... Policy Issues “Drug Control in Central Asia” by Hilton (2002) from the film “Bitter Harvest: The War on Drugs Meets the War on Terror,” more than a few and circumstances issues turn out to be clear. The people in the film of five Central Asian nations on the Old Silk Road—Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan” are not prepared to fight the drugs war, a war revealed by the narrator the U.S. and other richer countries have failed to win. The U.S. additionally has influenced the idea of tying Muslims and Islamists to the drug trade (2002). This had led to even additional divisions in society and improper policies engaged in in particular Uzbekistan (Marat, 2006, p. 94). After all, it has ostracized a lot of Muslims, planted drugs on people it deemed “separatists” and perpetuated several of the policies and practices the Soviet Union employed in regions of ethnic (p. 94, 95; Hilton, 2002, “U.S. State”). This simply deepens the divide between persons who seek a independent vibrant country and those that fail to believe it can happen (Marat, 2006, p. 94, 95). The disparities of socioeconomic, the abuses of human rights and the lack of government legitimacy after all, speak tomes. The failure of the government moreover, to address their grievances, to meet their political, social, religious and economic demands also signals problems with corruption. It substantiates the favored educated few (p. 95). The current regimes in Central Asia in this way, are...
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...COOPERATION AGAINST THE WORLD DRUG PROBLEM I. INTRODUCTION Today it is generally recognized that drugs, along with organized crime that comes with it, jeopardize the development of many resolutions in our world. It is now clear to several organizations that drug control must become an essential element of our joint efforts to achieve peace, security and development. At the same time, we must reinforce our commitment to shared responsibility and the basic principles of health and human rights. The 2011 World Drug Report documents developments in global drug markets and tries to explain the factors that drive them. Its analysis of trends and emerging challenges informs national and international drug and crime priorities and policies, and provides a solid foundation of evidence for counternarcotics interventions. Drug markets and drug use patterns change rapidly, so measures to stop them must also be quick to adapt. Thus the more comprehensive the drug data we collect and the stronger our capacity to analyze the problem, the better prepared the international community will be to respond to new challenges. Drug use affects not only individual users, but also their families, friends, co-workers and communities. Children whose parents take drugs are themselves at greater risk of drug use and other social problems that harm communities. In some regions, illicit drug use is contributing to the rapid spread of infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis. Drug trafficking, the critical...
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...Russian Foreign Policy in Central Asia since 2013: Assessing the successes and failures Generally it is assumed that Russian foreign policy in Central Asia has been characterized by “neo-imperialism”. Yet this is statement is only partially true considering the fact that Moscow’s policies within its “sphere of influence” have not be static, and have been characterized by sweeping modifications. Since the breakup of Soviet Union, Russian policy in Central Asia has gone through drastic transformations and its influence in the region has varied over time. At present, Russian authority in Central Asia is weakening, yet the Kremlin continues to utilize number of political, institutional and economic strategies to prolong its presence there. Multilateral as well as Bilateral arrangements, and economic and energy leverages combined with cultural instructions are widely implemented in order to maintain Russian influence in Central Asia. Considering the fact that states in the region most importantly though not solely Kazakhstan, have begun to search for diversification and partnership with other great powers, they have gained a certain degree of independence from Moscow. Besides, in recent years China has emerged in Central Asia as an important rival to Russia in terms of influence, and has already established multiple agreements and investments with all of the states in the region. The degree of independence that Central Asian states have managed to gain due to their conviction to act...
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...* Japan Plans to Phase Out Nuclear Power iii. COUNTRY OF CONCERN * Japan iv. CENTRAL CLAIM - Japan wants to get rid of their nuclear power even though their country depends on it for at least 30 percent of their electricity. v. SUPPORT: List three pieces of support given in the article as data to the central claim. - The government had been considering several options: whether to reduce the number of plants to zero over time or maintain enough reactors to provide diminish. Before the nuclear accident, Japan depended on its reactors for about 30 percent of its electricity needs and had planned to raise that share to more than 50 percent. Many political and business leaders argue that shuttering nuclear plants would doom the resource-poor country to high energy costs and a steeper economic decline than Japan is already facing. vi. SUMMARY * Japan wants to eliminate the nuclear power but in reality it may be harder and less beneficial than they really think. “And the country’s most influential business federation this week made clear that phasing out nuclear power was ‘‘unrealistic and unreachable,’’ according to its chairman, Hiromasa Yonekura.” They are probably better off not going through with this proposition. i. DATE -September 15, 2012 ii. TITLE OF PUBLICATION - China, Japan Trade Warning at Sea iii. COUNTRY OF CONCERN -China and Japan iv. CENTRAL CLAIM -Chinese and Japanese government ships exchanged warnings Friday in waters...
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...Drug Trafficking Global Issues in Context Online Collection, 2014. [pic] [pic] Drug trafficking refers to the international black market trade of illegal drugs. While some drugs are produced and sold locally, the cultivation and manufacture of some illicit drugs occurs in only a few locations around the world. Most of the world's supply of cocaine comes from Central and South America and most opiates are cultivated in Central, Southeast, and Southwest Asia. A chain of drug cartels ships drugs around the world in order to get the drugs from the point of production to the user on the street. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in its “World Drug Report 2008” estimates that 208 million people worldwide use drugs annually on at least one occasion. The vast majority of global drug uses involved some form of cannabis. UNODC estimates that 165 million people have used cannabis in the last year. Amphetamine use comes in second with about 25 million users per year. According to United Nations (UN) estimates, the drug trade is a $400 billion per year industry. Drug trafficking traces its roots back to eighteenth-century China. By the late seventeenth century, opium addiction had become a major problem on the Chinese coast, where European traders imported opium from other parts of Asia. In 1729, the Chinese emperor banned the importation of opium into China. As the supply of opium decreased, the price of opium increased and drug smuggling increased. By the end of...
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...pharmaceutical market in the Asia Pacific region behind Japan, China and South Korea. However, the per capita spending of US$12 is among the lowest in the world, similar to levels in Pakistan and Vietnam. .India accounts for almost 10% of the global market by volume and is rapidly emerging as the leading outsourcing partner of global pharmaceutical companies, strengthened by improving Research and Development (R&D) focus and strategic position in the pharmaceutical value chain. The Industry structure of Indian Pharmaceutical sector is highly fragmented with more than 20,000 registered units with severe price competition and government price control. There are about 3,000 pharmaceutical manufacturers, the vast majority of which focus on generic drugs. The major players in the industry are Ranbaxy, Cipla, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Lupin, Nicolas Piramal,Aurobindo Pharma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Sun Pharma, W Wockhardt Ltd. and Aventis Pharma. The industry encourages international interest because of the growing population and economic improvements . Furthermore, initiatives of the Government such as allowing 100% FDI under the automatic route in drugs and pharmaceuticals including those involving use of recombinant technology act as a catalyst for growth. The main regulatory body in India under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO). It is responsible for ensuring safety, efficacy and quality of drugs supplied to the...
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...Pharmaceuticals With 2011 revenues of $8.67 billion, 1 Shanghai Pharmaceuticals (SPH), a vertically integrated Chinese pharmaceutical conglomerate, produced active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), chemical and biological drugs, and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs); distributed its own and other drug makers’ products to hospitals and other customers; and operated a chain of retail pharmacies. The company—essentially a collection of subsidiaries operating under a unified management structure— was formed through the 2009 merger of several state-owned enterprises (SOEs), part of a broad policy effort in China to streamline state assets, consolidate the fragmented pharmaceutical sector, and enhance the global competitiveness of domestic firms. Emblematic of China’s hybrid economic policies, SPH had both government and private shareholders and competed in a historically statecontrolled industry that was adapting to the growing influence of market forces. SPH’s initial public offering (IPO) on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2011 marked an important step in its quest to transform from a traditional SOE into a market-oriented company. While working to expand SPH’s domestic footprint, the company’s leadership was also considering a potential acquisition of a U.S. or European drug producer, an unusual move for a Chinese company. SPH could leverage such an acquisition to learn from Western research and development (R&D), manufacturing, and management practices. China’s pharmaceutical market...
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...Republic of Tajikistan Tajikistan (officially the Republic of Tajikistan) is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan's Chitral and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains coverover 90% of this Central Asian republic. After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminum and Uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement. Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The word Tajik was used by medieval Turks to refer to Iranian-speaking peoples. From the 11th century, the term referred to East Iranian men, but by the 15th century came to be applied to Persian speakers. In medieval Persian literature...
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...United States Drug Policy on Mexico and Colombia Drugs are not new to this Earth. Mankind has grown and consumed drugs for millennia. Marijuana, or more appropriately Cannabis, is indigenous to Central and South Asia, and has been consumed widely since 3000 B.C.E. (ElSohly 8). In more recent times (1938), Albert Hoffman synthesized Lysergic acid diethylamide, more commonly known as LSD, while searching for treatments for psychiatric diseases (Hoffman). Initially, many drugs were used in religious/spiritual functions. In several instances, the strong fibers of the Cannabis plant were used for building, much like jute, and the narcotic aspects of the plants were not even explored (ElSohly 8). However, today, drugs are frequently used recreationally, and as a result are highly profitable commodities. It is common knowledge that across the world, the vast majority of drugs are illegal or are restricted in some way. Almost nightly, proponents for the legalization of drugs, decriminalization of certain drugs, and the continued ban on drugs debate their positions through the media. This debate is a hot button issue that is almost entirely centered upon the views and policies of the world’s largest drug consumer, the United States of America (CIA Factbook). Governments and the media very often focus on drug consumption trends and drug flow into the United States, while largely ignoring Latin American perspectives and impacts on Latin America. Though drug production and drug use are major...
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...12th, 2013 GEOPOLITICS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA Borders in South and Central Asia INTRODUCTION While some seem to care above all about the economic growth of several booming economies (or as they are often called “emerging markets”, such as China, Russia or India), it is legitimate for others to worry more about the borders of some states in the very same region. A border is the very line separating two political or geographical areas, more commonly called countries. Whereas in some parts of the world, the borders between two countries are not even a marked and are seen as simple trade corridors, the issue is raised in a totally different way when it comes to both South and Central Asia. The question of borders presents a major problem for several countries, especially given all it symbolizes: the stability of a state and its legal territory, a politically controlled and delimited zone and a corridor between two nations. Were it after the end of the British Empire or that of the Soviet era, the borders keep being a matter of dispute and the cause of severe contentiousness in South and Central Asia nowadays. Drug trafficking and the circulation of energy are not the only problems. The border disputes mostly jeopardize the transnational security and the ethnical conflicts at stake. A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more states, or over the possession and control of land by a new state that is not always...
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...crime. Why has Organized Crime Increased? The reasons for the increase in organized crime are many and varied. One of the most important reasons for the sudden increase in organized criminal activity was the signing of the SEA (Single European Act) in 1986 and its introduction and provision, which states the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital, also provided a favorable situation for organized crime. The wholesale removal of borders across Europe meant that organized crime from the East could join together with those in the West. The Western groups very quickly moved into the East and Russia in order to provide assistance in the methods of sophisticated criminal techniques, to tap into the newly emerging markets for drugs and luxury consumer goods and also to secure their position in the...
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...Drug Research: Heroin 1.History and original purpose of drug. Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine, was first synthesized from morphine by a British chemist in 1874. It was then produced and commercialized as a product to alleviate pain by the Bayer Company in 1898. However, the narcotic’s primary effect to reduce pain was outweighed by undesirable side-effects. This made way for the banning of the drug. It is now illegal in a majority of countries in the world. Heroin is still reproduced and distributed illegally all around the world. High drug trafficking areas of the world includes the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Mexico. 3.8 million People say they have tried heroin at least once in their lifetimes. 560,000 people used heroin last year. 38,000 people used heroin last month. The rate of lifetime heroin use is higher among those in prison. Even though heroin use isn't terribly widespread, it still represents a threat. The devastating effects of heroin overdose and prolonged heroin use, along with its addicting nature, can be very damaging and put strain on loved ones of someone involved in heroin substance abuse. 2. The effects on the body and mind while under the influence of the drug: Heroin produces a feeling of euphoria, in which the user has a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth and feeling of having “heavy” arms and legs. After the initial rush, users will go into an alternately wakeful and drowsy state sometimes called “on the nod,” some will report itching...
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...Issue Report: Malaria The abstract: This report will be exploring the cause of malaria, the symptoms that occur in infected people and the many treatments being tested and used to treat the disease of malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by an infection of the red blood cells with a tiny organism called protozoa. There are four different types of species of the malaria protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae) and each has a slightly different effect on the body. These organisms are carried from person to person by the main mosquito called Anopheles. When it bites an infected person, the mosquito sucks up blood containing the parasite, which may then be passed on to someone else when a mosquito bites them. ‘It is estimated that 300 to 500 million malaria infections occur annually and 90% of these are in the sub-Saharan Africa’. [8] The problem: Malaria is a biological problem because it affects the body, this could be through having various symptoms such as shivering and vomiting or it could result in problems with people’s red blood cells and cause them to be fragile and not functioning properly. The problem of contracting malaria is finding a cure for it or finding the right treatment to treat the infected person. At the moment biologists are trying to find a cure that will effectively work within the body and invent a new vaccine that helps boosts people’s immune systems so that they respond effectively to the treatment...
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...I. FARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 1. Major players of the world pharmaceutical industry ( and some numbers) The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by a high level of concentration with 15 multinational companies dominating the industry. http://www.pmlive.com/top_pharma_list/global_revenues The majority of the largest pharmaceutical companies are not diversified. They are either concentrated exclusively on pharmaceutical products (Eli Lilly and AstraZeneca are good examples with virtually 100% of their revenues coming from sales of pharmaceutical products), or they develop other health care products, that still have pharmaceutical divisions. Other products manufactured by these companies usually include medical devices, nutritional products, consumer healthcare products and products for animal health. Only two out of these 15 major pharmaceutical companies have revenues from sales of pharmaceutical products that are lower than 50% of their total sales. These companies are world giants Johnson & Johnson (which besides pharmaceutical products manufactures consumer goods and medical devices) and Bayer which has only about 15% of its revenues from the sales of pharmaceutical products. Geographical headquarters of major pharmaceutical companies are approximately evenly distributed between the U.S. and Western Europe with only one Asian company in the list. http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/78427000/gif/_78427037_pharmaceutical_profits_624.gif ...
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...West Africa has heated up as a hot spot for Transnational Organized Crime groups. This region is being used as a major transit route for illegal drugs being transported to Europe and United States. This is heroin’s many route west and methamphetamine’s route toward Asia. “TOC exacerbates corruption and undermines the rule of law, democratic processes, and transparent business practices in several African states that already suffer from weak institutions.” (n.d.). This is giving the Transnational Organized Crime groups the ability to operate in West Africa. Corruption, open borders, location, and weak law enforcement allows these areas to become narco-states. For example, Guinea-Bissau is very close to being unable to combat these organizations....
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