logical starting point, discussing the meaning of rural development in developing nations requires thorough definitions of key concepts which in this case are; ‘rural areas and development.’ Literally, rural development refers to the improvement in overall rural community conditions, including economics and other quality of life considerations such as the environment, health, infrastructure, and housing. For most small communities, this improvement involves population and employment growth, however, such growth is sometimes considered as neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for rural development. Wright (2003:2) defines rural areas as all incorporated and unincorporated areas with fewer than 2,500 residents and is found in an open space. On the other hand, Todaro and Smith (2003:51) defines development as, “a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes and national institutions, as well as acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and the eradication of poverty.”
In developing nations, rural development means more than just the improvement of agricultural production in the rural areas. On the contrary, it is the improvement in overall rural community conditions, including economic and other quality of life considerations such as housing, health, infrastructure, and environment. As a phenomenon, rural development is the result of interactions between various physical, technological, economic, social, cultural and institutional factors that are working in harmony to the betterment of the given rural society. As a strategy, rural development is intended to progress the economic and social well-being of a specific group of people – the rural poor. As a discipline, Katar (1999:148) stated rural development to be to be multi-disciplinary phenomenon in nature, representing an intersection of agriculture, social, behavioral, production and management of knowledge.
Moreover, rural development means improving the worth of life and financial welfare of people living in relatively remote and sparsely populated places__ the rural areas. Sarkar (1995:14-15) reflects the view that traditionally, development has centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as crop growing and forestry. Nevertheless, changes in worldwide production networks and increased urbanization and globalization have changed the character and nature of countryside areas in developing nations. For this reason, rural development has currently changed to mean a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentives for agricultural or resource based businesses. It entails a society consisting of the open-minded people who are able to participate in decision making and have access to the basic needs.

In addition, education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in the development of rural regions. The absence of these factors denotes poverty in the rural area. To the larger extent, rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies such as community rural development which in most cases focuses on incorporating the rural poor in the development process (McAnany, 1978:5).

Information is one of the most important factors that denote development of the rural area. People in the rural area need to have access to information of every kind. Okiy (2003:1) says that, “Rural development is a basis for economic development and information is an important ingredient in development process. People in rural areas whether literate or not should have access to any kind of information which will help them to become capable and productive in their social and political obligations, to become better informed citizens generally.” This entails that success and progress in rural areas lies with the development of good communication facilities since better information service delivery and coordination is the essential ingredient for development. Informing rural inhabitants on issues that have a bearing on their daily activities is essential to rural development.
To make clear the importance of information in rural development, Bosanko and Mabogunje (1991:143) are of the view that "for the rural populace to be able to exercise their sovereignty and assume responsibility for development, they must have necessary resources, adequate revenue allocation from State sources and internal capacity to generate their own revenue locally as well as access to relevant and desirable information for development.” For this reason, if rural people have access to information they can easily address their own problems. The many problems faced by the rural people that need information to be solved, for example, include poor water supply, absence of electricity supply, poor environmental sanitation, poor refuse disposal, poor road networks, and poor methods of preventing different diseases that affect them.

In addition, good access to information in rural areas is the foundation to development. In stressing the importance of information to rural development, Kularatne (1997:47) pointed out that, “information is a fundamental resource for development…though not every one benefits from it.” Since rural areas dependant much on agriculture, they benefit greatly from the availability of different kinds of information. This is because it entails acquiring good knowledge of planting treated seeds, soil conservation, prevention of plants and animal disease, fertilizer application, farm machineries, proper storage of farm products, marketing techniques, cooperative activities and other agro-cultural activities. In line with the preceding arguments, Diso (1994:142) holds the view that rural areas are generally characterized by poor living conditions such as the absence of almost all amenities of life if it is lacking the relevant information. In the same view of lacking information, Camble (1994:105) commented that “the success of rural information programs rest squarely on the availability and use of quality information by rural development workers and rural people and that many rural development programs have failed in developing countries because they were planned with insufficient relevant information". In this sense, it should be stressed that rural development is when the rural poor are well informed in all areas of life.
In addition, Improvement of physical as well as social infrastructure plays an important role in the overall advancement of the rural economic status. This is as a result of what Ibrahimah (1986: 17) argued to be the role in which the improvement of both physical and social infrastructure play in facilitating rural development. He said the role they play by directly contributing to employment generation and asset creation. Improved network of physical infrastructure facilities for example, well-built roads, irrigation in places near rivers, rail links (though not common in developing nations), power and telecommunications, information technology, food storage in areas where agriculture is intensively done, market-growth centres such as points where farmers can say their agricultural produce, processing of produce and social infrastructure support, health and education, water and sanitation, and veterinary services and co-operatives. The improvement of these structures entails rural development.
The empowerment of rural poor facilitates rural development. Empowering the rural poor especially the most vulnerable group- the women, contributes to the stability of both the social and economic sector of the rural areas. Bhola (1993:7) emphasizes that rural women play a vital role in farm and home system such that they contribute substantially in the physical aspect of farming, livestock management, in harvesting and allied activities. Women do directly and indirectly render contribution to farm work and home activities, and possesses skills and indigenous knowledge in many areas. Women empowerment enables women to engage themselves in starting individual or collective income generation programs. This in turn enhances self-help capabilities among women which facilitates income generation in rural areas.

Having discussed the meaning of rural development, one may conclude that rural development goes beyond the improvement of agricultural production. It encompasses the overall wellbeing of the rural people. Rural development is when the rural people have access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothing, and social services such as schools and hospitals. It is when people have access to markets, good road network system, and availability of markets in the rural areas. Rural development is when rural people are able to participate in national affairs, being empowered enough to voice out for their needs to the government. In general, rural development is the transformation of the rural area from the state of being in poverty to the improved living standards. It entails the liberation of the rural poor from the trap of poverty or in other words, it is lifting from the rural poor’s shoulders the yoke of oppression, or the deliverance of the poor from the deprivation trap. It is the overall transformation of all areas of life for the better; being economic, social, political, physical and environmental.

References

Bhola, H.S. (1993). Policy challenges of literacy in Africa: Building Pillars of prosperity

Camble, E. (1994). The information environment of rural development workers in Borno communities? Resource Sharing and Information Networks : Nigeria Information development 13 (3) September: 117–21. Delhi.
Diso, L.I. (1994). Information policies and government guidance in Nigeria: What hope for
Ibrahimah, M.Z. (1986). Public libraries and rural development. Paper presented at Nigeria information make a difference? Institute for Communication Research, Initiatives.” Strategy Brief, vol. 4, The Finance Project, Washington, D

Kularatne, EDT. (1997). Information needs and information provision in developing libraries. Library Review 52, Nigeria. Library Association Seminar, Nigeria.
McAnany, E. G. (1978). Communication with the rural poor in the Third World: Does New Delhi
Obasanjo, O., & Mabogunje, A. (1991). Elements of development. Lagos: Africa Leadership.

Okiy, R.B. (2003). Information for rural development: Challenge for Nigerian rural public Publications, New Delhi Ram Naresh Thakur (2009). “Rural Women Empowerment in India” in Empowerment of

Rural Women in India Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi

Sarkar, K. (1995), Agriculture and Rural Transformation in India, Oxford University Press,

Singh Katar 1999, Rural Development: Principles Policies and Management, Sage

Singh Katar 1999, Rural Development: Principles Policies and Management, Sage

Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

State, Nigeria. African journal of library, archives and information science

Todaro, M. P.& Smith, S.C. (2003) Economic Development, Dorling Kindersley, New

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Docx

...Docx Insomnia I woke up, bathed in sweat. Once again a nightmare disturbed my night´s sleep. It was too early to early to get up, but I was restless. I knew I would not be able to fall asleep again, doesn´t matter how hard I´d try. I hated to get up at an unearthly hour! I rolled out of bed and trudged into the kitchen to have some lemonade. It was still dark outside and the windy weather made the trees outside scratch against my windows. The thought about my nightmare disgusted me. I drank my glass of lemonade at one go. Afterwards I went to the bathroom to get some cold water in my face to refresh up a bit. I looked myself in the eyes in the mirror with dislike, wondering why such nightmares were torturing me night after night. I hated myself for that, but could not help it anyway. All day long at work I was absent and worn out. All I could think about was that I wanted some sleep. I felt like I did not sleep a wink last night. Pictures from the nightmare whirled around in my head like an infinite movie. The whole day was a pure nightmare too, people looked strangely at me like I was a sick person instead of asking how I felt. But on the other hand I would not like to answer if they did anyway. None of their business. That night I lay in my bed and stared around in the room for indefinite time. I felt so tired, but I was afraid of falling asleep to get hunted by nightmares again. I thought about how I could make an end of this riot. I was sick and tired of that condition...

Words: 404 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Docx

...Harry Liu Lori Runkle Language class 2A 25 October 2012 Is Starbucks a Good Choice? Let us set a certain setting, “It is a cold night during the winter. It is freezing cold outside, and you decide to buy a cup of coffee to keep warm. (It is always a good choice to buy a cup of coffee in the cold winter.) There are several choices including Starbucks, COSTA, Macafee , or perhaps some Nestle instant coffee.” I suppose most of those people who live in urban areas would probably choose Starbucks. As a matter of fact, I myself am a Starbucks’ fan. I have always had a weak point for their latte and cappuccino. But still, there are many people who suppose Starbucks is very costly and that instant coffee is just as good. So here comes the problem, is Starbucks a sensible choice? Starbucks may give you an impression that they did many beneficial things for the environment. Even at the back of their invoice, they print their so-called “Share Planet” project to contribute to help the environment. Starbucks™ Shared Planet™ means focusing on the core areas where we have the biggest influence – ethical sourcing, environmental stewardship and community involvement.(Starbucks share the planet project) But what have have done? The bizarre policy in Starbucks which is aimed at preventing germs developing in the taps in its 10,000 stores worldwide, has outraged environmental groups. Every Starbucks branch...

Words: 1347 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Docx

...ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to convey my sincere thanks to ALLAH because he has given me the opportunity to complete my internship .The Almighty for whom we are living in this beautiful world and able to conduct our works. Off course, I acknowledge the support & assistance given by a number of people. I am grateful to many individuals for the completion of the report successfully. Stamford University Bangladesh & Islami Bank Bangladesh limited both provided enormous support & guidance for my internship program. I would like to acknowledge my honorable assistant lecturer “Mostofa Mahmud Hasan”. He sincerely helped me and has given necessary suggestions in preparing my internship report .I like to express my gratitude to my honorable course co-coordinator Mahmuda Sultana, for all of her guidance & co-operation throughout my internship program. I am thankful to Md. Mosiur Rahman, Assistant officer Md. Mamunur Rashid. Probationary officer for all their continuous co-operation in every step from beginning to end of preparing this report. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my whole hearted gratitude to my fellow friends near and dear ones who faired encouragement, information, inspiration and assistance during the course of constructing this internship report. Executive Summary: This report will give a clear idea about total activities and its performance. Especially this report focuses on the “Analysis of Different Modes of Investment of...

Words: 1304 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Docx

...In the later 19th century, Finance was a part of the Economics. But due to the globalization and more expansion of international trade, Finance plays the major role for the economic development. The development of a modern economy would not have been possible without the use of money. Bank is an important and essential financial institution for the necessity of the use of money and the protection of the money. Bangladesh is now integral part of global market. As such there is an urgent requirement for Bangladesh to place the traditional banking pretties in harness with the global trades of a free market economy by following international Banking customs, practices and standards. Today clients of a bank in Bangladesh are exposed as well as interNational markets. They have to stay update with their practice and standards to meet the demands of achieving harmony in the high standards of a free economy. Rationale of the Study: Now a days banking sector have built up as the most important player of the economy. Economists have observed that loan is of the most important aspects of economic activity because of its great role in establishing various projects that generates production and thus generating employment. The only important aspect of loan is economic and social development in addition to achieving a suitable profit margin. Islamic banks consider loan as the basic motivation for community development and a means to get rid of social and economic problems through employment...

Words: 3793 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Docx

...The 6th International Scientific Conference “DEFENSE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE 21st CENTURY” Braşov, December 02-03, 2011 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE LTC. Tirtan Catalin Army Academy “Nicolae Bălcescu”/ Sibiu/ Romania Abstract: This article examines the existing literature on relationships between an organization and its culture, processes and approaches, individual efforts of those involved from leaders to employee. The paper further argues that certain organizational cultural attributes contribute to the shaping of future courses of action, failure or not in achieving change, and considerate the goals and strategies of the business. Next, this article focuses on vision, values, and mission as core descriptive of an organization and the climate required for successful achievement of the mission statement and vision statement. Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization, and will drive the employee’s efficiency and company performance levels. Culture is comprised of the assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs (artifacts) of organization members and their behaviors, and leadership. Keywords: Organizational, vision, mission, culture, performance, culture of forgiveness, and leadership 1. Introduction Organizational culture can be described as “the personality of an organization”, or simply as “how things are done around here”. It shows how employees think, act, and feel. Organization culture is a key aspect to the organization's success...

Words: 3008 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Docx

...PROLOGUE GILGAMESH KING IN URUK I WILL proclaim to the world the deeds of Gilgamesh. This was the man to whom all things were known; this was the king who knew the countries of the world. He was wise, he saw mysteries and knew secret things, he brought us a tale of the days before the flood. He went on a long journey, was weary, worn-out with labour, returning he rested, he engraved on a stone the whole story. When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body. Shamash the glorious sun endowed him with beauty, Adad the god of the storm endowed him with courage, the great gods made his beauty perfect, surpassing all others, terrifying like a great wild bull. Two thirds they made him god and one third man. In Uruk he built walls, a great rampart, and the temple of blessed Eanna for the god of the firmament Anu, and for Ishtar the goddess of love. Look at it still today: the outer wall where the cornice runs, it shines with the brilliance of copper; and the inner wall, it has no equal. Touch the threshold, it is ancient. Approach Eanna the dwelling of Ishtar, our lady of love and war, the like of which no latter-day king, no man alive can equal. Climb upon the wall of Uruk; walk along it, I say; regard the foundation terrace and examine the. masonry: is it not burnt brick and good? The seven sages laid the foundations THE COMING OF ENKIDU GILGAMESH went abroad in the world, but he met with none who could withstand his arms till be came to Uruk. But the men...

Words: 11097 - Pages: 45

Premium Essay

Docx

...Associate Level Material Bob Purcell Appendix B Price Elasticity and Supply & Demand Fill in the matrix below and describe how changes in price or quantity of the goods and services affect either supply or demand and the equilibrium price. Use the graphs from your book and the Tomlinson video tutorials as a tool to help you answer questions about the changes in price and quantity Event | Market affected by event | Shift in supply, demand, or both. Explain your answer. | Change in equilibrium | Frozen orange crops in California | Orange juice | Supply (left)—Not as many available oranges to offer consumers. | Price will increase and quantity will decrease. | Hurricanes in the Gulf Coast | Retail | Demand- food, water and emergency rescue. | Supply will increase and prices will decrease. | Cost of cotton decreases | cotton | Demand is higher due to lower prices and the supply lowers. | Price and quantity both decrease. | Technology improves efficiency in pasta manufacturing | pasta | Demand will remain the same and there will be little shift in supply. | Supply and demand are evenly balanced. | * 1. What do substitutes refer to in economics? Give an example of two substitutes. “When a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes” (Mankiw, 2007, p.68). Substitutes are goods that can be used to take the place of the other. For instance, if the price of Coca-Cola and Pepsi are high...

Words: 1022 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Docx

...1. ------------------------------------------------- cupcake ------------------------------------------------- Ingredients • 2 1/4 cups all purpose flour • 1 1/3 cups sugar • 3 teaspoons baking powder • 1/2 teaspoon salt • 1/2 cup shortening • 1 cup milk • 1 teaspoon vanilla • 2 large eggs ------------------------------------------------- Easy Cupcake Recipe Directions Preheat oven to 350 degrees.  Line cupcake pans with paper liners. Combine flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt in a large mixing bowl.  Add shortening, milk, and vanilla.  Beat for 1 minute on medium speed.  Scrape side of bowl with a spatula. Add eggs to the mixture.  Beat for 1 minute on medium speed.  Scrape bowl again.  Beat on high speed for 1 minute 30 seconds until well mixed. Spoon cupcake batter into paper liners until 1/2 to 2/3 full. Bake for 20 to 25 minutes or until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool 5 minutes in pans then remove and place on wire racks to cool completely. Once cupcakes are completely cooled, frost with your favorite frosting recipe or decorate as you desire. 2. Cupcake ------------------------------------------------- Ingredients • 3 oz. unsweetened chocolate, melted • 1 teaspoon vanilla • 2 large eggs • 2/3 cup butter, softened • 1 and 1/4 cup water • 2 and 1/4 cup all purpose flour • 1 and 3/4 cup sugar • 1 teaspoon baking powder • 3/4 teaspoon baking soda • 1/4 teaspoon salt ------------------------------------------------- ...

Words: 863 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Docx

...Insomnia I woke up, bathed in sweat. Once again a nightmare disturbed my night´s sleep. It was too early to early to get up, but I was restless. I knew I would not be able to fall asleep again, doesn´t matter how hard I´d try. I hated to get up at an unearthly hour! I rolled out of bed and trudged into the kitchen to have some lemonade. It was still dark outside and the windy weather made the trees outside scratch against my windows. The thought about my nightmare disgusted me. I drank my glass of lemonade at one go. Afterwards I went to the bathroom to get some cold water in my face to refresh up a bit. I looked myself in the eyes in the mirror with dislike, wondering why such nightmares were torturing me night after night. I hated myself for that, but could not help it anyway. All day long at work I was absent and worn out. All I could think about was that I wanted some sleep. I felt like I did not sleep a wink last night. Pictures from the nightmare whirled around in my head like an infinite movie. The whole day was a pure nightmare too, people looked strangely at me like I was a sick person instead of asking how I felt. But on the other hand I would not like to answer if they did anyway. None of their business. That night I lay in my bed and stared around in the room for indefinite time. I felt so tired, but I was afraid of falling asleep to get hunted by nightmares again. I thought about how I could make an end of this riot. I was sick and tired of that condition...

Words: 1336 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Docx

...ALEXANDRIA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF COMMERCE [pic] Organizational Behavior and Management Instructor: Dr. Aly A. Messallam Term Paper Impact of Motivation On Employee’s Performance & Turnover Prepared By: Amr A. Lotfy Table of content 1- Abstract ……………………………………………….3 2- Introduction………………………………………….4 3- Literature review………………………………….4 4- Motivation theories…………………………...…5 5- Turnover…………………………………..………….11 6- Performance Improvement and Appraisal for Employees……………..15 7- Existing situation………………………………..17 8- Conclusion and suggestions………………..18 9- References…………………………………………..19 1- Abstract In any organization employee motivation is the key factor for organizational performance. Since motivation influences productivity, managers need to understand what motivates employees to reach peak performance. It is not an easy task to increase employee motivation because employees respond in different ways to their jobs and their organization's practices. Managers pay a heavy price when employees have motivation problems. When high-performing employees have unresolved motivation issues, their performance either declines or they leave for another job. When poor-performing employees are not motivated to improve, they drag down results, reduce productivity among their team members and, worse, seldom leave because they have no place to go. Alexandria Mineral Oils Company (AMOC) is an industrial company working in the field of petroleum...

Words: 4227 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Docx

...Wiki Loves Monuments: Photograph a monument, help Wikipedia and win! Production theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Production theory is the study of production, or the economic process of converting inputs into outputs. Production uses resources to create a good or service that is suitable for use, gift-giving in a gift economy, or exchange in a market economy. This can include manufacturing, storing, shipping, and packaging. Some economists define production broadly as all economic activity other than consumption. They see every commercial activity other than the final purchase as some form of production. Production is a process, and as such it occurs through time and space. Because it is a flow concept, production is measured as a “rate of output per period of time”. There are three aspects to production processes: 1. the quantity of the good or service produced, 2. the form of the good or service created, 3. The temporal and spatial distribution of the good or service produced. A production process can be defined as any activity that increases the similarity between the pattern of demand for goods and services, and the quantity, form, shape, size, length and distribution of these goods and services available to the market place. Contents * 1 Neoclassical Theory of Production * 1.1 Factors of production * 1.2 Total, average, and marginal product * 1.3 Diminishing returns * 1.4 Diminishing marginal returns...

Words: 9401 - Pages: 38

Premium Essay

Docx

...Website: www.bangladesh-bank.org www.bangladeshbank.org.bd www.bb.org.bd Banking Regulation & Policy Department Bangladesh Bank Head Office Dhaka BRPD Circular No.02 Date: February 27, 2011 ---------------------Falgun 15, 1417 Chief Executives All Scheduled Banks in Bangladesh Policy Guidelines for Green Banking Introduction: We are aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i.e. green industry and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with ...

Words: 2489 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Docx

...Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the entire OII team for their support of OxIS research. Our particular thanks to Prof. Helen Margetts, Dr Rebecca Eynon and Martin Dimov for their contributions to this report. We also wish to acknowledge Kunika Kono and David Sutcliffe for their design and editorial support of this report. For their early contributions to OxIS we would like to thank Prof. Richard Rose, Dr Adrian Shepherd, and Dr Corinna di Gennaro. All have helped shape the evolution of this research. We are grateful for the support of OxIS 2007 by the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE) and sponsorship of the OxIS 2007 Survey by The British Library, Cisco, Ofcom, and Talisma. Our colleagues from these sponsoring organisations have made valuable comments, helping to ensure that OxIS continues to address enduring as well as emerging issues of policy and practice. Please cite the source of text and data excerpts as: Dutton, W. and Helsper, E.J. (2007) The Internet in Britain: 2007. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). © The University of Oxford for the Oxford Internet Printed copies can be ordered from the enquiries assistant at: enquiries@oii.ox.ac.uk. Copies cost £5 each (to cover the cost of postage and handling). All orders should be sent along with full payment in UK Pounds Sterling to: Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3JS, United Kingdom. Please do not send cash. Cheques should be drawn...

Words: 25235 - Pages: 101

Premium Essay

Docx

...Ozone Layer Depletion: Introduction Are we damaging our protective blanket? Sunlight contains some ultraviolet light, and when we expose ourselves to too much of it, we get a sunburn. Over time, too much exposure to ultraviolet light can lead to cataracts and skin cancer. The earth has a layer in the upper atmosphere, consisting mostly of ozone gas, that filters out most of the ultraviolet in the sun's radiation. Recently there has been scientific evidence that we have been releasing gases that damage this layer. Our country and others have reacted by invoking legislation that should eliminate these contaminants from the atmosphere.   What does the Ozone Layer do? * Ozone absorbs 99% of the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Without the Ozone Layer * Most of the harmful UV radiation will penetrate the atmosphere. The Ozone Layer The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. Over 90% of ozone in earth's atmosphere is present here "Relatively high" means a few parts per million—much higher than the concentrations in the lower atmosphere but still small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion...

Words: 937 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Docx

...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF COMMERCE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS COURSE OUTLINE FOR ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES1 – EC101 Lecturers : A.Chingarande (0776326638), F. Tafirei (0772757491) & M. Mzumara (0712737723) Emails : achingarande@buse.ac.zw, ftafirei@buse.ac.zw & mmzumara@buse.ac.zw Consulting Times: Tuesdays and Thursdays 0900 Hrs – 1100Hrs or by appointment Venue : Office No H8 (Clinic Office) Main Campus Course Aims:   Provide a basis of factual knowledge of economics; Encourage the student to develop:  a facility for self-expression, not only in writing but also in using additional aids, such as statistics and diagrams, where appropriate;  the habit of using works of reference as sources of data specific to economics;  the habit of reading critically to gain information about the changing economy we live in; and  an appreciation of the methods of study used by the economist, and of the most effective ways economic data may be analysed, correlated, discussed and presented. Course Objectives:      Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specified content; Interpret economic information presented in verbal, numerical or graphical form; Explain and analyse economic issues and arguments, using relevant economic concepts, theories and information; Evaluate economic information, arguments, proposals and policies, taking into consideration relevant information and theory, and distinguishing facts from hypothetical statements and value...

Words: 1280 - Pages: 6