Question 1: what philosophical principle did Google’ managers adopt when deciding that the benefits of operating in China outweighed the costs?

The philosophical principle which Google’ managers adopt when deciding that the benefits of operating in China than the cost is Straw men. Straw men include four approaches: the Friedman doctrine, the Culture relativism, the Righteous moralist and the Naïve immoralist.
Firstly, Google’ managers adopted the Friedman doctrine effectively. Milton Friedman who gave this theory, considered that the only social responsibility of business is to increase profits, so long as the company stays within the rules of law. He rejects the idea that businesses should undertake social expenditures beyond those mandated by the law and required for the efficient running of a business. In fact, Google got the same situation when it clear Google that China was a strategically important market. Google and its managers decide to exploit the opportunities that China offered although there were social expenditures such as slowly serving Chinese users from the United States or the badly services degraded by the censorship imposed. The reason is China is one of big market in the world with over 100 million users. So the benefits of operating in China would be outweighed the costs, social expenditures especially.
Secondly, the Culture relativism was used by managers when Google joined in a big market as China. Google engaged in Chinese self-censorship, excluding results on politically sensitive topics as democratic reform, Taiwanese independence, the banned Falun gong movement, and references to the notorious Tiananmen Square massacre of democratic protesters that occurred in 1989. It shows Google followed China’ cultural principle and government approaches.