...Druidism in Europe The group of people known as the Druids, their practices, beliefs, and lives are shrouded in a great deal of mystery and misconception. Many people are fascinated by Druidism, and the tales of clandestine powerful wizards-quietly working their magick under the velvet cloak of night. Thus the truth is often overlooked, and not well understood. But who were they? Where did they come from? To truly understand them, it is imperative to examine what linguistic studies have taught us about their origins. Virtually all languages spoken today and throughout time- save for Finnish- stem from early forms of dialect called Proto Indo-European (PIE) Languages. Though it is impossible to discern the exact date that these first forms of communication were created, Latin, Sanskrit, and Greek all owe their origins to this early form of dialect. These PIE's as they are called and the people who spoke them influenced culture and society the world over as they spread from their origins in the area that is now Southern Russia. It was these early tribes of people that we know as The Celts. They first appeared as migrants from the Eastern Mediterranean to Britain in two waves- the first around 2300B.C., and the next around 2000B.C. From their ranks, arose the Druids. People such as Max Mueller- the creator of "The Science of Religion" during the 1880's, (Which later became what we now know as the field of Comparative Religion), were pioneers in discovering so much about...
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...Celtic Culture Who are the ancient Celts? The celts are an ancient european culture, first coming to the present day U.K. in the 3rd-5th century.(source #1 / 1) In this essay I will attempt to familiarize you with this ancient culture and their folk beliefs, customs and traditions. The Celts. When people think of them today we tend to associate them with Ireland, and Scotland, but in reality they were a people of vast territory; controlling much of the northern Alps (Source #1 / 1). Why do people tend to associate the Celts with the British Isles? Simply because the current day Island of Britain and the surrounding British isles never came under total control. Prior to Roman expansion into their territory the culture reigned mightily, acquiring the regions of Britain from an earlier people reports (source #1 / 1). Even after the successful invasion of Britain the islands surrounding including Ireland and Scotland remained largely unconquered and a safe haven for Celtic culture. They were fighters, according to (source #2 / 2), the celtic people served as mercenaries for the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra. Because of this fighting spirit, the six Celtic languages survived (source #2). This allowed their culture to thrive. It is important to note there are two ethnically diverse and distinctly different groups of people who comprise the “Ancient Celts”. They are the “Gauls (from areas including France) and the Celtiberians (based in Iberia).” (Source #2 / 2). These people all...
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...noxious animals. Rather they killed them if they could or simply chased them away. They were a noble race, these Aryans.” (http://www.spenta.edu/ceremonies.html) Druids “A servant of the truth, or wise man.” Anonymous We mostly tend to remember druids as religious figures. A classic vision of a Druid is a forest priest. The word Druid, itself is rooted in trees. The word is “dru” which means oak, sometimes rowan or hazel; and “Wid”, or “Vid” in Sanskrit, means “wisdom” to “know” or to “see”. These words show the Proto-Aryan roots of both the Celtic and Sanskrit languages. They venerated the tree as a symbol of unity between water earth and sky. They were said to demonstrate reverence for specific types of trees like the oak and rowan. This recalls our very ancient beginnings; when trees were an acknowledged source of sustenance, a protection from predators, and even the symbolic boundary with the Divine. Druids believed in the eternal nature of the Soul and saw living spirit in all forms of creation. God wedded with Maya. Rituals were performed to honor nature and to build a bond between God, and the souls of men and the earth. Like many shamans Druids were skilled with herbalism and holistic remedies.” (http://www.ehow.com/about_5402033_history-druids.html) Very little is known about the ancient druids in literature. They were somewhat secretive, mystical and left no written accounts of themselves. We are left with later descriptions by Greek, Roman, and medieval Irish...
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...theory that Stonehenge was built by Druids as to form a Druid Temple to carry out sacrificial rituals. The pre-christian celtic tribes were described (Hawkins “Stonehenge Decoded” 1965) to perform several ritual sacrifices at Stonehenge. Proof exists for the activity of sacrifices as skeletons were excavated and injuries depicted by bones were shown to be from arrow shots as the arrows found at the site fit perfectly into the the gaps, indents and cracks of the bones. Also there wasn’t any equipment found at the site to hold down people being sacrificed, meaning that this was could have been a gift to the gods (religious) or it could’ve just been a choice. Complicated analysis of the bones form an assumption that sacrifices were made to warn others not to commit crimes as death will be the punishment (many of the bones were thought to be the bones of criminals when considering that the jewellery surrounding them were traced back to distant places and tribes); it’s plausible to assume that if the Druids can kill someone just to please the gods they can at least go to this extent to give a criminal a death sentence. Furthermore, arrows that were buried close to the bones are made from metal (mostly iron), dating the evidence to the Iron Age (the era when the Druids existed). Cultural stories passed down from generations also suggest that Druids performed ritual sacrifices, indicating there was, at some period, the definite presence of Druids at Stonehenge. After the introduction...
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...A Mountain Charles Park was a geologist, mineral engineer, who believed if copper was found under the white house, the white house should be moved. Brower was a tall man with a handsome ruddy face and a quiet voice. He was in his late 50’s with his share of white hair. When he was 19 he dropped out of college and disappeared into the Sierra Nevada. Most of his life was spent defending mountain ranges. Park was in his 60’s and he too had his share of white hair. He was once a college athlete and kept his body in shape over the years. He spent a lot of his life in the wilderness. They had came up on a landmark that said “take one more step and you will pass enter a preserved and separate world, you will pass from civilization into wilderness. They followed the path and saw glaciers ahead of them eating thimbleberries and huckleberries as they moved along. In high school Park use to collect rocks and racked up fifty different ore minerals. He wanted to get into mining An Island This part introduces the creator of Hilton Head Island, Charles Fraser, who feed and kept the native alligators around his office. Fraser is described as a short man, heavyset, with dark curly hair. Recreation is his business and business is his recreation. He attended Yale Law School and took a course called Myres McDougal’s Land Use Planning and Allocation by Private Agreement. His family owned much of Hilton Head Island and throughout his years in New Haven, Fraser became obsessed with creating...
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...Deep within the forest of Fangwood lived a small group of Druids. No one knew they existed within the forest, no one has ever seen the great Druids of the forest. They are so secretive that most believe their existence is only a myth. Only 2 families have survived throughout the dark and dangerous times. These two families are ancient Elven families That have not been breathed by any other elf in hundreds of years. Though their time in Fangwood will soon be left in the past, there has been a blight infecting the forest. Turning good to evil, green to black, and life to death. There is a great and dark magic looming over the forest that not even the Druid families Maelienydd, and Cydwli could heal. The two families remaining were the no doubt...
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...your deceased loved ones, find out who is going to die before the next Halloween or find your mate. Though we no longer hold sacrifices to the Lord of the Dead, we still celebrate with a lot of the same traditions that took place hundreds of years ago. Of all the festivals and celebrations that we observe today, few have a tale stranger than Halloween, also known as the eve of Allhallows – or Hallowmas or All Saints’ Day. All Saints’ Day is one of the gloomiest festivals of the church, while at the same time it observes the supernatural ceremonies with which the church has always been at war. This, after all, is the night when ghosts walk and fairies and goblins are astray. (Linton, 1950) Druids held the earliest celebrations in honor of Samhain, Lord of the Dead, whose festival actually fell on November 1. November 1 was also the Celtic New Year’s Day, the beginning of winter and the time known as “the light that loses, the night that wins.”(Linton, 1950 pg. 4) Halloween (Hallowe’en) is one of the world’s oldest holidays still observed around the globe. (History.com) No country has kept the belief of supernatural spirits wandering among the people as much as Ireland. (Kelly, 1919) The period of nightfall on October 31st to the sunset on November 2nd held a special meaning to the people of Ireland. This was the time of year when the spirit world was closer to our everyday world. On this night the...
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...The Maple Tree Druid horoscope for Maple (The DailyHoroscope by Comitic) Druid horscope for Maple. The Maple is known as the luckiest of trees. It embodies a happy spirit because it represents very desirable qualities, such as success, wealth, and general prosperity. This is a very positive and constructive sign. It is only natural, then, that Maple people are always pleasant to be around because they are cheerful, joyful, and active. These dynamic people are quite adventurous and always seek out excitement. Even when a Maple Tree person isn't the most gorgeous one in the room, he or she can easily compensate for it with an outrageous, interesting, and outstanding personality. Maples are known to be offbeat, extravagant, and even a bit bizarre. They are always aware of all the new trends, social customs, and the most recent discoveries in the world around them. On any given day they are involved or considering any number of interesting and exciting projects. However, they rarely implement any of their daring ideas. Maples prefer to watch others achieve their goals. Maple people have irrepressible energy; they are simply restless! They are interested in too many things at once. Sometimes Maples feel that if they stop even for a moment, they will miss out on something very important. Despite their daring personalities, Maple people are not extremely courageous. The only reason they decides to take a risk is because Maples have a very low sense of danger. ...
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...1. What are multiuser systems and why are they successful? Multiuser operating systems allow the multiple users to access the resources of single systems at a time or at different time. It allows many users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. Some permit 100's to 1000 users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. They are successful because of the powerful, efficient, stable and secure operating systems like LINUX. It has a capability of providing each user the same data ensuring total privacy from each user even while accessed by 100's of users simultaneously. 2. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? Linux? Which parts of the GNU/Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system? The Free Software Foundation (www.fsf.org) is the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Project. GNU developed many of the tools, including the C compilers that are part of the GNU/Linux Operating Systems. Linux is the name of an operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds and expanded and improved What are multiuser by thousands of people on the Internet. Torvalds’s kernel and GNU’s tools work together as the GNU/Linux Operating System. 3. In what language is Linux written? What does the language have to do with the success of Linux? Linux is written in the C programming language and because it is written in the C language the language can be imbedded in all type of devices...
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...The Weapons of the Ancient Celtic People The Celts are warlike people. They are considered barbarians, and they are being feared by other European cultures because of their fierceness and tenacity when engaging in a battle. They have fought a number of famous battles that have been recorded in history. They won numerous battles because they used different weapons against their enemies. Body and mind, equipment such as the sword and enchantments are some of the weapons they have used to gain victory. The early typical Celtic warriors are fearsome warriors because some do not fight with any armor of any kind. They use their body as a weapon, but it is not similar to karate body punch or some sort of martial art. Diodous Siculus, a historian, says, “Some use iron breast-plates in battle, while others fight naked, trusting only in the protection which nature gives” (Gregory, 9a). There must be several reasons for their nudity during a battle. They probably fight naked because they want to unnerve or to disrespect the enemy. Another possibility is to show off their tattoos, war paints and scars as an open evidence of courage and superiority among others. It can also be a part of an ancient religious ritual. It is probable that they believe in their tattoos and painted symbols as protections against danger. When engaged in warfare, the Celts will paint their faces and bodies in order to appear grotesque, scream and yell when attacking. This group of people does not...
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...The History of the Fairy-folk of Ireland, Who were the Fairy-folk and where did they come from? By Patrick Fay University of Phoenix Ancient Ireland is full of stories about the fairy-folk and their mythical origins in Ireland, but who they and where did they come from. According to A History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1922, there were several semi-divine races that ruled over Ireland throughout Ireland’s ancient history. The Fomorians, the Tuatha De Danann and the fir blog were all people of mythical origin that controlled Ireland at one point. The Fomorians although did not live in Ireland always held interest in Ireland, trying to gain tributes from the people who were in control over Ireland. To really understand how these people became known as the fairy-folk, one must understand the invasions of Ireland. There were 6 invasions of Ireland which included Cessair, Partholon, Nemed, The Fir Bolg, The Tuatha De Danann, and the Milesians (the Gaels) who are the descendants of modern day Ireland. Even though the Milesians defeated the Tuatha De Danann, the Tuatha De Danann never left Ireland. They moved to enchanted places to live in areas now known as the Sidhe mounds. Many years after the said “death” of members of the Tuatha De Danann that still show back up in history showing signs of immortality. When Saint Patrick went back to Ireland to...
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...Transakční náklady a hranice firmy Robert Vitík* Teorie transakčních nákladů Transakční náklady jsou již neodlučitelně spjaty se jménem Ronalda Coaseho, jemuž byl pod názvem „Coaseho teorém“ přisouzen následující výrok1: „Za předpokladu nulových transakčních nákladů je výsledek tržního procesu nezávislý na počátečním rozdělení vlastnických práv“. Pojďme se však od R. Coaseho přesunout k teorii firmy, která na jeho základech staví a to v podání Ollivera E. Williamsona. Williamson bývá pokládán za jednoho z prvních ekonomů, kteří se úspěšně pokusili detailněji rozvinout ekonomickou teorii zkoumající strukturu firmy. Dřívější ekonomické teorie se k firmě stavěly z pohledu tzv. „black box“, tedy že vnitřní uspořádání firmy není pro další zkoumání důležité. Teorie transakčních nákladů se tedy snaží vysvětlit specifickou strukturu či organizaci firmy a co je důležitější i stupeň, kterým se bude vertikálně dále integrovat. Tato Williamsonova teorie poměrně dobře zapadá do rámce tzv. ekonomie hlavního proudu. Shodné jsou například předpoklady maximalizace zisku, což je v souladu s minimalizací nákladů a dále předpokládá racionální chování na straně vlastníků či manažerů. Hlavní odlišnost je však v transakčních nákladech, které odlišuje od běžně chápaných produkčních nákladů. Transakční náklady Williamson přirovnává ke tření ve fyzikálních zákonech. V souladu se základním předpokladem se firmy snaží minimalizovat své celkové náklady, které se ovšem skládají jak z produkčních nákladů...
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...Carlos Espiritu 12/10/11 Week 1 homework Page 19 1. What is free software? List three characteristics of free software. Free software includes GNU/Linux, Apache, and some examples of free applications are: KDE, OpenOffice.org. all these application can be used for router/mobile phones..Etc. Linux is free and price plays a roll but not so crucial as other OS. Also source code is available, and software can be used for any purpose, also can be studied and changed. Linux software can be distributed and changed versions as well. 2. What are multiuser sytems? Why are they successful? A multiuser system allows each user at their work terminals to be connected to the computer. The operating system of computer assigns each user a portion of RAM and drives the computer’s time among various users; it is also called time sharing system. In other words, a multiuser system allows many users to simultaneously access the facilities of the host computer. This type of system is capable of having 100’s of users use this computer at once. The commonly used multiuser systems are: 1. LOCAL AREA NETWORK 2. WIDE AREA NETWORK 3. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK. 3. In what language is linux written? What does the language have to do with the success of linux? Linux is written in the C programming language and because it is written in the C language the language can be imbedded in all type of devices from TV’s, to PDA’s, cell phones, cable boxes for the reason of this language being so portable...
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...Steward Vanessa Steward English III Honors Period 2 Couillard Developing Derfel Derfel Cadarn is the protagonist as well as the narrator of the Warlord Chronicles written by Bernard Cornwell. Igraine, the Queen of Powys, asks an old Derfel to write the story about his past, the story of Arthur. Derfel begins the novel, first Winter King when he was just an orphan child taken by Merlin, a Druid, and in the second novel, Enemy of God, and the last novel Excalibur ends with Derfel well into his adulthood. Derfel develops from a timid child, to a developing man, and then a heroic one. Beginning with Winter King, Derfel Cadarn is only just a child. As odd as it may seem, Derfel’s lovers throughout the two novels are a tremendous developing factor. Derfel portrays himself as a foolish boy, for an example, “I can blush now when I think of a young boy’s desperate lunges at a woman’s affection,” on page 51, he had confessed his “love” to Nimue at this moment and reflects back on it in embarrassment. Although Derfel had not gotten together with Nimue then, he did acquire a youthful relationship with a young woman named Lunete. His relationship with Lunete did not last very long at all but during this time Derfel had just went with whatever Lunete had wanted. He says, “Lunete, like my new beard, was a sign of manhood and I wore both clumsily,” on page 114, basically saying Lunete was his first step into manhood but he was still not quite there. As the story progresses, Derfel...
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...Rather than intimidating those around her, it is likely that her appearance was intended to create awe in her followers, wielding a spear as a symbol of spiritual power . Her role as a religious figure is highlighted in the source texts and she likely had a role as a powerful priestess, claiming omens that they would be successful in their rebellion against Rome . Her pre-battle speech to the rebels included acts of divination and prayers to the goddess Andraste, ensuring the fighters that the gods were on their side in the struggle . Paullinus was on his way to attack the druids in Mona when the revolt started, likely adding to a sense that the natives’ religion and culture were under assault and encouraging neighboring tribes to join in the resistance...
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