...Literature Review: Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total Laryngectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Name Affiliation Date ABSTRACT Objectives: Enlargement of the tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) is a challenging complication after laryngectomy with TEP. We sought to estimate the rate of enlarged puncture, associated pneumonia rates, potential risk factors, and conservative treatments excluding complete surgical TEP closure. Methods: A systematic review was conducted (1978–2008). A summary risk estimate was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. The rate of enlarged puncture and/or leakage around the prosthesis was reported in 23 articles (range, 1% to 29%; summary risk estimate, 7.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8% to 9.6%). Temporary removal of the prosthesis and TEP- site injections were the most commonly reported conservative treatments. Prosthetic diameter (p =.076) and timing of TEP (p = .297) were analyzed as risk factors; however, radiotherapy variables were inconsistently reported. Conclusions: The overall risk of enlarged puncture seems relatively low, but it remains a rehabilitative challenge. Future research should clearly establish risk factors for enlarged puncture and optimal conservative management. Keywords: tracheoesophageal puncture, total laryngectomy, enlarged tracheoesophageal puncture, complications, leakage Enlarged Tracheoesophageal Puncture after Total...
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...ISSUES IN SELECTING A BUSINESS FORM Entrepreneur: Someone who initiates and assumes the financial risk of a new enterprise. One or more entrepreneurs setting out to start a business should consider the following four factors when deciding what form of business to organize: (1) ease and expense of creation, (2) liability of the owner(s) for obligations of the entity, (3) tax considerations, and (4) the need and ability to raise capital. TRADITIONAL BUSINESS FORMS Sole Proprietorship: A business owned by a single person or family. Partnership: An agreement by two or more persons to carry on, as co-owners, a business for profit. Corporation: A legal entity formed in compliance with the statutory requirements of its state of incorporation, owned by shareholders whose liability is limited to their investment in the corporation, and managed by (i) a board of directors elected by the shareholders and (ii) officers employed by the board of directors. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP: PROS AND CONS Advantages: a proprietorship is easy and inexpensive to form; the proprietor receives all of the profits; the owner has the maximum degree of control over business decisions; and the proprietor may establish a tax-exempt retirement account. Disadvantages: the proprietor has unlimited personal liability for any losses or liabilities incurred by the entity; the entity will not survive the proprietor’s death, disability, or retirement; and ...
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...Company Case Payless Shoesource: Paying Less For Fashion Questions For Discussion 1.Which of the different product mix pricing strategies discussed in the text applies best to payless's new strategy? The strategy for setting a product's price changes when the product is the part of a product mix. Mostly,firms look for a set of prices that maximizes the profits on the total product mix where pricing is difficult because the various products have related demand and costs and face different degrees of competition. There are five different product mix pricing strategies that can be used for a firm. These are such as the product line pricing, optional-product pricing,captive-product pricing, by-product pricing and lastly, product bundle pricing. 2. How do concept such as psychological pricing and reference pricing apply to the Payless strategy? In what ways does Payless’s strategy deviate from these concepts? : A pricing approach that considers the psychology of prices and not simply the economics; the price is used to say something about the product. For example, $19.99 or $9.99 sort of “odd prices” that can round of by one last digit number. With the new line and new strategy, Payless increase the price of their products. However, if the suddenly change their price by increasing a lot, customers would not feel comfortable and they wouldn’t like it at all. So, they can use this kind of strategy of Psychological pricing so still increasing of prices but make their customers...
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