...Classical Conditioning Paper Jennifer Barzona PSY/390 April 23, 2012 Ricky Fenwick Classical Conditioning Paper When a response is formulated from one stimulus to another unlearned stimulus this process of learning is known as classical conditioning. The most noted theorist of classical condition is Ivan Pavlov for his work with dogs. By using classical conditioning an animal such a puppy can be taught to not chew on the couch when sprayed in the face with a water bottle. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered this type of learning while researching digestion, accidentally discovered classical conditioning. In classical conditioning learning is accomplished through experience by using a traditionally neutral stimulus to create a physical response. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) While researching dogs Pavlov observed when food was present the dogs salivate in response. During his research Pavlov introduced a bell when food was presented and finally removed the food when the bell rang. Pavlov noted the dogs salivated when food was not present and the bell rang. Pavlov stated classical conditioning has four components: conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, and unconditioned reflex. A conditioned stimulus is learned through prior conditioning. An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus causing a reaction without prior conditioning or learning. An unconditional response is an unlearned response...
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...Phobias and Addictions Paper Week Two Assignment Giselle Bayard PSY/300 – General Psychology October 20, 2012 This is an essay concerning phobias and addictions. Four selected topics in four specific sections are what this paper is comprised of. These topic are: 1. How phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. 2. How addictions can be developed through operant conditioning. 3. Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning. 4. The meaning of "extinction" and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. How phobias can be developed through classical conditioning "A phobia is a group of symptoms brought on by an object or situation that causes a person to feel irrational fear" (Porterfield, 2005). A few types of phobias are prevalent in society. A simple phobia, the fear of an object like a dog or a cat or a telephone or the fear of heights or traveling in a train or a car impact millions of lives. Social phobia, caused by fear of humiliation causes millions more otherwise normal people to live lives of loneliness and desperation. "Behaviorists believe that these intense fears (phobias)begin when people are classically conditioned by a negative stimulus paired with the object or situation. In other words, phobias are learned. Sometimes parents may pass irrational fears on to their children in this way" (Porterfield, 2005). This is a powerful form of behavior modification. It deals with spontaneous...
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...Zenith Pet Food Case Paper Zenith Pet Foods, Inc. is a large distributor of show-grade dog food. The company distributes only within the United States. Its plan is to introduce the product in the Boston area. Zenith dog food is a high-grade, frozen dog food made of quality, organic ingredients. The target market has been show-dog kennels in the past, but the entity has recently turned its attention to the dog as a household pet. The product promises to produce a shinier, healthier coat on the consuming animal. Zenith needs freezer space to sell its products, and the plan is to distribute through supermarkets, where the majority of the dog food is sold based on Zenith’s market studies. The company faces a very large amount of competition within the dog-food market. Some of those competitors include Dog Chow distributed by Nestle Purina Pet Care, which sells 23 percent of dry dog foods in the supermarkets, Kal Kan Pedigree distributed by MasterFoods USA, selling 18 percent of wet dog food, and Kibbles ‘N Bits distrusted by Del Monte Foods, which sells 69 percent of semi-moist dog foods in the supermarkets. Although competition exists in the market, there are no competitors that distribute dog food in a frozen, all-fresh form in the freezer aisle of the grocery store. There is a threat of new entrants into the market or product substitutions, but because Zenith will be a pioneer in the field of frozen dog foods, only time and succession would be able to determine what companies...
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...The earliest known domestication of the canine The project I chose for my research paper was on the earliest known domestication of dogs and the divergence of their species from the grey wolf, which is believed to have been the first to be domesticated by early humans. In the research they sequenced the genomes of six canid individuals, which included three grey wolves as well as the Australian Dingo, Basenji, and the golden jackal. These three species were used to represent the broad regions of Eurasia which is where the earliest domestication of canines is believed to have occurred. The project used preexisting evidence and research that had revealed dog-like canids had first appeared in the fossil records as early as 33,000 years ago....
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...Organic Pet Food Marketing Plan September 14, 2007 NAICS Industry Code: Dog and Cat Manufacturing 311111 Abstract: This marketing plan provides a plan for entering the organic pet food product as an existing producer of non-organic pet foods based current market conditions and trends following several high profile food safety recalls and alerts, particularly the Melamine-related deaths from pet food imported from China. The pet food industry has experienced enormous growth as part of the overall $41 billion annual pet products and services industry, and promises to move in the directions of increased natural, organic, and health oriented products as consumers increase organic consumption and become aware of safety issues in traditional food supplies. Our analysis will look at the desired strategic positioning for traditional pet foods, organic pet foods, and the target demographic based on our research. The market analysis and competitor research reveals a market segment currently occupying less than 1% of pet food sales, but with tremendous growth potential. The traditional pet food market is mature with 6 major competitors with 86% of market share, but a much more competitive organic market. Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 3 2. Marketing Plan 4 2.1 Business Mission 2.1.1 Financial Objectives 4 2.1.2 Marketing Objectives 4 2.2 Market Conditions ...
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...Behaviorism and Its Effect on the Understanding of Learning AIU Online Abstract This paper focuses on a brief summary on the history of behaviorism, starting with experiments conducted by Franklin Henry Giddings and Ivan Pavlov, a sociologist and a physiologist whom established the groundwork for behaviorism, particularly in America. In addition, this paper also explains the main components of behaviorism, which are classical conditioning and operant conditioning, connectionism, and the contiguity theory. It moves forward to explain four experiments that are popular through the study of behaviorism: the reason behind conditioned salivation in Ivan Pavlov’s dogs, conditioned responses in humans through Watson’s little Albert experiment, Thorndike’s research with cats and a puzzle box to demonstrate the law of effect through the use of reinforcements, and B.F. Skinner’s experiment with rats to prove how an organism learns through operant conditioning. Finally, this paper examines how, according to behaviorists, there are three principles of learning new and intricate behaviors, known as shaping, chaining, and fading. Behaviorism and Its Effect on the Understanding of Learning Behaviorism suggests that an organism learns from its environment. It is the result of the association between a stimulus and a response. An organism learns new behavior through classical or operant conditioning. It is a theory that does not base its ideals on emotions or prior knowledge. Some say behaviorism...
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...animals, with three in four dogs (77% of dog population in the UK) to be obese. A clear understanding to how and why pet obesity in the UK is now a major risk factor is caused primarily by the relationship between humans and animals. A result of lack of client education of their dietary needs with the leading cause is from feeding leftovers off the plate and insufficient exercise (Sandøe et al., 2014). Obesity in dogs and cats increases the risk of health problems such as; diabetes mellitus, cardiorespiratory disease and anaesthetic...
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...however, these are the main issues, in my opinion that contribute to their endangerment. My paper will discuss further the conservation issues observed, as well as implications and resources being done to find recovery solutions. Possessing genetic variation is crucial for population survival. When there is low genetic diversity observed in species, it indicates that they are becoming threatened, which can stem from multiple reasoning’s. Having low variation in genes is a characterization seen with Hawaiian monk seals. They are the only marine mammal specie to have the lowest genetic diversity of just three polymorphic loci (Schultz et al., 2010). Having this feature puts them at high-risk of being inadaptable to environmental changes that can occur suddenly or over time. A hypothesis for is that their genetic variation became lost in different regions via selective sweeps from incoming diseases of the first human settlers and mammals that came alongside them (Schultz et al., 2010). For example, in the coastal settings, Watson et al. suggests that dogs that came on the island were a major factor in affecting the prehistoric marine mammal population because of their harassment, hunting, and diseases they could have possibly brought from whichever they originated (Watson et al, 2011). This is evident through an observer that came after the initial settlements in the 1820s of Hawai’i: “the wild dogs had almost exterminated the sheep that Vancouver had brought with the cattle, pursuing...
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...Brooke Codification Research Paper Acc 303 11/15/2011 Introduction This paper is an analysis of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Research System available through the AAA/FASB website. It will walk the reader through a select few topics focusing on how the codification literature addresses each topic. The first topic analyzed will be the definition of accounting policies. The paper will go on to discuss information available on comprehensive income, as well as net income. Comprehensive income and net income will also be compared and contrasted, with an example to illustrate each. Accounting Policies, as defined in the Codification literature Topic 235, Section 10 of the codification states, “The accounting policies of an entity are the specific accounting principles and the methods of applying those principles that are judged by the management of the entity to be the most appropriate in the circumstances to present fairly financial position, cash flows, and results of operations in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and that, accordingly, have been adopted for preparing the financial statements.” The FASB codification, when put in place in 2009, redefined many of the internal accounting policies already in place within business entities. Fortunately for many companies, the codification offers a research system to search these new policies. There is also an extensive cross-reference feature which allows users to...
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...male chimpanzee actually making a tool to retrieve his food from the termite nest, just as we humans use a spoon or fork. This chimpanzee picks up a twig and strips the leaves from it and bends it to fit inside the little hole (Jane Goodall, 2010). Jane Goodall had witnessed one of the most important scientific observations ever in this chimpanzee. From a child she had always been told that humans and only humans used and made tools. She was amazed with what she had just witnessed with her own eyes, therefore doubting some information she had been told as a child. (Jane Goodall, 2010). This was the beginning of research on the human-chimpanzee relationship. There has also been a lot of research done concerning the elephant. Forty years of research has revealed the elephant also exhibit human like behavior. They communicate within their herds displaying many of the humanistic traits, expressing emotions such as flirting, anger and even some of the same parenting skills displayed in humans (Choi, 2011). The observation of the elephants from a distance, showed they display relationships similar to the human relationship They even display pain for their mate when they are in trouble. I know some people who have dogs and their dogs end up having the same type of personality as the owner. There are so many different breeds of dogs and many times people develop a misconception of the breed and feel a certain breed of the dog will act a certain way...
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...Phobias and Addictions Chantel Billingsley PSY/300 May 30, 2014 Brian Hawkins Abstract This paper provides a broad overview of phobias and addictions. The difference between classical conditioning and how it relates to phobias will be dicussed, as well as operant conditioning and how it develops into addictions. Distinguishing between classical and operant conditioning, will show the differences between the two. I will cover what extinction means and how it is achieved in both types of conditioning. "Phobia" means "morbid fear" in greek (What is Phobia, 2014). Fear is a natural response to a genuine danger. Phobias are the emotional and physical reactions to feared objects or situations; this fear becomes irrational and excessive. Feelings of horror, panic and terror may occur. Reactions become automatic and uncontrollable, taking over a person's thoughts and sometimes causing physical symptoms. These symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling and overwhelming desire to avoid the feared object or situation. There are three major categories of phobias. First category called specific phobias focuses on certain objects, animals, people and situations. Some of the most recognized phobias fall under this category; the fear of heights (acrophobia), the fear of spiders (arachnophobia) and the fear of enclosed spaces(claustrophobia). The second major category is the fear of open spaces (agoraphobia). Most individual...
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...1. Which sentence uses verbs correctly? Choose 1 answer - ANSWER D – A. Angry cats are wanting to be let outside. –WRONG TENSE should be “want” B. The hungry dogs have ate their breakfast. - WRONG TENSE should be “eaten” C. Yesterday, the teacher prepares the assignment. - WRONG TENSE should be “prepared” D. The children are ready to go to school. 2. Which sentence has the correct subject-verb agreement? Choose 1 answer ANSWER A – ignore the stuff between the commas A. The children, hushed by their teacher, try to keep quiet. B. The books, read by the student, is returned to their shelf. INCORRECT – plural “books” doesn’t match singular “is returned” C. The librarian, anxious to find the books, browse the stacks. Singular “librarian” does not match plural “browse” D. The student, bothered by the uproar, request less noise. Singular “student” does not match plural “request” 3. Which sentence has the underlined word spelled correctly? Choose 1 answer ANSWER A – B is spelled correctly but it’s the wrong use. A. The principal sent the student a letter of congratulations. B. The principle ate lunch with the students. INCORRECT – wrong version of word for sentence C. The prinsipal signs the final grade reports. INCORRECT – no ‘s’ D. The princepal earned minimal interest. INCORRECT – no ‘e’ 4. Classify each sentence according to whether it exhibits or does not exhibit parallelism. Select your...
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...how learning theories affect an individual’s personality. Bandura and Skinner’s theories both explain how an individual learns from his or her environment. Bandura’s social learning theory also explains an individual’s reaction to what he or she observes. Rotter’s theory provides reasoning in environment and personal factors that influences an individual’s behavior. Strengths of Learning Theories Behavior analysis can examine the results of behavior through the calculated experiments of individual, social, and cultural context application (Cherry, 2012). Pavlov’s dog is a very famous experiment of behavioral analysis that proves this theories strength. In anticipation of receiving a meal, the dog would start to salivate. Soon, the dog associated food with the white lab coat worn by the person bringing the dog its food. The behavior of salivating at the sight of a lab coat is proof of a behavior’s creation through repetition. Social cognitive gains its strength through numbers. This process requires the observation of other people and their actions in specific situations. Once he or she presents an action, other individuals will learn from...
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...Individual Assignment: Create a Problem Statement on Kudler Fine Foods Introduction This paper examines Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing plan, identifying and defining issues existing in Kudler’s current marketing strategies and tactics. Ultimately this paper will identify where the company needs to carry out additional research and what is needed to make a clearer and more effective marketing plan. Kudler Fine Foods Kudler Fine Foods, an upscale specialty food store, was founded by Kathy Kudler in 1998 (Kudler Fine Foods, 2005). The three stores, located in the metropolitan area of San Diego, offer a large variety of domestic and imported products, aimed predominantly at a non-price sensitive customer base, prepared to pay more for quality and added value. The company has been quite profitable since its starts, however to continue its growth process Kudler Fine Foods needs to understand the importance of marketing research and formal marketing planning; establishing quantifiable objectives, specific strategies and detailed tactics to follow. Defining Problems at Kudler Fine Foods Lack of marketing information After having analyzed both the 2003 strategic plan and the company’s sales and marketing plan for 2007 on their intranet site, it is evident that there is lack of marketing information. Findings posted on the company’s site arouse suspicion that their strategies are essentially based on broad assumptions rather than facts. Good decisions need to be based...
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