...According to (“managing the reef” 1) “Coral reefs comprise only six per cent of the area of the Great Barrier Reef, yet they provide critical habitat and food for many species in the ecosystem. Healthy coral reefs are also the essential foundation for reef-based tourism and fishing”. This may only be one example of a coral reef but you can see how much they affect their surroundings even if they are in small portions. Currently, the problem with the health of coral reefs is the rising sea temperatures. Coral is very sensitive to higher than normal sea temperatures, in reaction to these higher temperatures, coral bleaching occurs. It was brought to attention by (“managing the reef” 1) that some coral types such as staghorn corals are more sensitive to bleaching than others. Coral reefs are a very important aspect of the oceean and need to be proctected more than they currently are. Just imagine looking at a dying coral reef, no color, no sign of life, just complete emptyness except for the once exhuberant remains of a coral reef. Imagine the outcome of the ocean over time and how it will result from coral reefs dying off, marine life as we know it will slowly die off unless we do something about climate...
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...material. The oceans absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by photosynthetic assimilation. Ultimately this assimilated carbon is transported to depth, down through the aphotic zone, as particulate matter sinks to the depths. Although a considerable amount of organic matter, which is produced is respired though metabolic activity. Biology, physics and gravity interact to pump organic carbon into the deep sea. The processes of fixation of inorganic carbon in organic matter during photosynthesis,...
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...Analyzing an Acid Spill Background Information : Sulfuric acid is a dense, colourless, oily, corrosive liquid that is soluble in water prepared industrially by the reaction of water with sulfur trioxide. The formula H2SO4, displays that there are two hydrogen atoms and one sulphate polyatomic ion. Sulfuric acid has a pH level of 1, which means it is extremely acidic and has a large amount of H+ ions. It is widely used in the manufacture of chemicals, like in making hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes and pigments, explosives, and drugs. (Mansur G. Abdullah, 2014). Sulfuric acid is manufactured by a long process that starts with sulfur being burned with access to oxygen and creating sulfur dioxide. This new compound is then oxidized to form sulfur trioxide. Also the sulfur trioxide of sulfuric acid occur s when sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen and water. The balanced chemical equation is 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → H2SO4. (Mansur G. Abdullah,2014) The hazards involved with storing and transporting sulphuric acid are that it is highly corrosive therefore it will destroy or damage other substances that come in contact with it. This is very hazardous towards humans, animals and the environment. Sulphuric acid can also produce sulfur dioxide, which can be absorbed by plants and consumed by living organisms. If there is a sulfuric acid spill in a river, the sulfuric acid changes the pH level in the water from 7 to approximately 1. This...
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...ACID RAIN Acid rain is a mixture of deposited material, both wet and dry, coming from the atmosphere containing excessive amount of nitric acid and sulfuric acids. The rain is acidic in nature because of the presence of pollutants coming from the smoke from the cars and industries. Acid rain can occur in form of rain, snow, fog or dry material that settle to earth. The level of Acidity is determined by calculating the pH level in the water drops. Normal rainwater is slightly acidic. The pH level of normal rainwater ranges between 5.3 and 6.0. The normal rainwater is acidic because the carbon dioxide and water react with each other and form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a very weak acid. When the pH level of rainwater falls below this range, it becomes acid rain (conserveegergyfuture.com, 2013). Acid rain affects plants directly and decreases the quality of soil and reduced fertility of the soil. The adverse effects of acid rain are severe where there is more concentration of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide (science.opposingviews, 2015). Acid rain has many negative effects, on lakes, streams, wetlands, and other aquatic environments. The primary reason for acid rains is air pollution. Acid rain is caused by large amount of pollutants it can be minimized by conserving energy and reducing pollution. I believe if we do not take preventive measures for acid rains future generation may face severe consequences (environment.nationalgeographic, 2015). Sulfur and Nitrogen are...
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...parameters, obtained that degree acidity (pH) water in Situ Gede is 5. The result of the biological parameters, It brings different kinds of plankton, perifiton, neuston and benthos, while nekton are not found on any other substations. All the General characteristics is the limiting factor affecting the viability of aquatic organisms are pooled. Key words: Aquatic Ecosystems pooled sampling method and factors delimiter THE PURPOSE Case studies in Situ Gede has a goal of getting to know and Learn the components of the aquatic ecosystem constituents pooled, as well as studying the interaction and reciprocal relationships between components of the ecosystem. METHOD The method used is the method of sampling. The first thing done is compiled into transek paralon square-shaped followed by three substations observations determine the location and keep the distance between substations is 50 cm. in the practical work, this time done observation and measurement of some parameters, the parameters are: Physics, chemistry, and biology. Physical parameters include observations, measurements of water level of color brightness, temperature, substrate type, and depth of the water. Observation of color waters performed by way of looking at the water surface with the color pay attention to local environmental conditions. The measurement of brightness done by using a secchi disk is embedded into the quadratic transek area on the three substations. Temperature measurement is carried out using...
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...Soil Fertility for Feeding the World Global population is increasing Land use issues (forests, habitats, etc for food production) Increased demand for more with less input Farming on poor soils Improved management practices- production per acre Technological advances- fertilizer, pest management, seeds, etc. A fertile soil does not equal a productive soil Plants require 16 elements for growth and reproduction Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen are acquired through air and water 13 are from soil Primary= N, P, K Secondary= Ca, Mg, S Micro= Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Cl, Fe, Mo Most NEB soils contain large amounts of all the elements, but only a small % of these total amounts are available to the plant Factors that affect availability: Form and chemical properties of the element Soil pH Interactions with soil colloids Microbial acitivity Soil physical conditions: Aeration Compaction Temperature Moisture Mineral Components of Soil: 1. Silica= Si 2. Quartz= SiO2 3. Hornblende 4. Feldspar 5. Pyrite * Secondary= Montmorillinite, Kaolinite, Illite Structure Net negative charge absorbs positive particles Interactions Soil Minerals Soil Organic Matter Soil H2O Soil Air Broadcast application produces same yields as banded applications Mobile nutrient Wet soil? Band? Optimum moisture (structure aggregation) pH? Highly fertile soil Band applications produce higher yields than broadcast regardless of rate Immobile...
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...to move from the fluid of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood. Water is a part of the life line that makes the body function properly. Water bathes the cells and cleanses and lubricates internal and external body surfaces. Surfaces like the eyes and joints. The saliva in the mouth makes it easier to chew and swallow food. Blood is made up mostly of water and travels throughout the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and returning waste products to the lungs and kidneys to be excreted. Water also helps regulate body temperature. Water in the blood helps regulate body temperature by increasing or decreasing the amount of heat lost at the surface of the body. When the body’s temperature starts to get higher, the blood vessels in the skin dilate, causing blood to flow close to the surface where it can release some of the heat to the surrounding air. Water is also a regulator if body temperature with sweat when body temperature rises, the brain triggers the sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat which is...
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...wall. Without osmosis, water would not be able to move throughout the cells in your body causing them to die and this can be harmful to your health. Water in the body provides many functions. It helps dissolves various substances like glucose, amino acids and minerals. Acidity levels are maintained by water in the body. It cleanses the cells of the body and lubricates and rinses internal and external body surfaces. Watery tears lubricate the eyes and wash away dirt, synovial fluid lubricates the joints, and saliva lubricates the mouth, making it easier to chew and swallow food. Water cushions different body compartments such as the joints and eyeballs against shock by resisting compression. The cushioning effect of water in the amniotic sac protects the fetus as it grows inside a pregnant woman. Blood, which is mostly water, flows through our bodies, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and returning waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion. In addition, water functions in chemical reactions and helps regulate body temperature. Body temperature is regulated to maintain a temperature of 98.6 degrees. Water holds heat and changes temperature slowly; this allows the body temperature to remain constant. To maintain...
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...of dehydration after just one hour of exercise on a hot day. Dehydration is Excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids (, 2006). The effects of dehydration can be very serious in humans and can even lead to death. This paper will examine the functions of water in the body and what happens when the body does not receive the water it needs. Water in the Body Water provides many functions in different areas of the body. Water is used by the body to help dissolve many substances that it needs such as glucose, minerals, and amino acids. Water also helps maintain the proper level of acidity in the body. There are many chemical reactions that take place in the body and water is a part of a number of them. Examples of these include reactions that join smaller molecules together and break larger molecules apart. Reactions of metabolism also occur in water which helps fuel the body. Water also plays a major role in maintaining the body’s temperature. Water holds heat and changes temperature at a slow rate which helps the body maintain a steady temperature. Water in the blood also helps regulate body temperature by increasing or decreasing the amount of heat lost at the body’s surface. When you exercise your skin can become red and you usually sweat. This happens because the blood vessels in the skin dilate so the blood flows close to the surface where it is released into the air. When it is cold outside like it is in the winter, the blood vessels in the skin contract...
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...Causes of Global Warming and its present and future impacts on South-West Western Australia Global Warming is an issue at the heart of modern civilisation. The prospect of a rapidly changing global enviroment is enough to cause considerable concern towards life on earth for future generations. Therefore it is important to understand how climate change works, what is causing the climate to change, what effects these changes are having, and how they may continue to affect the global environment. What causes the environments on earth unable to support life? What can be done about these predictions of climates in the future? How will these climate changes affect South-West Western Australia? How does climate change work? Climate change is a natural process that has been functioning on earth for billions of years, it is the regulator of the earth's abililty to support life by the cycles of The Greenhouse Effect. The Greenhouse Effect has made the earth an environment for supporting life through the cycling of energy from the sun via short-wave radiation, which heats the earths surface, then is released into the atmopshere as long-wave radiation. This cycle is made possible by the prescence of Greenhouse gases, which redside in the earths atmopshere, and absorb most of the long-wave radiation given off by the earth, with the remainder being expelled into space. This process cycles the heat from the sun around the earths atmosphere and a climate is the result, without this circulation...
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...this wonderful project that help us to develop our mind and for letting us to know that there are so many things To our parents Mr. and Mrs. Taloyo and Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez. For giving us enough money for our project. Above all GOD for giving us good ideas that we able to answer all the process about this project. For his caring, love, guidance, and also in protecting us for all the evil persons. Introduction Vinegar is a liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. The acetic acid concentration ranges typically from 4 to 8 percent by volume for table vinegar [1] (typically 5%) and higher concentrations for pickling (up to 18%). Natural vinegars also contain smaller amounts of tartaric acid, citric acid, and other acids. Vinegar is an important preservative and condiment and it is being produced since centuries. It is produced through the action of acetic acid bacteria on dilute solutions of ethyl alcohol derived from yeast fermentation. It is also produced from fermented cider, fruit juices or other fermented alcoholic solutions derived from barley malt, hydrolyzed cereals and starches. There are many manufacturers producing synthetic vinegar but not much who produce from fruits. This note considers production of vinegar from fruits. Slow methods are generally used with...
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...The chemistry of perming & rebonding Some of us have naturally curly hair but want it straightened; others have it naturally straight but want it curly. But whatever the style you like to wear, there's chemistry involved in it! The structure of hair Hair is made mostly of a protein called keratin, which is also present in nails. In hair, keratin molecules are arranged in straight bundles. These bundles are held together by disulphide bonds (-S-S-), which give strength to the hair. Disulphide bonds are made by the amino acid called cysteine. The cysteine of one keratin molecule forms a disulphide bond with the cysteine of the neighbouring keratin molecule. The more disulphide bonds there are in a strand of hair, the straighter it is. Ammonium thioglycolate: the perm salt Ammonium thioglycolate (HSCH2CO2NH4) is a compound that can break disulphide bonds. This is because it contains a thiol group (-SH). The thiol group replaces one of the sulphur atoms in the disulphide bond, like this: Keratin-S-S-keratin + 2HS-CH2CO2NH4 --> -HO2CH2CS-SCH2CO2H + 2NH3 + 2HS-keratin When the disulphide bond is broken, the keratin bundles come apart, and hair is weakened. Ammonium thioglycolate is therefore used widely in beauty parlours when customers want their hair re-styled. However, if you use too much of it, or if the reaction is left for too long, you could end up going bald. So do not, ever, try it at home! If you have watched the film Legally Blonde, you'll have seen Reese Witherspoon (acting...
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...These plants move towards the shore line to increase the amount of sunlight they receive to complete the photosynthesis process. By doing so, the sediment collected assists the prevention of erosion, slowing the rate at which land is lost to the sea. ANIMAL: Bottlenose Dolphin STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION: Bottlenose dolphins have adapted to maximise their swimming efficiency by evolving structurally. Their streamlined bodies, dorsal fin, flippers and a tail with flukes are vital in helping them hunt and catch prey and escape from potential predators. Their smooth rubbery skin allows them to move swiftly through the water while the colour of their skin allows them to blend into the habitat. PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION: To adapt while diving, the bottlenose dolphin slows down its heart rate while increasing the...
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...FOOD PRESERVATION AND STORAGE In the past few years preservation of food has been practiced in different ways due to food decay after harvest. For this reason, people where able to enjoy their harvest for a long time .Today, people have distorted from rural practice of preserving food to modern practice of preserving for fun. However, Food preservation is the process by which certain foods like vegetables and fruits are preserved from the growth of bacteria, yeast, fungi and other micro-organisms which causes food blemish. Food preservation practice should be done in a hygienic manner to observe the health of the people for it can cause food borne illness. The preservation of food should not affect the colour, taste or the texture of the food. However, there are several reasons why we preserve food in our society today. We preserve food for personal satisfaction, helps in acquiring more skills on how to reduce waste products, prepare for emergencies, it makes transportation of food and it’s environmentally friendly. There are different methods of food preservation and storage which differ from traditional techniques to industrial or modern techniques. Methods of food preservation There are many process designed to preserve food which involve a number of preservation methods. There are two methods of preserving food; the traditional and modern methods. In ancient times food was preserved in many ways including; freezing, salt, drying, sugar, smoking, drying, refrigeration, lye...
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...The Influence of Climate and Soil Characteristics on Fruit Quality of Wine Grapes in New Zealand by So Pyay Thar Introduction Wine is one of the eldest beverages consumed throughout the world today (McGovern, et.al., 2000). It has been widely consumed for many years for its attractive aroma, exceptional taste as well as for social, recreational, ceremonial, medicinal and dietary purposes, etc. (Estreicher, 2004). Producing high quality grape wine has always been a challenge for many wine industries around the world. However, most of the winemakers agree that high-quality wine begins with the land and the natural environment of the region in which the grapes are grown (Goldammer, 2013). NZ produces premium quality wine and its wine industry is growing rapidly (New Zealand wine industry, 2013). In order to produce premium high quality grapes for wine production, many factors need to be considered. Watson (2013) stated that success in high yielding, high quality grape wine production depends on not only the grape variety but also climate, soil characteristics, topography, vineyard site, viticulture practices and technology etc. Although there are various factors affecting the quality of wine grape, this literature review will focus on the climatic and soil characteristics which influence the grape wine quality in New Zealand. The soil characteristics and climate has always had a significant impact on vineyard practices as recognized by viticulturists for centuries (Sluys...
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