...to be made; aided by the classification of impacts into short and long term and positive or negative. The Continental System was intended as a way in which Bonaparte could force Britain into a peace, but its primary effect was that of alienation. After the Milan Decrees (17th December, 1807) endorsed and actively legislated for the capture of neutral ships sailing in international waters if they had traded at a British Port, carried British goods; or merely had allowed the Royal Navy to search their ship. This effectively changed the way in which trade worked across the Globe, in turn inflicting very significant impacts upon Europe. Before the Continental System became enforced, colonial trade had been highly centralised around the European Powers; especially Britain, France, Spain and the United Provinces before its creation as the Batavian Republic in 1795 by invading French revolutionaries. So, to examine the intentional impact of the Continental System is to...
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...external factors play into the weakening of the empire? There were few vital reasons for the downfall of Ottoman Empire’s, linked with some of internal and external factors which played a important role to weaken the Ottoman’s empire. I will take this opportunity to write on this significant historical downfall factors of Ottomans Empire and I will write try to accomplish those major points from which this downfall led to Ottoman Empire. It was the second Egyptian crisis which manifested tensions in the Middle East. The elementary problems of the empire, caused by rising pressure between the different nationalities and communities, which the central government was not capable to get to the bottom of or control. Nevertheless for about 15 years they did not express to large-scale interference on the part of the enormous powers of Europe. The most aggressive internal conflict of these years was fought in the Lebanon. The tough man of the region was the Emir Bashir II, who belonged to the miniature religious group of the people of Druzes 3, but he was converted to Christianity and he ruled the Lebanon from his stronghold in the Shuf Mountains for almost 50 years. He had associated his providence strongly to the Egyptian professional forces, and when the concluding they had to leave Syria, his position became unsustainable and he was discharged by his enemies in the heart of the Druze tribal commanders’. After his downfall in 1843, the Ottoman government introduced...
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...allowed the Europeans to establish authority in India? In the years between 1500 and 1800, there were many factors and events that led too the strong grasp of European influence and authority in India. In this time period, an international revolution in maritime trade exploded in Europe with the rise of sea power and advancements in navigation and ship building. Many European countries were attracted to India’s wealth of spices, silk, and raw materials and were in competition to exploit them and sell at high prices in Europe. The Mughal Empire in India had a great land army, however, did not possess any degree of marine warfare, and were ignorant and indifferent to the European threats. The Mughal Empire, in control of India at this time, were spread out too thin with many rulers and were not united to handle the onslaught of European influence. The fall of the Mughal Empire in concert with the rise of European power can be described by two main events, with the fall of the structured trade with the ruin of the great Mughal port of Surat, and the possession of the Diwani of Bengal by Britian that gave them economic control in India. All these factors combined to India’s exploitation and soon to administrative authority by European forces. The revolution of international martime trade and the rise of European sea power, the fall of the Mughal trade, and the British grasp of the Diwani of Bengal were the major forces and that eventually led to established European authority...
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...Assess the impact of Napoleon on Europe The Napoleonic Empire came into existence following the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France at Notre Dame in 1804. The frontiers of the ancien regime had been expanded up to and beyond France’s natural borders, with the momentum of expansion following in direct correlation with the pace of France’s military conquests under the leadership of Bonaparte himself. The ‘Great Empire’ is often referred to as a single entity embracing French controlled Europe, but territories were in fact separated depending on the levels of French control. Territory ruled directly from Paris was known as the pays reunis which compromised of France’s natural frontiers (borders of the Rhine, Alps and Pyrenees) as well as annexed territories of Piedmont, Parma, Papal States and Holland after 1810. It was also divided into the pays conquis, which were nominally independent satellite states and formed a zone protecting the borders of the French Empire from attacks from countries such as Britain. These were ruled by Frenchmen who were usually close to Napoleon as a family member or as a close friend, such as Jerome Bonaparte who was King of Westphalia and Joachim Murat who was King of Naples. When discussing impact, the effects of Napoleon and his policies on factors such as economies, religion and nationalism in satellite states that composed the Napoleonic Empire will be taken into account, whether positive or negative on the states. Napoleon...
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...Andres Lugo Professor William Hendricks March 17, 2015 World Civilizations II Domination of resources The European powers that were in much need for resources during the 1500s through 1800s were Great Britain, France and Germany. During 1500 and 1800 Africa seemed like an impossible feat to conquer because of malaria but this wouldn’t stop the persistence of the leaders of France and Great Britain. The idea of exploring and conquering new land meant more to these leaders because of the motivation to keep their national security strong and keep their economy stronger. These countries would use their remaining resources to look for more disposable ones so that their empires could grow considerably. Great Britain would be dug in the south and spread out through Africa, while the French would have most of the North and West of Africa, but Germany would just conquer a handful of countries before going into the 20th century (263 DBQ). These countries would soon become opponents in one of the greatest territory conquest in the world’s history. Resources is the main point in all three of these powers because Great Britain looked at the world as control, the thought of ruling land to them meant more power. A very important reason these powers would fight for this piece of land is because of the potential wealth it holds but also because the countries would see it that the Africans needed help. Turning the conquerors into saviors and that is always a good feeling when possibly...
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...‘Assess the significance of the leadership of Cortes for the conquest of Mexico and its immediate consequences’ Cortes is a man who historians have studied for a long time and there is a vast amount of evidence about him and the conquest that he led to Southern America. The evidence clearly indicates that Cortes was the driving force behind the conquest of Mexico. In 1519 Hernan Cortes and his men landed in Tenochtitlan in search of power and wealth. Word quickly spread to the king, Montezuma. He heard that men had arrived from a faraway land with ‘sticks that spit fire and deer as big as houses’ had landed on the coast. This panicked the Aztec people as they believed in a fatalistic religion that predicted that Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god of war, would return in that exact year to punish them. This set up an instant tension between the two oppositions that meant Cortes would have to lead his men if they were going to conquer this land in the name of God. It’s obvious that Cortes was a very confident and cunning man, as he disobeyed the rulings of the Governor of Cuba and went unbeknownst to the current ruler of Spain, Charles V. This put a huge amount of pressure on Cortes because he either succeeded in his campaign for power or he would be sentenced to death. Leading a group of five hundred men into a strange and unknown land was never going to be a simple task but the characteristics of Cortes’ leadership were a driving force in the conquest of Mexico. This becomes evident...
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...Feudalism, also referred to as the Feudal System, was a political and economic system that emerged in Europe during the 900s as a result of the breaking down of the Carolingian Empire; taking this into account, it can perhaps be said that the actions of three of Charlemagne’s own grandsons indirectly make them the founding fathers of the system; the downfall of the Carolingian empire, after all, could only rest in the hands of the people responsible for weakening it by threefold. Though ironically dramatic in nature, Charlemagne's grandsons’ feud over power must have seemed trivial to even them when faced with the overwhelming armies of Vikings suddenly jumping at the chance to invade a broken empire; then again, it is possible that their own...
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...account for the fact that European nations came to dominate most of the world by the end of the 19th century? In the 16th century, majority of the population in Europe was living in poverty. Europe paled in comparison to the great empires of the Ming, Ottoman and Mughal. Though Portuguese and Spanish represented Europe civilization to set sail and explore new lands in search of new settlements and viable trade routes, the Chinese empire lead an expedition of a massive scale larger than ever known earlier than that time with a different motive. Such expeditions imply these major empires could be suitable candidates for world domination. However, they became insignificant in the world politics arena due to internal declines and isolation. Strong and impregnable as they seem, these great empires had their weaknesses and suffered downfalls due to inefficient government and inadequate resources. The Ottoman Empire has expanded beyond what its resources could sustain. Coupled with widespread corruption and incompetent leadership, the empire’s armies suffered and became vulnerable to its Christian and nomadic rivals. The Mughal empire leader Aurangzeb, expanded his empire in name of purifying Islam hence weakening alliances with Hindu princes and disrupted the already fragmented social order. With focused expansion of territory using obsolete armies and tactics, the empire was drained of its wealth and fell when civil unrest overtook the crown. The Ming Empire was somehow different...
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...opened up China to the rest of the world, which contributed to the fall of the Qing dynasty. The Wars struck a crippling blow to the Qing Empire and it demonstrated how weak China was compared to the European powers. The ailing Qing dynasty during the middle of the 19th century created opportunities for the European imperialists who were interested in crippling China. They wanted to undermine China by enforcing foreign policies in the country, which would contribute to the growing discontent among the citizens since their monarch was hopeless. After the naval expeditions of Zheng He (1371-1435) during the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor decided to ban all trade and from then onwards, China became increasingly isolationist. The Chinese feared that the result of foreign intervention would be an attempt to take over the country therefore, all the dynasties after that continued to adopt these policies in order to prevent invaders such as Japanese pirates. During the Qing dynasty, the Qianlong Emperor rejected an offer to expand trade because he feared that by trading with foreign countries, the imperialist nations would attempt to take over China by imposing their ideas on the Chinese. China’s desire to shut itself away from the foreign countries was because of its desire to protect itself. After the Industrial Revolution, the European states began to adopt Imperialism where they became increasingly fond of colonising foreign countries that were not as well developed as...
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...Study Guide For Final Examination 1. Examine the process and the transition from the more traditional "putting-out" system to the rise of the factory system. What would be the economic and social implications of this change? (Class notes and Bentley & Ziegler, chapter 29) World population was growing, so there was a demand for more finished products. Before the factories, products were produced out of people’s homes and the process took a lot of time. The factories opened and centralized the materials (and people making the products) getting made to one place. The rise of factories came about with new technologies and new machines. Entrepreneurs worked with scientists (engineers) to make machines to mass produce the goods. Started with the textile industry (imported from India and then British government banned the imports of textiles from India and then the demand became greater) because the demand for textiles was not being met with the “putting out” system. Spinning machines made thread and then the flying shuttle would weave to make cloth. Social implications included opening of schools – even for women on a positive side and as a negative side, it led to overcrowding in the cities (which led to theft and prostitution), unemployment (people traveled to the cities to work in the factories and there weren’t enough jobs to go around), health concerns (sanitation and pollution) and child labor. Economic implications would include the rise of the two different classes –...
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...In the fifteenth century there were two distinct empires, the Aztecs and Incas. Both empires were often grouped together as early pre – European civilizations in the Americas. Although both empires shared some similarities, there were significant differences between the two empires. These similarities and differences are found by looking at the political systems used, the methods of rule and socialization, and religion. The Aztecs and Incas shared some common aspects. Both empires exhibited an agricultural based economy controlled by a ruling elite as a whole. The Aztecs are ruled by a supreme ruler who has supreme power over everybody. The Aztecs did not rule directly over their empire, but indirectly through hegemony. It would conquer a city-state, but then reestablish the local ruler, only interfering with his governing when they did not pay their tribute to the Aztecs. While the Incas are ruled by a supreme ruler called the Inca and he was considered a deity descended from the sun who in theory owned everything, the Inca lived and ruled his people from the major temple, Cuzco. As stated in everyone, “...were all ordered to worship the sun as God...” (Pg. 598). The empires ruled for approximately one hundred years until both were conquered by the Spanish. Distinct patterns emerges within each civilizations by theses given similarities. Politically, the Incas is a highly centralized empire where every decisions come from the Inca, himself. For example, “[The Inca] appointed...
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...Key Events of the Late 15th Century * 1450s: Machu Picchu constructed. * 1451: Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty * 1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Growth of the Ottoman Empire. * 1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War and the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle. * 1454–1466: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes Royal Prussia. * 1455–1485: Wars of the Roses – English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. * 1456: The Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottoman's advance into Europe. * 1462: Sonni Ali Ber, the ruler of the Songhai (or Songhay) Empire, along the Niger River, conquers Mali in the central Sudan by defeating the Tuareg contingent at Tombouctou (or Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his own capital, Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River with a navy of war vessels. * 1462: Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula at The Night Attack. * 1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh. * 1467–1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan. ...
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...Intro to Humanities January 18, 2015 DeVry University Professor Clarke-Peterson Outline/Proposal on Dark Ages I. Introduction and Thesis The Dark Ages refer to the medieval period in the studies of humanity. The general duration of the early Dark Ages is considered to be from 450-1000 century (CE). It is believed that the fall of Roman Empire brought about an age of “barbarism and religion” (Gibbon 18th CE). This era, compared to both the pre-dark ages and the post-dark ages, Renaissance, witnessed no significant scientific innovations, no great art produced, and no valiant emperors or leaders ruling the early medieval Europe (Middle Ages, n.d.). These are the major factors which led to the coining of the phrase Dark Ages by Petrarch, the great Italian scholar, in the 14th CE (Wikipedia). This proposal is about the vital role of flourishing Irish social order, in the Dark Ages, in the re-conversion of Europe to Christianity. II. In the Dark Ages, when the entire Europe was reeling under barbarism, the Irish social order was flourishing. * The Romans had never invaded Ireland, and thus it remained unaffected by the downfall deteriorating the social order of rest of Europe (Eaton & McCaffrey, 2002). * While the entire Europe was victimized by the Dark Ages, the Irish monks were the torch-bearers of luminous beam of civilization (O’Connor & Steves, 2014). * In the Dark Ages, religion was one binding force that kept the hopes of people alive. While...
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...was the clearest possible sign of political and social upheaval. Finally, its people had tired of their nation’s own backwardness and were looking for improvements to an archaic system which they had endured for hundreds of years. Seldom does a revolution succeed without violence being an integral part of its development, and the Russian revolution was no exception. However, there are economic and political factors that helped contribute to the outbreak of this civil disobedience, which must be considered. Underpinning these issues is the stark difference in the social dynamics of Russia between the early 19th century and the early 20th century. The social dichotomy that had presented itself was one that no other European power had experienced. Russia was the only European super-power to still employ serfdom by the time of its termination, for its roots had been deeply embedded in Russian culture. Historian Jonathon Bromley believes the longevity of serfdom was because it “served the economic interests of the nobility and the political interests of the Tsarist state.” This implies that the economic policy and political foundations of the country were predicated on its social structure; therefore social stability was pivotal in preserving the Tsarist regime. The deeply entrenched social structure had been, for centuries, an obvious pyramid, with the rural workers forming a stable base upon which Russian politics, industry, and economics were built. After so many years of this social...
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...Louis Philippe (The July Monarchy) 1830-1848 Note Structure (based on “France 1814-70: Monarchy, Republic and Empire”- Randell) A. Summary of the period The revolution of July 1830 brought to power LouisPhilippe and established a regime variously known as the July Monarchy, the Bourgeois Monarchy, or the Orleanist Monarchy. The wealthy middle class believed they had a monarch they could control though Louis Philippe was determined not to be a puppet. During this period France underwent the beginnings of an industrial revolution and for the first time the condition of the industrial masses became a political issue. Despite growing opposition to the regime the government refused to consider any major reform of the political system. Following a period of recession (1846-8) there was a revolution in Paris in1848 which ended Louis Philippe’s rule and brought in the Second Republic. B. The Regime Established p37-39 Use the text to expand on the following bullet points : • • Those who had brought Charles X down did not agree on what should take his place – what did the different groups want? Louis Philippe seemed to be obvious choice – why? - mention social connections - his revolutionary pedigree What kind of man did Louis Philippe seem to be? Include his good points and bad points • P40-1 • There were major differences between the regimes of the Bourbons and the Orleanists – on what basis did Louis Philippe hold power? What symbolic changes were made? P42-3 • Few real changes made...
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